RESUMO
Spatial barcoding technologies have the potential to reveal histological details of transcriptomic profiles; however, they are currently limited by their low resolution. Here, we report Seq-Scope, a spatial barcoding technology with a resolution comparable to an optical microscope. Seq-Scope is based on a solid-phase amplification of randomly barcoded single-molecule oligonucleotides using an Illumina sequencing platform. The resulting clusters annotated with spatial coordinates are processed to expose RNA-capture moiety. These RNA-capturing barcoded clusters define the pixels of Seq-Scope that are â¼0.5-0.8 µm apart from each other. From tissue sections, Seq-Scope visualizes spatial transcriptome heterogeneity at multiple histological scales, including tissue zonation according to the portal-central (liver), crypt-surface (colon) and inflammation-fibrosis (injured liver) axes, cellular components including single-cell types and subtypes, and subcellular architectures of nucleus and cytoplasm. Seq-Scope is quick, straightforward, precise, and easy-to-implement and makes spatial single-cell analysis accessible to a wide group of biomedical researchers.
Assuntos
Microscopia , Transcriptoma/genética , Animais , Núcleo Celular/genética , Colo/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/genética , RNA/metabolismo , Análise de Célula ÚnicaRESUMO
Aging is associated with remodeling of the immune system to enable the maintenance of life-long immunity. In the CD8+ T cell compartment, aging results in the expansion of highly differentiated cells that exhibit characteristics of cellular senescence. Here we found that CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells lost the signaling activity of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and expressed a protein complex containing the agonistic natural killer (NK) receptor NKG2D and the NK adaptor molecule DAP12, which promoted cytotoxicity against cells that expressed NKG2D ligands. Immunoprecipitation and imaging cytometry indicated that the NKG2D-DAP12 complex was associated with sestrin 2. The genetic inhibition of sestrin 2 resulted in decreased expression of NKG2D and DAP12 and restored TCR signaling in senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells. Therefore, during aging, sestrins induce the reprogramming of non-proliferative senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells to acquire a broad-spectrum, innate-like killing activity.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Receptores de Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Febre Amarela/genética , Febre Amarela/imunologia , Febre Amarela/metabolismo , Febre Amarela/virologia , Vírus da Febre Amarela/imunologiaRESUMO
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including Erk, Jnk and p38 regulate diverse cellular functions and are thought to be controlled by independent upstream activation cascades. Here we show that the sestrins bind to and coordinate simultaneous Erk, Jnk and p38 MAPK activation in T lymphocytes within a new immune-inhibitory complex (sestrin-MAPK activation complex (sMAC)). Whereas sestrin ablation resulted in broad reconstitution of immune function in stressed T cells, inhibition of individual MAPKs allowed only partial functional recovery. T cells from old humans (>65 years old) or mice (16-20 months old) were more likely to form the sMAC, and disruption of this complex restored antigen-specific functional responses in these cells. Correspondingly, sestrin deficiency or simultaneous inhibition of all three MAPKs enhanced vaccine responsiveness in old mice. Thus, disruption of sMAC provides a foundation for rejuvenating immunity during aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Imunidade , Imunossenescência , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Células Cultivadas , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Imunidade/genética , Imunossenescência/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels control the upstroke of the action potentials in excitable cells. Multiple studies have shown distinct roles of NaV channel subtypes in human physiology and diseases, but subtype-specific therapeutics are lacking and the current efforts have been limited to small molecules. Here, we present a monoclonal antibody that targets the voltage-sensor paddle of NaV1.7, the subtype critical for pain sensation. This antibody not only inhibits NaV1.7 with high selectivity, but also effectively suppresses inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice. Interestingly, the antibody inhibits acute and chronic itch despite well-documented differences in pain and itch modulation. Using this antibody, we discovered that NaV1.7 plays a key role in spinal cord nociceptive and pruriceptive synaptic transmission. Our studies reveal that NaV1.7 is a target for itch management, and the antibody has therapeutic potential for suppressing pain and itch. Our antibody strategy may have broad applications for voltage-gated cation channels.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/química , Neurônios/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência , Medula Espinal/metabolismoRESUMO
The manner in which regulatory T cells (Treg cells) control lymphocyte homeostasis is not fully understood. We identified two Treg cell populations with differing degrees of self-reactivity and distinct regulatory functions. We found that GITR(hi)PD-1(hi)CD25(hi) (Triple(hi)) Treg cells were highly self-reactive and controlled lympho-proliferation in peripheral lymph nodes. GITR(lo)PD-1(lo)CD25(lo) (Triple(lo)) Treg cells were less self-reactive and limited the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of CD4(+) Tconv cells into induced Treg cells (iTreg cells). Although Foxp3-deficient (Scurfy) mice lacked Treg cells, they contained Triple(hi)-like and Triple(lo)-like CD4(+) T cells zsuper> T cells infiltrated the skin, whereas Scurfy Triple(lo)CD4(+) T cells induced colitis and wasting disease. These findings indicate that the affinity of the T cell antigen receptor for self antigen drives the differentiation of Treg cells into distinct subsets with non-overlapping regulatory activities.
Assuntos
Colite/imunologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Síndrome de Emaciação/imunologia , Animais , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Autoimunidade , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/metabolismo , Homeostase , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Especificidade do Receptor de Antígeno de Linfócitos T , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/transplante , Linfócitos T Reguladores/transplanteRESUMO
Resident macrophages densely populate the normal arterial wall, yet their origins and the mechanisms that sustain them are poorly understood. Here we use gene-expression profiling to show that arterial macrophages constitute a distinct population among macrophages. Using multiple fate-mapping approaches, we show that arterial macrophages arise embryonically from CX3CR1(+) precursors and postnatally from bone marrow-derived monocytes that colonize the tissue immediately after birth. In adulthood, proliferation (rather than monocyte recruitment) sustains arterial macrophages in the steady state and after severe depletion following sepsis. After infection, arterial macrophages return rapidly to functional homeostasis. Finally, survival of resident arterial macrophages depends on a CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis within the vascular niche.
Assuntos
Autorrenovação Celular , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/citologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Animais , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C , Sobrevivência Celular , Quimiocina CX3CL1/metabolismo , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Imunofenotipagem , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fenótipo , Ligação Proteica , Nicho de Células-Tronco , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Metal halide perovskites of the general formula ABX3-where A is a monovalent cation such as caesium, methylammonium or formamidinium; B is divalent lead, tin or germanium; and X is a halide anion-have shown great potential as light harvesters for thin-film photovoltaics1-5. Among a large number of compositions investigated, the cubic α-phase of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) has emerged as the most promising semiconductor for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells6-9, and maximizing the performance of this material in such devices is of vital importance for the perovskite research community. Here we introduce an anion engineering concept that uses the pseudo-halide anion formate (HCOO-) to suppress anion-vacancy defects that are present at grain boundaries and at the surface of the perovskite films and to augment the crystallinity of the films. The resulting solar cell devices attain a power conversion efficiency of 25.6 per cent (certified 25.2 per cent), have long-term operational stability (450 hours) and show intense electroluminescence with external quantum efficiencies of more than 10 per cent. Our findings provide a direct route to eliminate the most abundant and deleterious lattice defects present in metal halide perovskites, providing a facile access to solution-processable films with improved optoelectronic performance.
RESUMO
Upon stress, cytoplasmic mRNA is sequestered to insoluble ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, such as the stress granule (SG). Partially due to the belief that translationally suppressed mRNAs are recruited to SGs in bulk, stress-induced dynamic redistribution of mRNA has not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress targets only a small subset of translationally suppressed mRNAs into the insoluble RNP granule fraction (RG). This subset, characterized by extended length and adenylate-uridylate (AU)-rich motifs, is highly enriched with genes critical for cell survival and proliferation. This pattern of RG targeting was conserved for two other stress types, heat shock and arsenite toxicity, which induce distinct responses in the total cytoplasmic transcriptome. Nevertheless, stress-specific RG-targeting motifs, such as guanylate-cytidylate (GC)-rich motifs in heat shock, were also identified. Previously underappreciated, transcriptome profiling in the RG may contribute to understanding human diseases associated with RNP dysfunction, such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
Assuntos
Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Elementos Ricos em Adenilato e Uridilato , Animais , Arsenitos/toxicidade , Sítios de Ligação , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/genética , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Células NIH 3T3 , Ligação Proteica , Proto-Oncogenes , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/genética , Solubilidade , Tapsigargina/toxicidade , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Mammalian FNDC5 encodes a protein precursor of Irisin, which is important for exercise-dependent regulation of whole-body metabolism. In a genetic screen in Drosophila, we identified Iditarod (Idit), which shows substantial protein homology to mouse and human FNDC5, as a regulator of autophagy acting downstream of Atg1/Atg13. Physiologically, Idit-deficient flies showed reduced exercise performance and defective cold resistance, which were rescued by exogenous expression of Idit. Exercise training increased endurance in wild-type flies, but not in Idit-deficient flies. Conversely, Idit is induced upon exercise training, and transgenic expression of Idit in wild-type flies increased endurance to the level of exercise trained flies. Finally, Idit deficiency prevented both exercise-induced increase in cardiac Atg8 and exercise-induced cardiac stress resistance, suggesting that cardiac autophagy may be an additional mechanism by which Idit is involved in the adaptive response to exercise. Our work suggests an ancient role of an Iditarod/Irisin/FNDC5 family of proteins in autophagy, exercise physiology, and cold adaptation, conserved throughout metazoan species.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila , Fibronectinas , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Autofagia , Drosophila , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Mamíferos , Fatores de Transcrição , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Stopping aspirin within 1 month after implantation of a drug-eluting stent for ticagrelor monotherapy has not been exclusively evaluated for patients with acute coronary syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ticagrelor monotherapy after <1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is noninferior to 12 months of ticagrelor-based DAPT for adverse cardiovascular and bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial, 2850 patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation at 24 centers in South Korea were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either ticagrelor monotherapy (90 mg twice daily) after <1 month of DAPT (n=1426) or 12 months of ticagrelor-based DAPT (n=1424) between April 24, 2019, and May 31, 2022. The primary end point was the net clinical benefit as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, definite or probable stent thrombosis, stroke, and major bleeding at 1 year after the index procedure in the intention-to-treat population. Key secondary end points were the individual components of the primary end point. RESULTS: Among 2850 patients who were randomized (mean age, 61 years; 40% ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction), 2823 (99.0%) completed the trial. Aspirin was discontinued at a median of 16 days (interquartile range, 12-25 days) in the group receiving ticagrelor monotherapy after <1 month of DAPT. The primary end point occurred in 40 patients (2.8%) in the group receiving ticagrelor monotherapy after <1-month DAPT, and in 73 patients (5.2%) in the ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT group (hazard ratio, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.37-0.80]; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.002 for superiority). This finding was consistent in the per-protocol population as a sensitivity analysis. The occurrence of major bleeding was significantly lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy after <1-month DAPT group compared with the 12-month DAPT group (1.2% versus 3.4%; hazard ratio, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.20-0.61]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that stopping aspirin within 1 month for ticagrelor monotherapy is both noninferior and superior to 12-month DAPT for the 1-year composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and major bleeding, primarily because of a significant reduction in major bleeding, among patients with acute coronary syndrome receiving drug-eluting stent implantation. Low event rates, which may suggest enrollment of relatively non-high-risk patients, should be considered in interpreting the trial. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03797651.
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda , Stents Farmacológicos , Infarto do Miocárdio , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Trombose , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Ticagrelor/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/cirurgia , Stents Farmacológicos/efeitos adversos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Hemorragia/etiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Trombose/etiologia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The rapid growth of uncharacterized enzymes and their functional diversity urge accurate and trustworthy computational functional annotation tools. However, current state-of-the-art models lack trustworthiness on the prediction of the multilabel classification problem with thousands of classes. Here, we demonstrate that a novel evidential deep learning model (named ECPICK) makes trustworthy predictions of enzyme commission (EC) numbers with data-driven domain-relevant evidence, which results in significantly enhanced predictive power and the capability to discover potential new motif sites. ECPICK learns complex sequential patterns of amino acids and their hierarchical structures from 20 million enzyme data. ECPICK identifies significant amino acids that contribute to the prediction without multiple sequence alignment. Our intensive assessment showed not only outstanding enhancement of predictive performance on the largest databases of Uniprot, Protein Data Bank (PDB) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), but also a capability to discover new motif sites in microorganisms. ECPICK is a reliable EC number prediction tool to identify protein functions of an increasing number of uncharacterized enzymes.
Assuntos
Aprendizado Profundo , Proteínas/química , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Genoma , AminoácidosRESUMO
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infection an urgent need. Manipulating the lungs' intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), increases mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), differentially modulates ETC complex activities and consequently results in leak of electrons from ETC complex III and superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy to broadly protect against pneumonia without reliance on antibiotics.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Pneumonia , Camundongos , Animais , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pneumonia/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Potencial da Membrana MitocondrialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) on the functional outcome of patients with acute basilar artery occlusion and low posterior circulation acute stroke prognosis early computed tomography score (PC-ASPECTS). METHODS: We identified patients with acute ischemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion and PC-ASPECTS of 6 or less, presenting within 24 h between August 2008 and April 2022. The primary outcome was a favorable functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-3 at 90 days. The secondary outcomes included an mRS score of 0-2, a favorable shift in the ordinal mRS scale, the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality at 90 days. We compared the outcome of patients treated with EVT and those without EVT, using the inverse probability of treatment weighting methods. RESULTS: Out of 566 patients, 55.5% received EVT. In the EVT group, 106 (33.8%) achieved favorable outcomes, compared to 56 patients (22.2%) in the conservative group. EVT significantly increased the likelihood of achieving a favorable outcome compared to conservative treatment (relative risk [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.74, p = 0.004). EVT was associated with a favorable shift in the mRS (RR 1.85, 95% CI, 1.49-2.29, p < 0.001) and reduced mortality without an increase in the risk of sICH. It did not have an impact on achieving an mRS score of 0-2. INTERPRETATION: Patients with acute basilar artery occlusion and a PC-ASPECTS of 6 or less might benefit from EVT without an increasing sICH. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:788-799.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Endovasculares , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Artéria Basilar , Resultado do Tratamento , AVC Isquêmico/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Trombectomia/efeitos adversos , Hemorragias Intracranianas/etiologia , Sistema de Registros , Procedimentos Endovasculares/efeitos adversosRESUMO
PARP-1 over-activation results in cell death via excessive PAR generation in different cell types, including neurons following brain ischemia. Glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox balance are key cellular processes altered in brain ischemia. Studies show that PAR generated after PARP-1 over-activation can bind hexokinase-1 (HK-1) and result in glycolytic defects and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. HK-1 is the neuronal hexokinase and catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a common substrate for glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). PPP is critical in maintaining NADPH and GSH levels via G6P dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, defects in HK-1 will not only decrease cellular bioenergetics but will also cause redox imbalance due to the depletion of GSH. In brain ischemia, whether PAR-mediated inhibition of HK-1 results in bioenergetics defects and redox imbalance is not known. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in mouse cortical neurons to mimic brain ischemia in neuronal cultures and observed that PARP-1 activation via PAR formation alters glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis in neurons. We used pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 and adenoviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type HK-1 (wtHK-1) and PAR-binding mutant HK-1 (pbmHK-1). Our data show that PAR inhibition or overexpression of HK-1 significantly improves glycolysis, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and cell survival in mouse cortical neurons exposed to OGD. These results suggest that PAR binding and inhibition of HK-1 during OGD drive bioenergetic defects in neurons due to inhibition of glycolysis and impairment of mitochondrial function.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica , Oxigênio , Camundongos , Animais , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Poli Adenosina Difosfato Ribose/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/genética , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Glicólise , Neurônios/metabolismo , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
Epidemiological studies indicate that overweight and obesity are associated with increased cancer risk. To study how obesity augments cancer risk and development, we focused on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the common form of liver cancer whose occurrence and progression are the most strongly affected by obesity among all cancers. We now demonstrate that either dietary or genetic obesity is a potent bona fide liver tumor promoter in mice. Obesity-promoted HCC development was dependent on enhanced production of the tumor-promoting cytokines IL-6 and TNF, which cause hepatic inflammation and activation of the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3. The chronic inflammatory response caused by obesity and enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF may also increase the risk of other cancers.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/imunologia , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/imunologia , Obesidade/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiologia , Proliferação de Células , Dietilnitrosamina , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Feminino , Hepatite/etiologia , Hepatite/imunologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade/complicações , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismoRESUMO
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modified nucleotide in mRNA1,2, with around 25% of mRNAs containing at least one m6A. Methylation of mRNA to form m6A is required for diverse cellular and physiological processes3. Although the presence of m6A in an mRNA can affect its fate in different ways, it is unclear how m6A directs this process and why the effects of m6A can vary in different cellular contexts. Here we show that the cytosolic m6A-binding proteins-YTHDF1, YTHDF2 and YTHDF3-undergo liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro and in cells. This phase separation is markedly enhanced by mRNAs that contain multiple, but not single, m6A residues. Polymethylated mRNAs act as a multivalent scaffold for the binding of YTHDF proteins, juxtaposing their low-complexity domains and thereby leading to phase separation. The resulting mRNA-YTHDF complexes then partition into different endogenous phase-separated compartments, such as P-bodies, stress granules or neuronal RNA granules. m6A-mRNA is subject to compartment-specific regulation, including a reduction in the stability and translation of mRNA. These studies reveal that the number and distribution of m6A sites in cellular mRNAs can regulate and influence the composition of the phase-separated transcriptome, and suggest that the cellular properties of m6A-modified mRNAs are governed by liquid-liquid phase separation principles.
Assuntos
Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Compartimento Celular , RNA Mensageiro/química , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Linhagem Celular , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/química , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Metilação , Metiltransferases/deficiência , Camundongos , Transição de Fase , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
Charge density waves (CDWs) have been observed in nearly all families of copper-oxide superconductors. But the behavior of these phases across different families has been perplexing. In La-based cuprates, the CDW wavevector is an increasing function of doping, exhibiting the so-called Yamada behavior, while in Y- and Bi-based materials the behavior is the opposite. Here, we report a combined resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS) and neutron scattering study of charge and spin density waves in isotopically enriched La1.8−xEu0.2SrxCuO4 over a range of doping 0.07≤x≤0.20. We find that the CDW amplitude is temperature independent and develops well above experimentally accessible temperatures. Further, the CDW wavevector shows a nonmonotonic temperature dependence, exhibiting Yamada behavior at low temperature with a sudden change occurring near the spin ordering temperature. We describe these observations using a LandauGinzburg theory for an incommensurate CDW in a metallic system with a finite charge compressibility and spin-CDW coupling. Extrapolating to high temperature, where the CDW amplitude is small and spin order is absent, our analysis predicts a decreasing wavevector with doping, similar to Y and Bi cuprates. Our study suggests that CDW order in all families of cuprates forms by a common mechanism.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor is recommended for 12 months after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Monotherapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor after short-term DAPT is an attractive option to better balance the risks of ischaemia and bleeding. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT, especially in patients with ACS. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to 11 November 2023, and for the primary analysis, individual patient data were pooled from the relevant randomized clinical trials comparing ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term (≤3 months) DAPT with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT, exclusively in ACS patients undergoing DES implantation. The co-primary endpoints were ischaemic endpoint (composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and bleeding endpoint [Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding] at 1 year. RESULTS: Individual patient data from two randomized clinical trials including 5906 ACS patients were analysed. At 1 year, the primary ischaemic endpoint did not differ between the ticagrelor monotherapy and ticagrelor-based DAPT groups [1.9% vs. 2.5%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-1.13; P = .194]. The incidence of the primary bleeding endpoint was lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy group (2.4% vs. 4.5%; adjusted HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.40-0.72; P < .001). The results were consistent in a secondary aggregate data meta-analysis including the ACS subgroup of additional randomized clinical trials which enrolled patients with ACS as well as chronic coronary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In ACS patients undergoing DES implantation, ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT was associated with less major bleeding without a concomitant increase in ischaemic events compared with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023476470).
RESUMO
Sestrins are a family of proteins that respond to a variety of environmental stresses, including genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional stresses. Sestrins affect multiple signaling pathways: AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complexes, insulin-AKT, and redox signaling pathways. By regulating these pathways, Sestrins are thought to help adapt to stressful environments and subsequently restore cell and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we describe how Sestrins mediate physiological stress responses in the context of nutritional and chemical stresses (liver), physical movement and exercise (skeletal muscle), and chemical, physical, and inflammatory injuries (heart). These findings also support the idea that Sestrins are a molecular mediator of hormesis, a paradoxical beneficial effect of low- or moderate-level stresses in living organisms.