Black phosphorus-incorporated novel Ti-12Mo-10Zr implant for multimodal treatment of osteosarcoma.

The repair and reconstruction of large bone defects after bone tumor resection is still a great clinical challenge. At present, orthopedic implant reconstruction is the mainstream treatment for repairing bone defects. However, according to clinical feedback, local tumor recurrence and nonunion of bone graft are common reasons leading to the failure of bone defect repair and reconstruction after bone tumor resection, which seriously threaten the physical and mental health of patients. On this basis, here the self-developed low modulus Ti-12Mo-10Zr alloy (TMZ) was chosen as substrate material. To improve its biological activity and osteointegration, calcium, oxygen, and phosphorus co-doped microporous coating was prepared on TMZ alloy by microarc oxidation (MAO). Then, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets were incorporated onto MAO treated TMZ alloy to obtain multifunctional composites. The obtained BP-MAO-TMZ implant exhibited excellent photothermal effects and effective ablation of osteosarcoma cancer cells under the irradiation of 808 nm near infrared laser, while no photothermal or therapeutic effects were observed for TMZ alloy. Meanwhile, the structure/component bionic coating obtained after MAO treatment as well as the P-driven in situ biomineralization performance after incorporation of BP nanosheets endowed BP-MAO-TMZ implant with synergistic promoting effect on MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts' activity, proliferation and differentiation ability. This study is expected to provide effective clinical solutions for problems of difficult bone regeneration and tumor recurrence after tumor resection in patients with bone tumors and to solve a series of medical problems such as poor prognosis and poor postoperative quality of patients life with malignant bone tumors.

OONO-/MMP2/MMP9 pathway-mediated apoptosis of porcine granulosa cells is associated with DNA damage.

In brief: The apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) is the main reason for porcine follicular atresia. This study provides a novel mechanism for peroxynitrite anion-mediated GC apoptosis and follicular atresia in porcine ovary. Abstract: Granulosa cells play a crucial role in the development of follicles, and their cell apoptosis in the porcine ovary is a major contributor to follicular atresia. Here, we provide a new mechanism for follicular atresia by describing a crucial mechanism by which peroxynitrite anion (OONO-) may cause GC death. We discovered that nitric oxide, oxidative stress level, and OONO- were positively correlated with porcine follicular atresia, which was accompanied by high expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. We created a model of OONO--induced apoptosis in GCs and discovered that OONO- could boost the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 and increase the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and DNA damage. Furthermore, by inhibiting the activities of MMP2 and MMP9, we found that SB-3CT (a specific inhibitor for MMP2 and MMP9) alleviated the decrease in cell survival rates and DNA damage caused by OONO-, which may have been impacted by reducing the cleavage of PARP1 by MMP2 and MMP9. Therefore, our findings imply that OONO- can cause DNA damage to GCs, participating in mediating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibiting DNA repair by preventing the activity of PARP1 through MMP2 and MMP9. These results help explain how OONO-/MMP2/MMP9 affects porcine follicular atresia and GC apoptosis.

Salinity-dependent aquatic life criteria of inorganic mercury in coastal water and its ecological risk assessment.

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic pollutants to aquatic organisms. The influence of salinity on Hg toxicity, an important factor restricting the development of global marine aquatic life criteria (ALC), is unclear. Therefore, mercury toxicity data were corrected based on salinity using the aggregate slope method, and the ALC values were derived. Short-term aquatic life criteria (SALC) and long-term aquatic life criteria (LALC) were derived using the species sensitivity distribution method based on Log-logistic, Log-normal, Burr III, Gumbel, and Weibull models. The hazard quotient (HQ) and joint probability curve (JPC) methods were used to evaluate the ecological risk of Hg in the coastal waters of China. The results showed that the SALC and LALC of Hg in the coastal waters of China were 2.21 and 0.54 µg/L. The toxicity data and salinity were positively correlated for Chordate and Arthropoda and negatively correlated for Mollusca. The SALC values increased by approximately 75%, with salinities ranging from 10 to 20 ppt. A slight peak in the SALC at mid-salinities was also observed. The ecological risk assessment of Hg in China's coastal waters showed that attention should be paid to Hg pollution in the Bohai Sea and East China Sea, especially the ecological risk of Hg to crustacean organisms. This study could promote the development of water quality criteria for coastal waters and provide a technical reference for mercury management in the coastal waters of China.

Comparison of the retinal microvasculature between compressive and glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the patterns of retinal microvasculature change in the peripapillary and macular region between compressive optic neuropathy (CON) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), and to assess the ability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in differentiating the two conditions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 108 participants (108 eyes), 36 with CON, 36 with GON, and 36 healthy controls. The CON and GON eyes were matched by the average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness (1:1). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCTA were performed to compare the structural and vascular change of the peripapillary and macular region between groups. RESULTS: Both CON and GON eyes showed more severe structural and vascular damage than the control eyes. The CON eyes had lower pRNFL thickness than the GON eyes in the temporal and nasal quadrants, and thicker pRNFL thickness in the inferior quadrant. The average GCC thickness did not differ between the two groups. The peripapillary vessel density of the CON group was significantly higher in the inferior sectors than that of the GON group. In the macular region, the CON group had significantly higher vessel density in the whole image, the temporal sector in parafovea region, and the temporal, superior, and inferior sectors in perifovea region. CONCLUSION: To a similar degree of structural damage, CON had less retinal vascular impairment than GON, especially in the macular region, and the significance of the finding needs further evaluation.

Exploration of the factors that influence total phosphorus in surface water and an evaluation of surface water vulnerability based on an advanced algorithm and traditional index method.

Due to the continuous influence of human activities, phosphorus pollution in surface water has become a persistent problem that needs to be addressed since phosphorous entails certain risks and degrees of damage to ecosystems and humans. The presence and accumulation of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in surface waters is the result of a combined effect of many natural and anthropogenic factors, and it is often difficult to intuitively identify the individual importance of each factor in regard to the pollution of the aquatic environment. Considering these issues, this study provides a new methodology to better understand the vulnerability of surface water to TP pollution and the factors that influence TP pollution through the application of two modeling approaches. This includes the boosted regression tree (BRT), an advanced machine learning method, and the traditional comprehensive index method (CIM). Different factors, such as natural variables (including slope, soil texture, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), precipitation, and drainage density) and point and nonpoint source anthropogenic factors were included to model the vulnerability of surface water to TP pollution. Two methods were used to produce a vulnerability map of surface water to TP pollution. Pearson correlation analysis was used to validate the two vulnerability assessment methods. The results showed that BRT was more strongly correlated than CIM. In addition, the importance ranking results showed that slope, precipitation, NDVI, decentralized livestock farming and soil texture had a greater influence on TP pollution. Industrial activities, scale livestock farming and population density, which are all contributing sources of pollution, were all relatively less important. The introduced methodology can be used to quickly identify the area most vulnerable to TP pollution and to develop problem specific adaptive policies and measures to reduce the damage from TP pollution.

Surface modification of new innocuous Ti-Mo-Zr based alloys for biomedical applications.

To address the clinical challenges of modulus mismatch, lack of initial osteointegration and contain toxic elements towards traditional titanium and its alloys with surrounding bone tissue, a new ß-type titanium alloy (Ti-12Mo-10Zr) designed by our group will be chosen as dental implant in this proposal due to its excellent properties, e.g. low young's modulus (~ 50.8 GPa) and excellent compressive yield strength (~ 430.89 MPa). A modified hydrothermal and pressure method will be deployed to create tailored micro/nano topography and chemistry (phosphorus) on implant surface with the aim of promoting osteointegration. The formation process and mechanism of micro/nano-scaled hierarchical hybrid coating containing phosphorous will be revealed from the perspective of energetics and crystallography to realize co-design of multiple structure and chemical on Ti-12Mo-10Zr surface. The in vitro cytological performance of this hierarchical hybrid coating containing phosphorous will also be evaluated by co-culturing with rat bone marrow stromal cells This proposal will not only provide guidance and experimental database for next generation potential implant named Ti-12Mo-10Zr, but also display new insights to improve long-lasting stability for dental implant which demonstrate tremendous scientific significance.

Transdermal Delivery of Indirubin-Loaded Microemulsion Gel: Preparation, Characterization and Anti-Psoriatic Activity.

Psoriasis is an immune disease caused by rapid and incomplete differentiation of skin basal cells. Natural products such as indirubin have historically served as excellent sources for the treatments of psoriasis. However, the poor solubility and bioavailability due to its plane and rigid crystal structure, which limits its efficacy. Herein, to improve the efficacy of indirubin, a hydrogel-based microemulsion drug delivery system was developed for transdermal delivery. The mean droplet size of the optimized microemulsion was 84.37 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) less than 0.2 and zeta potential value of 0~-20 mV. The transdermal flux and skin retention of indirubin at 24 h were 47.34 ± 3.59 µg/cm2 and 8.77 ± 1.26 µg/cm2, respectively. The optimized microemulsion was dispersed in carbomer 934 hydrogel to increase the consistency. The indirubin-loaded microemulsion gel was tested on an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Results showed that this preparation can improve psoriasis symptoms by down-regulating the expression of IL-17A, Ki67, and CD4+T. This experiment provides great scalability for researchers to treat psoriasis, avoid first-pass effects, and increase the concentration of targeted drugs.

A comparison of the da Vinci Xi vs. da Vinci Si surgical systems for radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: To compare the perioperative and short-term efficacy and cost of the da Vinci Xi and da Vinci Si surgical systems for radical prostatectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 175 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy with the da Vinci Si or Xi surgical systems in our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020. Of the 175 patients, 82 underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the da Vinci Xi surgery system, and 93 patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the da Vinci Si surgical system. The perioperative outcomes, short-term efficacy and costs were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The anesthesia time, operation time, docking time, indwelling catheter time and postoperative bed rest time in the Xi group were shorter than those in the Si group (respectively, 268.8 min vs. 219.3 min, P = 0.001; 228.2 min vs. 259.6 min, P < 0.001; 7.4 min vs. 12.7 min, P < 0.001; 8.6 d vs. 9.7 d, P = 0.036; 2.2 d vs. 2.6 d, P = 0.002). However, the total cost of hospitalization and the cost of intraoperative consumables in the Xi group were higher than those in the Si group (84,740.7 vs. 76,739.1 ¥, P = 0.003; 13,199.4 vs. 10,823.0 ¥, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Although the cost of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy is higher, compared with the Si system, the Xi system has better perioperative outcomes and can provide similar short-term efficacy and oncology outcomes.

Decrease of both river flow and quality aggravates water crisis in North China: a typical example of the upper Yongding River watershed.

Due to unevenly distributed water resources, semi-arid regions are particularly prone to severe water shortage and quality degradation. In this study, based on long-term hydrological database (1935-2015), and the latest available water quality data sets (2011-2016), we analyzed the water crisis and its driving forces in the upper Yongding River watershed, a typical water shortage area in North China. The results showed that human induced excessive water consumption is responsible for the significantly decreased river flow over the past eight decades. Although the capacity of the watershed wastewater treatment has improved, current water quality does not meet the requirements of the national water management goals, because of the excessive nitrogen and CODCr (chemical oxygen demand), which mainly come from the wastewater and feedlots discharge. Due to the decreased river flow, current Yongding River is unable to dilute and assimilate pollutions. The analysis of river pollutant load illustrated that more than 60 % of the nitrogen in the river water system is diverted for reservoir storage, and more than 50 % of the CODCr and TP are diverted for irrigation, thereby, increasing the risk of reservoirs eutrophication and threatening food safety. Besides, the high Cl- (388.2 ± 322.5 mg/L) and SO42- (470.6 ± 357.7 mg/L) imply that the upper river water are not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes, and a potential risk of salinization if the river flow continues to decrease. We conclude that water resources over extraction and quality degradation are the main driving factors of the Yongding River water crisis.

Characterization of metal kinetics and bioavailability using diffusive gradients in thin films technique in sediments of Taihu Lake, China.

For an improved understanding of the metal behavior between the sediment and overlaying water of Taihu Lake, the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was used to characterize the DGT measured concentration in sediments and release kinetics of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in representative lake parts. Spatially, the DGT-measured concentration of heavy metals showed that Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb had higher concentrations in the northern lake than in the eastern Lake Taihu. The order of the release flux for the studied metals from sediments to overlaying water was Zn>Cu>Ni, Cr>Pb>Cd (p<0.05). DGT devices were deployed over a series of time (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h) in sediment cores from the two typical lake parts (northwest algae dominant area and southeast macrophyte dominant area) to explore the dynamics in the sediment/DGT system, and the best fitted regression model was selected to characterize the release of metals in the two lake parts. The fitted results showed that the equilibration time of the metal release was approximately 24h and Zn had a higher release capacity than other metals. Further analyses indicated that significant correlation existed between the DGT-measured metal concentrations in sediments and metal concentrations in lake organisms (r=0.943 and 0.996 for zoobenthos and coilia ectenes, p<0.05), suggesting that DGT technique is more effective to predict the metal bioavailability in lake sediments.

Rapid Identification and Quantification of Aureococcus anophagefferens by qPCR Method (Taqman) in the Qinhuangdao Coastal Area: A Region for Recurrent Brown Tide Breakout in China.

Since 2009, Aureococcus anophagefferens has caused brown tide to occur recurrently in Qinhuangdao coastal area, China. Because the algal cells of A. anophagefferens are so tiny (~3 µm) that it is very hard to identify exactly under a microscope for natural water samples, it is very urgent to develop a method for efficient and continuous monitoring. Here specific primers and Taqman probe are designed to develop a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for identification and quantification continually. The algal community and cell abundance of A. anophagefferens in the study area (E 119°20'-119°50' and N 39°30'-39°50') from April to October in 2013 are detected by pyrosequencing, and are used to validate the specification and precision of qPCR method for natural samples. Both pyrosequencing and qPCR shows that the targeted cells are present only in May, June and July, and the cell abundance are July > June > May. Although there are various algal species including dinoflagellata, diatom, Cryptomonadales, Chrysophyceae and Chlorophyta living in the natural seawater simultaneously, no disturbance happens to qPCR method. This qPCR method could detect as few as 10 targeted cells, indicating it is able to detect the algal cells at pre-bloom levels. Therefore, qPCR with Taqman probe provides a powerful and sensitive method to monitor the brown tide continually in Qinhuangdao coastal area, China. The results provide a necessary technology support for forecasting the brown tide initiation, in China.

Estrogen alters the profile of the transcriptome in river snail Bellamya aeruginosa.

We evaluated the transcriptome dynamics of the freshwater river snail Bellamya aeruginosa exposed to 17ß-estradiol (E2) using the Roche/454 GS-FLX platform. In total, 41,869 unigenes, with an average length of 586 bp, representing 36,181 contigs and 5,688 singlets were obtained. Among them, 18.08, 36.85, and 25.47 % matched sequences in the GenBank non-redundant nucleic acid database, non-redundant protein database, and Swiss protein database, respectively. Annotation of the unigenes with gene ontology, and then mapping them to biological pathways, revealed large groups of genes related to growth, development, reproduction, signal transduction, and defense mechanisms. Significant differences were found in gene expression in both liver and testicular tissues between control and E2-exposed organisms. These changes in gene expression will help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the response to physiological stress in the river snail exposed to estrogen, and will facilitate research into biological processes and underlying physiological adaptations to xenoestrogen exposure in gastropods.

Mechanism of ofloxacin fluorescence quenching and its interaction with sequentially extracted dissolved organic matter from lake sediment of Dianchi, China.

The wide use and occurrence of antibiotics in water environments have caused wide concerns. Ofloxacin (OFL) was selected as a target antibiotic, and the interaction between OFL and sequential extracted dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the sediment of Dianchi, a hypertrophic lake in Southwest China, was explored using fluorescence quenching technology. The method of fuorescence quenching was used to characterize the interaction between OFL and sequentially extracted DOM. The result indicated that static and dynamic quenching both existed in the interaction. The interaction in the background water (0.01 mol/L NaCl and 200 mg/L NaN3) became increasingly weak with the further extraction of DOM. A low non-linear factor N value (0.53∼0.63) of Freundlich model was observed, indicating a non-linear interaction between OFL and DOM. Elemental characterization and infrared spectrum analysis showed an enhanced OFL-DOM binding with the decrease in humic acid (HA) polarity. The effect of ion strength was tested in the OFL-DOM interaction to show the impact of usually existing metal ions in water environment on the OFL behavior. The result showed that K(+) had little influence, but Cu(2+) had a significant promotion (p < 0.05) in the OFL-DOM interaction in background water, indicating that divalent metal ions, which have the bridge bond or complexation capacity, are more active in the OFL-DOM interaction than monovalent ions, with no bridge bond or complexation capacity. This work would be useful in the fate and risk assessment of antibiotics in water environments.

Integrated biomarkers in wild crucian carp for early warning of water quality in Hun River, North China.

Metabolizing enzymes play important roles in the detoxification of various pollutants in aquatic organisms, thereby they can also be used to provide early-warning signals of environmental risks. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to quantify cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The methods were then used to detect the respective mRNA expression levels in liver tissue in wild crucian carp from the Hun River, North China. CYP1A mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in fish from stations S5, S6, and S8 (p < 0.05). SOD mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated in downstream areas relative to fish from upstream sites (p < 0.05); GPx and CAT mRNA expression levels were also down-regulated at S9 (p < 0.05). In contrast, GST mRNA expression showed no obvious change between fish collected from up- or downstream areas of the river. Finally, an integrated biomarker response was used to evaluate the integrated impact of pollutants in the Hun River and allow better comprehension of the real toxicological risk of these investigated sites.

[Primary investigation of formation and genetic mechanism of land subsidence based on PS-InSAR technology in Beijing].

The present paper adopts permanent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar(PS-InSAR) technique to obtain land subsidence information in Beijing plain area. Then, combined with the time series of meteorological data, groundwater dynamic monitoring data, interferometric data and geological structure data, the formation and evolution mechanism of land subsidence were revealed. The results show that (1) Beijing regional land subsidence characteristics are obvious, more land subsidence funnel areas are interconnected, the settlement is influenced by rainfall recharge and exhibits seasonal fluctuation characteristics; (2) The land subsidence center and groundwater drawdown funnel centre are not fully consistent, unconfined aquifer and shallow confined aquifer are the major contribution factors and have greater impact on the land subsidence; (3) Land subsidence mainly occurred in the clay layer with a thickness of 50-70 m; (4) Land subsidence caused by tectonic controls is significant and the deformation gradient is great on both sides of the fault.

[Spatial-temporal evolution characterization of land subsidence by multi-temporal InSAR method and GIS technology].

Long-term over-exploitation of underground resources, and static and dynamic load increase year by year influence the occurrence and development of regional land subsidence to a certain extent. Choosing 29 scenes Envisat ASAR images covering plain area of Beijing, China, the present paper used the multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches, and obtained monitoring information of regional land subsidence. Under different situation of space development and utilization, the authors chose five typical settlement areas; With classified information of land-use, multi-spectral remote sensing image, and geological data, and adopting GIS spatial analysis methods, the authors analyzed the time series evolution characteristics of uneven settlement. The comprehensive analysis results suggests that the complex situations of space development and utilization affect the trend of uneven settlement; the easier the situation of space development and utilization, the smaller the settlement gradient, and the less the uneven settlement trend.

[Analysis of ocular changes in children craniopharyngioma].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of ocular changes in children craniopharyngioma. METHODS: Retrospective case series study. The clinical data of 34 eyes from 17 patients with children craniopharyngioma treated at the affiliated Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2011 to May 2012 were collected. Records of preoperative clinical examinations including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field test, optic disc findings, size and location of the tumor were analyzed. RESULTS: The age of the patients was from 5 to 14 years old [mean (10.29 ± 3.22) years] with the male/female ratio of 1.83: 1. The most affected age group was 8 to 12 years old. Deficits in BCVA occurred in 79.41% (27/34). Abnormal optic disc findings occurred in 44.12% which included optic disk edema 5.9% (2/34), atrophic changes of the optic nerve 32.35% (11/34) and pale optic disc 5.9% (2/34). Various visual field defects were 76.47% (26/34). CONCLUSION: Declines of visual acuities and defects of visual fields were more severe than optic disc damages in children patients with craniopharyngioma.

Spatiotemporal distribution patterns and coupling effects of aquatic environmental factors in the dry-wet season over a decade from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.

Since the 21st century, the Beibu Gulf area has been affected by increasing anthropogenic activities, which makes the coastal aquatic ecosystem extremely concerning. However, the comprehensive exploration and analysis of the long-term scale behavior change characteristics of various water quality environment factors is still limited. Through comprehensively detecting coastal surface water environmental behavior information from 33 locations in the Beibu Gulf from 2005 to 2015, we revealed and quantified mutual response characteristics and patterns of various environmental indicators. The main environmental pollution indicators (e.g., COD, NH4+, NO3-, and DIP) showed a gradual decrease in concentration from the coast to the offshore sea area, and significantly increases during the wet season. The semi-enclosed Maowei Sea exhibited the most prominent performance with significant differences compared to other regions in Beibu Gulf. The average Chlorophyll-a (Chla) content in the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf during the wet season was more than twice that of the dry season, yet the interaction pattern between Chla and environmental factors in the two seasons was opposite to its concentration behavior, accompanied by a closely significant relationship with thermohaline structure and the input of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients. The multivariate statistical analysis results of total nutrient dynamics suggested that the Beibu Gulf was clearly divided into different regions in both dry and wet season clusters. The present study can provide a comprehensive perspective for the spatial and temporal migration patterns and transformation laws of coastal water environmental factor, which should contribute to improve the prevention countermeasure of nutrient pollution in coastal environment.

Comprehensive assessment of copper's effect on marine organisms under ocean acidification and warming in the 21st century.

Copper (Cu) has sparked widespread global concern as one of the most hazardous metals to aquatic animals. Ocean acidification (OA) and warming (OW) are expected to alter copper's bioavailability based on pH and temperature-sensitive effects; research on their effects on copper on marine organisms is still in its infancy. Therefore, under representative concentration pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, we used the multiple linear regression-water quality criteria (MLR-WQC) method to assess the effects of OA and OW on the ecological risk posed by copper in the Ocean of East China (OEC), which includes the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between temperature and copper toxicity, while there was a negative correlation between pH and copper toxicity. The short-term water quality criteria (WQC) values were 1.53, 1.41, 1.30 and 1.13 µg·L-1, while the long-term WQC values were 0.58, 0.48, 0.40 and 0.29 µg·L-1 for 2020, 2099-RCP2.6, 2099-RCP4.5 and 2099-RCP8.5, respectively. Cu in the OEC poses a moderate ecological risk. Under the current copper exposure situation, strict intervention (RCP2.6) only increases the ecological risk of copper exposure by 20 %, and no intervention (RCP8.5) will increase the ecological risk of copper exposure by nearly double. The results indicate that intervention on carbon emissions can slow down the rate at which OA and OW worsen the damage copper poses to marine creatures. This study can provide valuable information for a comprehensive understanding of the combined impacts of climate change and copper on marine organisms.

A comprehensive review of the effects of salinity, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and temperature on copper biotoxicity: Implications for setting the copper marine water quality criteria.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the ecological hazards associated with copper, which has sparked increased interest in copper water quality criteria (WQC). The crucial factors affecting the bioavailability of copper in seawater are now acknowledged to be salinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, and temperature. Research on the influence of these four water quality parameters on copper toxicity is rapidly expanding. However, a comprehensive and clear understanding of the relevant mechanisms is currently lacking, hindering the development of a consistent international method to establish the seawater WQC value for copper. As a response to this knowledge gap, this study presents a comprehensive summary with two key focuses: (1) It meticulously analyzes the effects of salinity, DOC, pH, and temperature on copper toxicity to marine organisms. It takes into account the adaptability of different species to salinity, pH and temperature. (2) Additionally, the study delves into the impact of these four water parameters on the acute toxicity values of copper on marine organisms while also reviewing the methods used in establishing the marine WQC value of copper. The study proposed a two-step process: initially zoning based on the difference of salinity and DOC, followed by the establishment of Cu WQC values for different zones during various seasons, considering the impacts of water quality parameters on copper toxicity. By providing fundamental scientific insights, this research not only enhances our understanding and predictive capabilities concerning water quality parameter-dependent Cu toxicity in marine organisms but also contributes to the development of copper seawater WQC values. Ultimately, this valuable information facilitates more informed decision-making in marine water quality management efforts.