Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytokine Genes in Colombian Patients with Ocular Toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which has the capacity to infect all warm-blooded animals worldwide. Toxoplasmosis is a major cause of visual defects in the Colombian population; however, the association between genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes and susceptibility to ocular toxoplasmosis has not been studied in this population. This work evaluates the associations between polymorphisms in genes coding for the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (rs1799964, rs1800629, rs1799724, rs1800630, and rs361525), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) (rs16944, rs1143634, and rs1143627), IL-1α (rs1800587), gamma interferon (IFN-γ) (rs2430561), and IL-10 (rs1800896 and rs1800871) and the presence of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in a sample of a Colombian population (61 patients with OT and 116 healthy controls). Genotyping was performed with the "dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) primer extension" technique. Functional-effect predictions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were done by using FuncPred. A polymorphism in the IL-10 gene promoter (-1082G/A) was significantly more prevalent in OT patients than in controls (P = 1.93e-08; odds ratio [OR] = 5.27e+03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.18 to 8.739; Bonferroni correction [BONF] = 3.48e-07). In contrast, haplotype "AG" of the IL-10 gene promoter polymorphisms (rs1800896 and rs1800871) was present at a lower frequency in OT patients (P = 7e-04; OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.35). The +874A/T polymorphism of IFN-γ was associated with OT (P = 3.37e-05; OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.478 to 7.12; BONF = 6.07e-04). Haplotype "GAG" of the IL-1ß gene promoter polymorphisms (rs1143634, rs1143627, and rs16944) appeared to be significantly associated with OT (P = 0.0494). The IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-1ß polymorphisms influence the development of OT in the Colombian population.

Opthalmological sequelae due to paintball injuries: Case studies. / Secuelas oftalmológicas por traumatismo con paintball: estudio de casos.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the ophthalmological sequelae of patients diagnosed with blunt eye injury by paintball. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were a total 14 cases with a diagnosis of blunt trauma by paintball were treated at the ophthalmology emergency department of the Barraquer Clinic in Bogotá, Colombia. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination with their respective controls according to their outcome. RESULTS: The frequency of eye trauma by paintball was 3.01%. Fourteen eyes were evaluated, age range from 9 to 49 years. Cases were unilateral, 1 woman and 13 men, initial visual acuity less than 20/30 in 12 eyes. Only 5 eyes progressed satisfactorily, and 3 were surgically intervened. The cases that did not show any improvement in visual acuity were related to posterior pole problems, with the most frequent being macular alterations, choroidal rupture, choroidal detachment, retinal tear, and retinal folds. In 3eyes, clinical improvement of visual acuity was evidenced secondary to haemorrhagic processes that resolved with medical treatment. One of them underwent surgical treatment of the lens with an intraocular lens implant. In 2eyes, the visual recovery was very satisfactory and 100% in another. CONCLUSION: Paintball has increased as a sport and recreational activity, where paint projectiles are fired with compressed air weapons. It carries risks of suffering various trauma that can lead to catastrophic episodes, in terms of visual health, and repercussions on the quality of life of those affected.

Secuelas oftalmológicas por traumatismo con paintball: estudio de casos / Opthalmological sequelae due to paintball injuries: Case studies

OBJETIVO: Describir las secuelas oftalmológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de traumatismo ocular contuso por paintball. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 14 casos con diagnóstico de traumatismo ocular contuso por paintball, que fueron atendidos en el Servicio de Consulta Prioritaria de la Clínica Barraquer en Bogotá, Colombia. A todos los pacientes se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo con sus respectivos controles según su evolución. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de los traumatismos oculares por paintball fue del 3,01%. Se evaluaron 14 ojos, rango de edad de 9 a 49 años. Los casos fueron unilaterales, una mujer y 13 hombres, agudeza visual inicial menor a 20/30 en 12 ojos. Solo 5 ojos evolucionaron satisfactoriamente, a 3 se les intervino quirúrgicamente. Los casos que no experimentaron mejoría de su agudeza visual estuvieron relacionados con problemas de polo posterior, siendo las más frecuentes las alteraciones maculares, la rotura coroidea, el desprendimiento coroideo, el desgarro retiniano y los pliegues en retina. En 3 ojos se evidenció mejoría clínica de la agudeza visual secundaria a procesos hemorrágicos que se resolvieron con tratamiento médico. En uno de ellos se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico del cristalino con implante de lente intraocular. En 2 ojos la su recuperación visual fue muy satisfactoria y en otro el 100%. CONCLUSIÓN: El paintball ha tomado fuerza como deporte y recreación utilizando proyectiles de pintura que se disparan con armas de aire comprimido, conlleva riesgos de presentar diversos traumatismos que pueden generar episodios catastróficos en términos de salud visual y con repercusiones en la calidad de vida de los afectados

OBJECTIVE: Describe the ophthalmological sequelae of patients diagnosed with blunt eye injury by paintball. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were a total 14 cases with a diagnosis of blunt trauma by paintball were treated at the ophthalmology emergency department of the Barraquer Clinic in Bogotá, Colombia. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination with their respective controls according to their outcome. RESULTS: The frequency of eye trauma by paintball was 3.01%. Fourteen eyes were evaluated, age range from 9 to 49 years. Cases were unilateral, 1 woman and 13 men, initial visual acuity less than 20/30 in 12 eyes. Only 5 eyes progressed satisfactorily, and 3 were surgically intervened. The cases that did not show any improvement in visual acuity were related to posterior pole problems, with the most frequent being macular alterations, choroidal rupture, choroidal detachment, retinal tear, and retinal folds. In 3 eyes, clinical improvement of visual acuity was evidenced secondary to haemorrhagic processes that resolved with medical treatment. One of them underwent surgical treatment of the lens with an intraocular lens implant. In 2 eyes, the visual recovery was very satisfactory and 100% in another. CONCLUSION: Paintball has increased as a sport and recreational activity, where paint projectiles are fired with compressed air weapons. It carries risks of suffering various trauma that can lead to catastrophic episodes, in terms of visual health, and repercussions on the quality of life of those affected

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad con pleuritis explosiva / Community adquired pneumonia and explosive-pleuritis

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Dolor abdominal y fiebre en paciente anticoagulado / Dolor and selective IgA deficiency

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Sacroileítis piógena complicada con absceso de psoas y neumonía / Pyogenic sacroiliitis complicated by psoas abscess and pneumonia

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