Predictors of gamete donation: a cross sectional survey study.

PURPOSE: In 2015, assisted reproductive technology (ART) accounted for 1.7% of all U.S. births, donor eggs accounted for over 17,000 started cycles in 2015, and donor sperm accounting for 6.2% of all cycles started in 2014. With increasing utilization of donor gametes as a method of assisting patients with infertility, the number of babies born each year utilizing gamete donation will also continue to increase. This study aimed to elucidate factors impacting decision to donate, amongst a representative national population. METHODS: A survey was distributed via the internet utilizing SurveyMonkey Enterprise with HIPAA compliance. Univariate regressions and frequencies were conducted between each demographic and personal characteristic and the willingness to donate. Log Binomial and linear regression was used categorical and continuous variables, and Risk ratios were calculated. RESULTS: In this large survey study, 64% of men and 50% of women reported they would be willing to donate gametes, with the majority desiring monetary compensation. Men with a high Consumer Financial Protection Bureau score were less likely to report that they would consider donating sperm compared to a medium high CFPB score. No other financial indicators were associated with considering donating sperm. There were no associations between CFPB score and egg donation outcomes. Black or African American women were less likely to consider donating their eggs compared to other groups, and more likely to desire > $5000 in compensation. CONCLUSIONS: In this large survey study, a small minority of participants reported they would be willing to donate to an unknown infertility patient for reproductive purposes. High and very high CFPB scores were associated with willingness to donate games, but not with desire for monetary compensation or amount.

The impact of insurance mandates on donor oocyte utilization: an analysis of 39,338 donor oocyte cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry.

BACKGROUND: A total of 19 states passed legislation mandating insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technology, and out-of-pocket costs associated with in vitro fertilization vary significantly depending on the region. Consequently, it has been observed that assisted reproductive technology utilization differs regionally and is associated with the presence of an insurance mandate. However, it is unknown whether regional differences exist among patients using donor oocytes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the patient and cycle-specific parameters associated with the use of donor oocytes according to the insurance mandate status of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinic in which the assisted reproductive technology cycle was performed. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective cohort study using national data collected from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry for 39,338 donor oocyte cycles and 242,555 autologous oocyte cycles performed in the United States from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. Cycles were stratified by insurance mandate of the state in which the assisted reproductive technology cycle was performed: comprehensive (coverage for at least 4 cycles of assisted reproductive technology), limited (coverage limited to 1-3 assisted reproductive technology cycles), offer (insurance mandates exist but exclude assisted reproductive technology treatment), and no mandate. The primary outcome was the number of previous autologous assisted reproductive technology cycles of the recipient. The secondary outcomes included age, serum follicle stimulating hormone level, frozen donor oocyte utilization, day of embryo transfer, number of embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate. Analyses were adjusted for day of transfer, number of embryos transferred, and age of the recipient. RESULTS: Patients in no mandate states underwent fewer autologous assisted reproductive technology cycles (mean, 1.1; standard deviation, 1.6) before using donor oocytes than patients in offer (mean, 1.7; standard deviation, 2.5; P<.01), limited (mean, 1.5; standard deviation, 2.5; P<.01), and comprehensive (mean, 1.7; standard deviation, 2.0; P<.01) states. Patients in no mandate states were more likely to use frozen oocytes than patients in offer (relative risk, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.57), limited (relative risk, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.54), and comprehensive (relative risk, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.99) states. Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were similar among recipients of donor oocytes, regardless of insurance mandate. CONCLUSION: Despite similar ages and ovarian reserve parameters, patients without state-mandated insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technology were more likely to use frozen donor oocytes and undergo fewer autologous in vitro fertilization cycles than their counterparts in partial or comprehensive insurance coverage states. These differences in donor oocyte utilization highlight the financial barriers associated with pursuing assisted reproductive technology in uninsured states.

Association of Fresh Embryo Transfers Compared With Cryopreserved-Thawed Embryo Transfers With Live Birth Rate Among Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction Using Freshly Retrieved Donor Oocytes.

IMPORTANCE: In in vitro fertilization cycles using autologous oocytes, data have demonstrated higher live birth rates following cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfers compared with fresh embryo transfers. It remains unknown if this association exists in cycles using freshly retrieved donor oocytes. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that in freshly retrieved donor oocyte cycles, a fresh embryo transfer is more likely to result in a live birth compared with a cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study using national data collected from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology for 33 863 recipients undergoing fresh donor oocyte cycles in the US between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2017. EXPOSURES: Fresh embryo transfer and cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was live birth rate; secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate. Analyses were adjusted for donor age, day of embryo transfer, use of a gestational carrier, and assisted hatching. RESULTS: Recipients of fresh and cryopreserved-thawed embryos had comparable median age (42.0 [interquartile range {IQR}, 37.0-44.0] years vs 42.0 [IQR, 36.0-45.0] years), gravidity (1 [IQR, 0-2] vs 1 [IQR, 0-3]), parity (0 [IQR, 0-1] vs 1 [IQR, 0-1]), and body mass index (24.5 [IQR, 21.9-28.7] vs 24.4 [IQR, 21.6-28.7]). Of a total of 33 863 recipients who underwent 51 942 fresh donor oocyte cycles, there were 15 308 (29.5%) fresh embryo transfer cycles and 36 634 (70.5%) cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer cycles. Blastocysts were transferred in 92.4% of fresh embryo transfer cycles and 96.5% of cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer cycles, with no significant difference in the mean number of embryos transferred. Live birth rate following fresh embryo transfer vs cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer was 56.6% vs 44.0% (absolute difference, 12.6% [95% CI, 11.7%-13.5%]; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.42 [95% CI, 1.39-1.46]). Clinical pregnancy rates were 66.7% vs 54.2%, respectively (absolute difference, 12.5% [95% CI, 11.6%-13.4%]; aRR, 1.34; [95% CI, 1.31-1.37]). Miscarriage rates were 9.3% vs 9.4%, respectively (absolute difference, 0.2% [95% CI, -0.4% to 0.7%]); aRR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91-1.07]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this retrospective cohort study of women undergoing assisted reproduction using freshly retrieved donor oocytes, the use of fresh embryo transfers compared with cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfers was associated with a higher live birth rate. However, interpretation of the findings is limited by the potential for selection and confounding bias.

Delta-9 THC can be detected and quantified in the semen of men who are chronic users of inhaled cannabis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to determine whether delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and THC metabolites (11-OH THC and THC-COOH) can be detected in semen. METHODS: Twelve healthy men aged 18-45 years who identified as chronic and heavy users of inhaled cannabis were recruited. THC and THC metabolite levels were measured in serum, urine, and semen of the participants. Semen analyses were performed. Serum reproductive hormones were measured. RESULTS: The median age and BMI of participants were 27.0 years and 24.7 kg/m2, respectively. Over half the participants were daily users of cannabis for over 5 years. Serum reproductive hormones were generally within normal ranges, except prolactin, which was elevated in 6 of 12 participants (mean 13.9 ng/mL). The median sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were 75.5 million/mL, 69.5%, and 5.5%, respectively. Urinary THC-COOH was detected in all 12 participants, and at least one serum THC metabolite was present in 10 of 12 participants. Two semen samples had insufficient volume to be analyzed. THC was above the reporting level of 0.50 ng/mL in the semen of two of the remaining participants. Seminal THC was moderately correlated with serum levels of THC (r = 0.66), serum 11-OH THC (r = 0.57), and serum THC-COOH (r = 0.67). Seminal delta-9 THC was not correlated with urinary cannabinoid levels or semen analysis parameters. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to identify and quantify THC in human semen, demonstrating that THC can cross the blood-testis barrier in certain individuals. Seminal THC was found to be moderately correlated with serum THC and THC metabolites.

The impact of polycystic ovary syndrome and body mass index on the absorption of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone.

PURPOSE: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased ovarian responsiveness to exogenous recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) but also have high rates of obesity, which is known to affect serum FSH concentrations following exogenous injection. The purpose of this study was to compare rFSH absorption and ovarian response between lean and overweight/obese PCOS subjects and normo-ovulatory controls. METHODS: Fourteen women with PCOS aged 18-42 years old with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (normal) or 25.0-40.0 kg/m2 (overweight/obese) and eleven normo-ovulatory controls matched by age and BMI were included. After downregulation with oral contraceptives, participants were administered a single subcutaneous injection of 225 IU rFSH and underwent serial blood draws over 72 h. RESULTS: Lean PCOS subjects exhibited a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) of baseline-corrected serum FSH over 72 h when compared with overweight/obese PCOS subjects (183.3 vs 139.8 IU*h/L, p = 0.0002), and lean, normo-ovulatory women had a significantly higher AUC FSH when compared with overweight/obese, normo-ovulatory women (193.3 vs 93.8 IU*h/L, p < 0.0001). Within overweight/obese subjects, those with PCOS had a significantly higher AUC FSH compared with normo-ovulatory controls (p = 0.0002). Lean PCOS subjects similarly had the highest AUC of baseline-corrected estradiol (6095 pg h/mL), compared with lean normo-ovulatory subjects (1931 pg h/mL, p < 0.0001) and overweight/obese PCOS subjects (2337 pg h/mL, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Lean PCOS subjects exhibited significantly higher baseline-corrected FSH and estradiol levels following rFSH injection compared with overweight/obese PCOS subjects with similar ovarian reserve markers. Amongst overweight/obese subjects, those with PCOS had significantly higher FSH and E2 levels when compared with normo-ovulatory controls.

Predictors of 30-day readmission following hysterectomy for benign and malignant indications at a tertiary care academic medical center.

BACKGROUND: Hospital readmissions are costly, frequent, and increasingly under public scrutiny. With increased financial constraints on the medical environment, understanding the drivers of unscheduled readmissions following gynecologic surgery will become increasingly important to value-driven care. OBJECTIVE: The current study was conducted to identify risk factors for 30-day readmission following hysterectomy for benign and malignant indications. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2008 through 2010 of all nongravid hysterectomies at a single tertiary care academic medical center. Clinical, perioperative, and physician characteristics were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of 30-day readmission, stratified by malignant and benign indications for hysterectomy. RESULTS: Among 1649 women who underwent a hysterectomy (1009 for benign indications and 640 for malignancy), 6% were subsequently readmitted within 30 days (8.9% for malignancy vs 4.2% for benign; P < .0001). The mean time to readmission was 13 days (15 days for malignancy vs 10 days for benign; P = .004). The most common reasons for readmission were gastrointestinal (38%) and infectious (34%) etiologies, and 11.6% of readmitted patients experienced a perioperative complication. Among women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications, a history of a laparotomy, including cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-4.25; P = .03), as well as a perioperative complication (AOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.00-6.04; P = .05) were both associated with a >2-fold increased odds of readmission. Among women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy, an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification of III or IV (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05-3.50; P = .03), a longer length of initial hospitalization (3 days AOR, 7.83; 95% CI, 1.33-45.99; P = .02), and an estimated blood loss >500 mL (AOR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.28-8.45; P = .01) were associated with a higher odds of readmission; however, women who underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy (AOR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12-0.86; P = .02) and who were discharged on postoperative day 1 (AOR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.82; P = .02) were at a decreased risk of readmission. Physician and operative characteristics were not significant predictors of readmission. CONCLUSION: This study found that malignancy, perioperative complications, and prior open abdominal surgery, including cesarean delivery, are significant risk factors for consequent 30-day readmission following index hysterectomy. It may be possible to identify patients at highest risk for readmission at the time of hysterectomy, which can assist in developing interventions to reduce such events.

Delay in chemotherapy administration impacts survival in elderly patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to characterize chemotherapy treatment patterns in elderly patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and their impact on overall survival (OS). METHODS: We identified patients age ≥65years with stage II-IV EOC who underwent cytoreduction from 2003 to 2011. Relevant clinical variables were extracted and correlated with OS. Statistical analyses were performed using logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier methods, and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-four patients were included in the analysis. The average age was 73years with American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status Class 2 or 3. Approximately 78% underwent primary debulking surgery (PDS). OS for the entire cohort was 3.3years. One hundred and fifty-seven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, of which 70% received initial platinum-based doublet therapy; 67.5% of patients were able to complete the intended six cycles of chemotherapy; of these, 34% experienced a dose reduction and 45% experienced one or more dose delays. Any dose delay was associated with a decrease in overall survival (p=0.02) and remained significant even after controlling for age, stage, and residual disease and number of chemotherapy cycles received (p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly EOC patients frequently required chemotherapy dose reductions and delays in chemotherapy administration. Multivariate analysis confirmed that dose delays are an independent factor associated with decreased OS.

Surgical Apgar Score and prediction of morbidity in women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy.

OBJECTIVE: To validate whether Surgical Apgar Score can predict post-operative morbidity in patients undergoing hysterectomies for malignancies. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive hysterectomies performed for cancer at a single academic institution between 2008 and 2010. The Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) was derived as previously reported. Peri-operative complications were as outlined by the American Board for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and then further subdivided into intra-operative and post-operative events. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were utilized. RESULTS: A total of 632 patients were identified. Of our cohort, 64% underwent surgery for cancer arising in the uterus, followed by ovary at 28.6% and cervix at 4%. Median patient age was 60 years old with a mean American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) score of 2.5 and a median body mass index of 29. Average Surgical Apgar Score was 7.6. As SAS decreased, the risk of peri-operative complications increased (p<0.01). On univariate analysis SAS could predict for both intra-operative and post-operative complications. However, on multivariate analyses SAS could not independently predict for any post-operative complications (OR 1.02, CI 0.47-2.17). In a multivariable model incorporating age, ASA class, SAS <4, disease site, bowel resection and laparotomy, only ASA class and laparotomy were able to predict for postoperative complication events. CONCLUSIONS: Low Surgical Apgar Score significantly associates with morbidity in women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy, but is unable to predict which patients will have postoperative complications. This renders the SAS less helpful for the creation of peri-operative metrics to guide post-operative care.

Angiogenic markers in pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancies that have been conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) have been associated with higher rates of preeclampsia and other complications that are associated with placental dysfunction. We evaluated whether IVF pregnancies, when compared with those conceived spontaneously, would be associated with alterations in serum angiogenic markers. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study from 3 US academic institutions (2006-2008). Women with singleton pregnancies who conceived via IVF or spontaneously were included. Placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were measured at 4 time points throughout gestation. Pregnancy outcomes that included diagnosis of preeclampsia or other obstetric complications were ascertained from the medical record. The relationship among IVF status, PlGF, and sFlt-1 were modeled over gestation and stratified by clinical pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: Of the included 2392 singleton pregnancies, 4.5% (108 pregnancies) were conceived though IVF. IVF pregnancies were significantly more likely to be complicated by preeclampsia (15.7% vs 7.7%). IVF pregnancies had significantly higher levels of sFlt-1 at 18, 26, and 35 weeks of gestation (P = .04, P = .004, P < .0001, respectively) and lower levels of PlGF at 18 and 35 weeks of gestation (P = .007 and .0006, respectively). These differences persisted even after being controlled for maternal comorbidities or obstetric outcomes such as preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: Pregnancies conceived via IVF were found to have an increased antiangiogenic profile (elevated sFlt-1 and decreased PlGF) at multiple time points throughout gestation when compared with spontaneously conceived pregnancies. Alterations in the angiogenic profile persisted even after we controlled for maternal comorbidities of clinically evident disorders of abnormal placentation such as preeclampsia. The increased antiangiogenic profile suggests fundamentally aberrant placentation related to in vitro fertilization, which may warrant closer fetal surveillance in these pregnancies.

Public perspectives on placing age limits on men and women seeking fertility treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess public attitudes toward placing age limits on men and women seeking fertility treatment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional web-based survey. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A nationally representative sample of 1,427 adults in the United States. INTERVENTION(S): Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Support for placing age limits on people seeking fertility treatment. RESULT(S): Sixty-seven percent of respondents supported placing age limits on women, whereas 57% supported placing age limits on men seeking fertility treatments. Sixty-four percent agreed with current American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines that ET should not be undertaken beyond age 55 years. Whereas 55% of respondents supported placing age limits on both men and women, 12% supported age limits on women but not men, and 3% supported age limits on men but not women. Men were more likely to answer discordantly when compared with female respondents. Individuals older than 50 years, who lived in the western United States, or with a personal knowledge of someone who used assisted reproductive technology were more likely to support age limits on both women and men seeking fertility treatments. Sexual minorities, people without biological children, and single, long-term partnered or divorced/widowed respondents were less likely to support age limits on men or women seeking fertility treatments. CONCLUSION(S): Fifty-five percent of respondents in a nationally representative sample support upper age limits on both men and women seeking fertility treatments. Support was associated with various demographic characteristics. Men were more likely than women to support age limits only on women.

Impact of transfer time on pregnancy outcomes in frozen-embryo transfer cycles.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of embryo transfer time (total seconds from the loading of the transfer catheter to the expulsion of the embryo(s) into the uterine cavity) on clinical pregnancy (CPR), implantation (IR), and live birth (LBR) rates. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic hospital practice. PATIENT(S): A total of 465 women undergoing 571 frozen-embryo transfers with the use of cryopreserved blastocysts in a single academic institution from 2007 through 2014. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): CPR, IR, and LBR. RESULT(S): The cohort was divided into tertiles according to transfer time in seconds (T1: 33-55; T2: 57-81; T3: 82-582) with mean (SD) transfer times of 47.4 (5.7), 67.1 (7.3), and 121.9 (55.1) seconds, respectively. Crude CPRs were 43.9%, 48.7%, and 48.7% among the respective tertiles, crude IRs were 36.9%, 39.9%, and 38.6%, and crude LBRs were 34.8%, 39.6%, and 36.0%. In univariate analysis, inferior cohort score, blood inside catheter, difficult mock transfer, and use of an outer sheath were negatively associated with CPR. No association was seen between physician performing the transfer (including fellows) and CPR. In multivariate regression, longer transfer time was not associated with CPR. With T1 as reference, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.28 (0.77-2.11) and 1.52 (0.85-2.71) for transfer time groups T2 and T3, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): After adjusting for potential confounders, this analysis found that contrary to commonly held belief, longer embryo transfer times do not negatively affect CPR, IR, or LBR.

Embryo transfer techniques: an American Society for Reproductive Medicine survey of current Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology practices.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand practice patterns and opportunities for standardization of ET. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S): An anonymous 82-question survey was emailed to the medical directors of 286 Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology member IVF practices. A follow-up survey composed of three questions specific to ET technique was emailed to the same medical directors. Descriptive statistics of the results were compiled. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The survey assessed policies, protocols, restrictions, and specifics pertinent to the technique of ET. RESULT(S): There were 117 (41%) responses; 32% practice in academic settings and 68% in private practice. Responders were experienced clinicians, half of whom had performed <10 procedures during training. Ninety-eight percent of practices allowed all practitioners to perform ET; half did not follow a standardized ET technique. Multiple steps in the ET process were identified as "highly conserved;" others demonstrated discordance. ET technique is divided among [1] trial transfer followed immediately with ET (40%); [2] afterload transfer (30%); and [3] direct transfer without prior trial or afterload (27%). Embryos are discharged in the upper (66%) and middle thirds (29%) of the endometrial cavity and not closer than 1-1.5 cm from fundus (87%). Details of each step were reported and allowed the development of a "common" practice ET procedure. CONCLUSION(S): ET training and practices vary widely. Improved training and standardization based on outcomes data and best practices are warranted. A common practice procedure is suggested for validation by a systematic literature review.

Neutral effect of body mass index on implantation rate after frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of body mass index (BMI) on implantation rate after uniform protocol frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer in women with a homogenous uterine environment. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Single IVF clinic at a large academic institution. PATIENT(S): Four hundred sixty-one infertile women treated at a large academic institution from January 2007 to January 2014. INTERVENTION(S): All women underwent standardized slow frozen-thawed blastocyst transfers with good-quality day 5-6 embryos, following an identical hormonal uterine preparation, with comparison groups divided according to BMI category: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30.0 kg/m2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Implantation rate. RESULT(S): There were no statistically significant differences identified when comparing implantation rates among the four BMI cohorts. The implantation rate was 38.2% in normal weight patients, 41.7% in underweight patients, 45.1% in overweight patients, and 34.7% in obese patients. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) demonstrated no association between the main outcome, implantation rate, and BMI. Compared with the normal weight patients, the adjusted OR of implantation was 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-7.72) for underweight patients, 1.61 (95% CI, 0.97-2.68) for overweight patients, and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.49-1.72) for obese patients. Secondary outcomes, including rates of miscarriage, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and live birth, were not significantly different between cohorts. While powered to detect a 16% difference between overweight and normal weight women, the study was underpowered to detect differences in the underweight and obese women, and no definitive conclusions can be drawn for these small cohorts. Patients with transfers that required the longest amount of time, greater than 200 seconds, had the highest average BMI of 27.5 kg/m2. CONCLUSION(S): Under highly controlled circumstances across 7 years of data from a single institution, using a uniform uterine preparation, following a precise transfer technique with high-quality day 5-6 slow frozen-thawed blastocysts, a BMI in the overweight range of 25-29.9 kg/m2 is not associated with a poorer implantation rate or live-birth rate, nor is it associated with an increased risk of miscarriage when compared with a normal BMI range. The increased length of time required during transfer for women with higher BMI suggests body habitus may contribute to difficult transfers, although this may not translate into poorer implantation rates. By using a standardized protocol for slow freezing and thawing of embryos, using identical hormonal preparation and a uniform ET protocol, a homogenous uterine environment was created in this carefully selected cohort of women, thereby minimizing confounders and uniquely highlighting the neutral effect of overweight BMI on implantation rate.

Limitations on the compensation of gamete donors: a public opinion survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine public opinion on gamete donor compensation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional web-based survey. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A nationally representative sample of 1,427 people in the United States. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Support for the compensation of gamete donors. RESULTS: Of 1,427 respondents, 51 (4%) disagreed with use of IVF for any indication, and 232 (16%) believed that oocyte and/or sperm donation to be always unacceptable. Of the remaining 1,185 respondents, 953 (80%) supported and 41 (4%) opposed paying sperm donors; 1,063 (90%) supported and 24 (2%) opposed paying oocyte donors. Of respondents, 90% believed that appropriate compensation for one cycle of oocyte donation should be less than $10,000. A total of 559 (47%) supported a limit on sperm donor compensation and 544 (46%) supported a limit on oocyte donor compensation. Individuals who had personal knowledge of someone with infertility or who used assisted reproductive technology (ART), and Republicans compared with Democrats, were more likely to support limits on both oocyte and sperm donor compensation. Divorced compared with married respondents were less likely to support limits on gamete donor compensation. Men were less likely to support limits on sperm donor compensation. CONCLUSIONS: Most respondents in a nationally representative cohort support compensating gamete donors. Although most do not support limits on gamete donor compensation, most agree the appropriate payment for one cycle of oocyte donation is in line with former American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines.

Economic implications of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology embryo transfer guidelines: healthcare dollars saved by reducing iatrogenic triplets.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the national cost savings resulting from reductions in higher-order multiple (HOM) live births (defined as three or more fetuses), following the initial publication of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) guidelines on ET in 1998. DESIGN: Descriptive use and cost analysis. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S): Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Estimates of the total number of HOM deliveries prevented (from 1998-2012) following the publication of SART guidelines; the associated healthcare savings (2014 US dollars). RESULT(S): A singleton live birth was estimated to cost $17,100-$24,200. A twin live birth was estimated at $66,000-$117,500. A triplet live birth was estimated at $190,800-$456,300. The percentage of HOM gestations among all ART pregnancies decreased from 11.4% in 1997 to 2.0% in 2012, with the sharpest year-over-year decline of 20.3% occurring in the year following the publication of the guidelines. The number of prevented HOM deliveries from 1998 through 2012 was estimated to be between 13,500 and 16,300, corresponding to cost savings of $6.02B (billion) (range, $2.35B-$7.03B, 2014 US dollars). CONCLUSION(S): Iatrogenic HOM gestations represent a substantial economic burden to our healthcare system. The introduction of guidelines for ET in 1998 coincided with a dramatic decrease in the HOM rate in subsequent years and an associated cumulative cost savings of more than $6B. Further reductions in HOM gestations could save up to an additional $2B annually.