Focal hyperhidrosis secondary to eccrine naevus successfully treated with botulinum toxin type A.

Eccrine naevus (EN) is a rare skin hamartoma included in the organoid group of epidermal naevi, histologically defined as focal hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of eccrine glands. Clinically, EN usually presents as hyperhidrotic patches with no visible skin changes, frequently located on the forearms. The decision to treat EN or not usually depends on the grade of hyperhidrosis, but there is no therapeutic consensus because of the rarity of this condition. We present a case diagnosed as EN in an adult patient with severe localized hyperhidrosis, which was successfully treated with botulinum toxin.

[Migrations in Latin American countries. Characteristics of the pediatric population]. / Migraciones en países de América Latina. Características de la población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Migration is a growing phenomenon among Latin American countries (LAC) as well as others; however, scarce information is available studying its impact on paediatric groups and its association with socioeconomic variables. OBJECTIVE: To study the association among socioeconomic variables and the immigration rate of paediatric population in LAC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Official rates of migration of LAC were obtained from: International Organization for Migration, Pan American Health Organization, and United Nations Development Programme. Demographic and socioeconomic information was also obtained for: gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), Gini coefficient of inequality (GC), alphabetization rate for adults (AA), net migration rate (NMR), and immigration of children<15 years (IM15). Description, linear correlations and analysis of differences between groups of countries were assessed. RESULTS: The NMR was positive for Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina. No association among NMR and GDP, HDI, GC, AA was found. A correlation of IM15 was found with: GC (r=0.668, P=.01), with GDP (r=-0.720; P=.01), AA (r=-0.755; P=.01) and with HDI (r=-0.799; P=.01). Rate of IM15 was lower in LA countries with advanced/medium development (GDP>median) vs those with low development (Fisher, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There is a direct inverse association between GDP per capita, HDI, AA and GC and the proportion of each country IN15. We did not observe an association between NMR and HDI, AA, and GC. The health impact of these migrations should be analysed.

[Intake and energy metabolism in a sample of overweight and obese Chilean adolescents]. / Ingesta y metabolismo energético en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos con sobrepeso y obesidad.

BACKGROUND: In the last decades, a seven to nine fold increase in the prevalence of teenage obesity and overweight has occurred. AIM: To assess energy intake and metabolism in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a sample of 113 overweight and obese Chilean adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years, 67 females) we studied anthropometry, body composition by deuterium isotope dilution water, resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and 24-h diet and physical activity recalls. RESULTS: Most participants (87% of men and 67.2% of women) had an intake that was adequate compared to requirements (fAO/WHO 2005). However, 82.6% of men and 83.6% of women showed reduced energy expenditure. The sample was classified as sedentary, with a physical activity level of 1.29. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of overweight and obese adolescents there was a sedentary behavior, resulting in low energy expenditure that would explain a sustained caloric retention. Preventive and therapeutic interventions should encourage the increase in physical activity.

Time-to-positivity in patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia.

The time from the start of incubation to a positive reading of blood cultures (time-to-positivity; TTP) is related to the concentration of bacteria in blood. Information concerning the correlation of TTP with clinical parameters, and its usefulness as a prognostic factor in patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia, is limited. To investigate the relationship of TTP to clinical parameters, 459 cases of monomicrobial E. coli bloodstream infections from a single institution between 1997 and 2005 were reviewed. All cases involved patients who were not undergoing antibiotic treatment at the time of blood sampling. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6.3%. Median TTP was significantly shorter for patients who died than for those who survived (9.7 h, inter-quartile range 7.85-11.05 h vs. 11.2 h, inter-quartile range 10.1-11.4 h; p <0.001). Patients with TTP in the lowest quartile were more likely to be female, to have a non-urinary tract or an unknown origin of bacteraemia, to have severe sepsis or shock, and to subsequently die. In a multivariable Cox regression model, the hazard ratio for death from any cause for patients with a short TTP was 3.13 (95% CI 1.28-7.64; p 0.01). TTP in patients with E. coli bacteraemia provides prognostic information beyond that provided by the presence of haematological illness, a Charlson score > or =3, a non-urinary tract origin of bacteraemia, and the presence of severe sepsis or shock.

A dominant negative protein kinase C zeta subspecies blocks NF-kappa B activation.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) plays a critical role in the regulation of a number of genes. NF-kappa B is a heterodimer of 50- and 65-kDa subunits sequestered in the cytoplasm complexed to inhibitory protein I kappa B. Following stimulation of cells, I kappa B dissociates from NF-kappa B, allowing its translocation to the nucleus, where it carries out the transactivation function. The precise mechanism controlling NF-kappa B activation and the involvement of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of isotypes have previously been investigated. It was found that phorbol myristate acetate, (PMA) which is a potent stimulant of phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isotypes, activates NF-kappa B. However, the role of PMA-sensitive PKCs in vivo is not as apparent. It has recently been demonstrated in the model system of Xenopus laevis oocytes that the PMA-insensitive PKC isotype, zeta PKC, is a required step in the activation of NF-kappa B in response to ras p21. We demonstrate here that overexpression of zeta PKC is by itself sufficient to stimulate a permanent translocation of functionally active NF-kappa B into the nucleus of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and that transfection of a kinase-defective dominant negative mutant of zeta PKC dramatically inhibits the kappa B-dependent transactivation of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter plasmid in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. All these results support the notion that zeta PKC plays a decisive role in NF-kappa B regulation in mammalian cells.

[Clinical characteristics of vestibular migraine: considerations in a series of 41 patients]. / Caracteristicas clinicas de la migraña vestibular: consideraciones en una serie de 41 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: After years of debate about its being approached from headaches and its denomination, vestibular migraine has recently been included in the research appendix of the 3rd edition of the International Headache Classification. AIM: To analyse the characteristics of a series of patients with vestibular migraine who visited because of headaches. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our sample consisted of patients who were attended in a headache unit between January 2014 and December 2015. The demographic variables and the characteristics of both migraine and vestibular symptoms were considered, and cases with other otorhinolaryngological conditions were excluded. RESULTS: The sample was finally made up of 41 patients (11 males, 30 females) with a mean age of 31.8 ± 13.3 years at the time they were included in the study. Sixteen patients (39%) met criteria for chronic migraine and two (4.9%) presented visual auras. The vestibular symptoms were considered severe in eight cases (19.5%) and occurred in 74.6% of the migraine attacks. Vertigo was described as internal in 18 cases (43.9%), external in 22 (53.7%) and mixed in one case (2.4%). The most frequent symptom was positional vertigo (n = 25; 61%), followed by that induced by head movements (n = 18; 43.9%) and spontaneous (n = 15; 36.6%). Accompanying symptoms included tinnitus (n = 12; 29.3%) and a feeling of fullness in the ear (n = 8; 19.5%). CONCLUSION: It is not uncommon to identify symptoms consistent with vestibular migraine in patients who visit a headache unit; they are patients whose day-to-day activities are not usually affected by their vertigo.

TITLE: Caracteristicas clinicas de la migraña vestibular: consideraciones en una serie de 41 pacientes.Introduccion. Tras años de debates sobre su enfoque desde las cefaleas y su denominacion, la migraña vestibular ha sido recientemente incluida en el apendice de investigacion de la III edicion de la Clasificacion Internacional de Cefaleas. Objetivo. Analizar las caracteristicas de una serie de pacientes con migraña vestibular en los que el motivo de consulta fue la cefalea. Pacientes y metodos. Pacientes atendidos en una unidad de cefaleas entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2015. Se consideran las variables demograficas y caracteristicas tanto de la migraña como de los sintomas vestibulares, y se excluyen los casos con otras patologias otorrinolaringologicas. Resultados. Se incluyen 41 pacientes (11 varones, 30 mujeres) con una edad media de 31,8 ± 13,3 años en el momento de la inclusion. Dieciseis pacientes (39%) reunian criterios de migraña cronica y dos (4,9%) presentaban auras visuales. Los sintomas vestibulares fueron considerados graves en ocho casos (19,5%) y ocurrian en un 74,6% de los episodios de migraña. El vertigo se describia como interno en 18 casos (43,9%), externo en 22 (53,7%) y mixto en uno (2,4%). El sintoma mas frecuente fue el vertigo posicional (n = 25; 61%), seguido del inducido por movimientos cefalicos (n = 18; 43,9%) y el espontaneo (n = 15; 36,6%). Como sintomas acompañantes se observaron acufenos (n = 12; 29,3%) y pletora aural (n = 8; 19,5%). Conclusion. La identificacion de sintomas compatibles con una migraña vestibular no es excepcional en los pacientes que acuden a una unidad de cefaleas; se trata de pacientes en los que el vertigo no suele interferir en sus actividades habituales.

Sensibilización durante la asistencia circulatoria de corta duración. Determinantes, tratamiento y pronóstico después del trasplante cardiaco / Sensitization during short-term mechanical circulatory support. Determinants, therapeutic management, and outcomes after heart transplant

Introducción y objetivos: El desarrollo de anticuerpos contra antígenos leucocitarios humanos es una complicación conocida de la asistencia ventricular de larga duración. El propósito del presente estudio es evaluar su incidencia durante el empleo de dispositivos de asistencia ventricular de corta duración (DAVC) (CentriMag), sus determinantes y su repercusión en los resultados del trasplante cardiaco. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo con pacientes tratados con DAVC como puente al trasplante entre 2009 y 2019. Se consideró sensibilización un panel reactivo de anticuerpos calculado> 10%. Las variables de respuesta fueron supervivencia y supervivencia libre de rechazo agudo (RA). Resultados: Se trató con DAVC a 89 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 56,0 [intervalo intercuartílico, 50,0-59,9] años y el 16,8% de mujeres, durante una mediana de 23,6 [16,6-35,0] días. El 12,4% se sensibilizó durante la asistencia. El único determinante independiente de la sensibilización fue el sexo femenino (OR=8,67; IC95%, 1,93-38,8; p=0,005). De los 89 pacientes, 21 fallecieron durante la asistencia y 68 se sometieron a trasplante. De los pacientes trasplantados, 8 (11,8%) fallecieron y 20 (29,4%) tuvieron algún episodio de RA tras un seguimiento promedio de 49,6 ±31,2 meses tras el trasplante. Tras ajuste multivariable, la sensibilización aumentó el riesgo de RA (HR=3,64; IC95%, 1,42-9,33; p=0,007), con una tendencia no significativa a mayor mortalidad (HR=4,07; IC95%, 0,96-17,3; p=0,057). Conclusiones: La sensibilización relacionada con los DAVC es posible, predomina en el sexo femenino y se asocia de manera significativa con el RA, con una tendencia no significativa a mayor mortalidad (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The development of human-leukocyte antigen antibodies is a well-known adverse effect of the use of long-term ventricular assist devices (VADs). The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of sensitization during short-term mechanical circulatory support with VAD (CentriMag), its determinants, and its impact on posttransplant outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who were bridged to transplant with short-term VAD from 2009 to 2019. Sensitization was defined as a calculated panel-reactive antibody> 10%. The endpoints included overall survival and rejection-free survival. Results: A total of 89 patients (median age 56.0 [interquartile range, 50.0-59.9] years, 16.8% female) received a short-term VAD as a bridge to transplant. The median duration of support was 23.6 [interquartile range, 16.6-35.0] days. Eleven patients (12.4%) became sensitized during support. The only factor significantly associated with sensitization was female sex (OR, 8.67; 95%CI, 1.93–38.8; P=.005). Of the 89 patients, 21 patients died during support; 68 patients underwent heart transplant. After a mean follow-up of 49.6 ±31.2 months, 8 patients (11.8%) died and 20 (29.4%) had at least 1 rejection episode. On multivariate analysis, sensitization was an independent predictor of acute rejection (HR, 3.64; 95%CI, 1.42-9.33; P=.007), with a nonstatistically significant trend to higher mortality (HR, 4.07; 95%CI, 0.96-17.3; P=.057). Conclusions: Sensitization with short-term VADs can occur and is significantly associated with female sex and with rejection. Sensitization also showed a nonstatistically significant trend to higher mortality (AU)

An olefin cross-metathesis approach to vinylphosphonate-linked nucleic acids.

[reaction: see text]. The synthesis of vinylphosphonate-linked nucleotide dimers has been achieved using an olefin cross-metathesis (CM) reaction as a key step. The 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidine-containing catalyst 5 (Grubbs' second-generation catalyst) was found to be the superior catalyst for this transformation. Both metathesis partners were readily available using known methodology, and the vinylphosphonate-linked dimer was produced with high levels of (E)-selectivity (>20:1) in 58% yield (70% based on recovered starting material).

[Gastric and hematologic changes in patients with gastric parietal cell autoantibodies and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Alterazioni gastriche ed ematologiche in pazienti con autoanticorpi anticellule parietali gastriche affetti da diabete mellito non insulino dipendente.

Gastric abnormalities are more common in diabetics than in the normal population. They seem to be related to gastric parietal cell autoantibodies (GPCA). We have studied 168 patients affected with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and assessed the GPCA in the serum and haematologic disorders. We have also assessed the endoscopic and histological findings of atrophic gastritis in patients with GPCA. GPCA were found in 15.74% of diabetic patients and in 2% of a control group of blood donors. 80% of GPCA positive patients showed signs of atrophic gastritis. Such presence of GPCA seems to be a good marker to identify patients affected by atrophic gastritis and its complications.

[Nasal congestion as an autonomic symptom accompanying migraine attacks]. / Congestion nasal como sintoma autonomico acompañante de crisis migranosas.

TITLE: Congestion nasal como sintoma autonomico acompañante de crisis migranosas.

Migraciones en países de América Latina: Características de la población pediátrica / Migrations in Latin American countries: Characteristics of the pediatric population Abstract

Introducción: Las migraciones constituyen un fenómeno creciente en América Latina (AL), pero hay poca información sobre la magnitud en población pediátrica y asociación con variables sociodemográficas. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación de variables sociodemográficas con la tasa de inmigración de población pediátrica en países de AL. Material y métodos: Se buscó información sobre migraciones en países de AL en: Organización Internacional para Migraciones, Organización Panamericana de la Salud y Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Se efectuaron correlaciones o comparación entre países de variables económicas y demográficas: ingreso nacional bruto per cápita (INB), índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), coeficiente de desigualdad Gini (CG) y tasa de alfabetización (% adultos alfabetizados, TA), con tasa neta de migración por país (TNM) y de niños < 15 años (IN15). Resultados: La TNM fue positiva para Costa Rica, Panamá, Venezuela, Chile y Argentina. No observamos asociación entre TNM con: INB, IDH, CG y TA. Hubo una asociación de IN15 con CG (r = 0,668, p = 0,01), con INB (r = -0,720; p = 0,01), con TA (r = -0,755; p = 0,01) y con IDH (r = -0,799; p = 0,01). La IN15 fue más baja en países de AL con mayor INB vs. aquellos con menor INB (Fisher, p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Hay una asociación inversa entre INB per cápita, IDH, TA y directa del CG, con la proporción de IN15 de cada país. No observamos una asociación entre TNM con IDH, TA, CG. Debe analizarse el impacto en salud de estas migraciones infantiles.

Introduction: Migration is a growing phenomenon among Latin American countries (LAC) as well as others; however, scarce information is available studying its impact on paediatric groups and its association with socioeconomic variables. Objective: To study the association among socioeconomic variables and the immigration rate of paediatric population in LAC. Material and methods: Official rates of migration of LAC were obtained from: International Organization for Migration, Pan American Health Organization, and United Nations Development Programme. Demographic and socioeconomic information was also obtained for: gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), Gini coefficient of inequality (GC), alphabetization rate for adults (AA), net migration rate (NMR), and immigration of children < 15 years (IM15). Description, linear correlations and analysis of differences between groups of countries were assessed. Results: The NMR was positive for Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina. No association among NMR and GDP, HDI, GC, AA was found. A correlation of IM15 was found with: GC (r = 0.668, P = .01), with GDP (r = -0.720; P = .01), AA (r = -0.755; P = .01) and with HDI (r = -0.799; P = .01). Rate of IM15 was lower in LA countries with advanced/medium development (GDP> median) vs those with low development (Fisher, P < .0001). Conclusions: There is a direct inverse association between GDP per capita, HDI, AA and GC and the proportion of each country IN15. We did not observe an association between NMR and HDI, AA, and GC. The health impact of these migrations should be analysed.

Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y habilidades culinarias en alumnos de tercero a quinto año básico y sus padres / Food consumption, dietary behaviour and cooking skills in third to fifth grade school-age children and parents

The objective of this study was to describe food consumption, dietary behaviour and culinary habits in third to fifth grade students and their families through surveys and focus groups to implement nutrition education interventions in healthy eating habits at schools. Surveys in parents and children demonstrated that healthy food consumption was under the Chilean Dietary Guidelines recommendations. Consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy food in parents was less than in children, but non-healthy food consumption was also less in parents. In dietary behavior 22% of children consumed breakfast at home and also at school, and 33% consumed double lunch. Snack was carried from home in 60% of children, but 72% carried money to buy non-healthy snacks at school. Parents said that they had norms related to dietary behavior at home, but 60% watched TV during dinner and 96% had afternoon tea and just 42.2% had dinner. Regarding culinary habits, students had the skills to prepare simple food but did not have the skills to prepare a dish. The mothers said they had the culinary skills but they cook simple food like pasta, rice and potatoes. Focus groups confirmed survey findings, identifying three profiles in mothers and separating eating behaviour during the weekdays and weekend. Its notorious that mothers consuming a healthy diet were those who had more health problems. Barriers to healthy eating were lack of time and money. Surveys and focus groups showed a good access by parents and children to Information and Communication Technologies. In conclusion, it is urgent to design nutrition education programs to create healthy eating habits considering the current situation in food consumption, dietary behaviour and culinary habits in students and their parents.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el consumo, los hábitos alimentarios y las habilidades culinarias en alumnos de tercero a quinto año básico y de su familia por medio de encuestas y grupos focales para realizar intervenciones educativas en alimentación saludable en el ámbito escolar. Para ello se realizaron encuestas a alumnos y padres, que se complementaron con grupos focales. Según las encuestas, el consumo de alimentos saludables en alumnos y padres estuvo por debajo de lo recomendado en las Guías Alimentarias. El consumo de frutas, verduras y lácteos en los padres fue menor que en los hijos, pero consumieron menos alimentos no saludables. En hábitos, 22% de los niños tomaba doble desayuno y 33% doble almuerzo. Un 60% llevaba colación de la casa, pero 72% llevaba dinero destinado a compra de alimentos poco saludables. Los padres decían tener normas, pero un 60% veía televisión cuando comía, 96% tomaba once y 42,2% cenaba. En habilidades culinarias, los alumnos podían preparar alimentos simples, pero no un plato de comida. Las madres decían tener habilidades culinarias, pero cocinaban en forma ocasional y comida básica como papas, arroz y fideos. Los grupos focales confirmaron lo anterior, identificando tres perfiles de madres y diferenciando lo que comen en la semana con los fines de semana. Destaca el perfil de madres que se alimenta saludable, que eran las que han tenido un problema de salud. Las barreras para alimentarse bien son el alto costo y la falta de tiempo. Las encuestas y grupos focales mostraron un buen acceso de padres e hijos a las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación. Lo anterior demuestra el imperativo de contar con programas de educación nutricional prácticos para crear hábitos de alimentación saludable que consideren la situación actual de consumo, hábitos alimentarios y habilidades culinarias de los alumnos y sus padres.

Evaluación de un programa de entrega de frutas con educación nutricional en escuelas públicas rurales de la Región Metropolitana, Chile / Evaluation of a fruits delivery program with nutrition education in rural public schools from the Metropolitan Region, Chile

The objective of this study was to assess the delivery of fruits with nutrition education in rural schools measuring its impact on food knowledge, food consumption and children nutritional status. A longitudinal quasi-experimental study of one year was carried out in an experimental group with delivery of fruits plus nutrition education, compared with a control group. Subjects were 784 school children (preschool to 8th grade) in 5 basic schools in María Pinto and 192 in the control group in Curacaví. Nutritional status, food knowledge, food consumption, the amount of fruit distributed and customer satisfaction were evaluated. Results showed that 85% of preschool to 2nd grade and 68.2% 3th to 8th grade children reported to consume fruit as a snack at least 3 times perweek. In children from 3th to 8th grade dairy consumption (more than 2 times per day) increased from 62% to 74%, respectively (p<0.01). Consumption of fruit more than 2 times per day increased to 34.9%, and legumes intake more than twice per week increased 37.7% to 51.7% (p<0.0001). In preschool from 57.6% to 76.2% and vegetables consumption more than 2 times per day increased from 26.8% to 2nd grade children there was a significant increase in healthy food knowledge in the period of the intervention (p<0.0001), while in children from 3th to 8th grade there was a significant improvement in consumption of fish and dairy food (p<0.0001). In the control group there were no changes either in food knowledge or in fruit consumption, and no changes in nutritional status were observed in both groups. In conclusion, the success of the program resides in the improvement of food knowledge and fruit consumption as a protective factor. To achieve an impact in nutritional status is necessary the long-term continuity of the program.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la entrega de fruta, con educación nutricional en escuelas básicas rurales midiendo su impacto en conocimiento, consumo y estado nutricional de los niños. Para ello se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, de seguimiento longitudinal de un año de duración en niños intervenidos con educación nutricional y entrega de frutas, comparados con un grupo control. La muestra fue de 784 niños de prekinder a 8° básico de 5 escuelas de María Pinto y 192 de una escuela control en Curacaví. Se evaluó el estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos seleccionados, conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable y consumo de la fruta entregada y satisfacción de usuarios. Resultados: el 85% de los niños de prekinder a 2° básico y el 68,2% de 3° a 8° básico reportaron consumir fruta de colación 3 días a la semana. En niños de 3° a 8° básico aumentó el consumo en 2 o más porciones al día de lácteos, de 62% a 74% (p<0,01). El consumo diario de 2 o más frutas aumentó de 57,6% a 76,2% y de 2 o más porciones de verduras de 26,8% a 34,9% y las legumbres 2 o más veces por semana aumentaron de 37,7% a 51,7% (p<0,0001). Hubo un aumento significativo en el conocimiento de una alimentación saludable entre el inicio y final (p<0,0001) en niños de prekinder a 2° básico; en los de 3° a 8° básico el cambio fue significativo en pescados y lácteos (p<0,0001). El grupo control no presentó cambios en el conocimiento ni consumo (p>0,1). No hubo cambios significativos en el estado nutricional del grupo intervenido ni del control. Se concluye que el programa fue exitoso ya que se cumplió el propósito de aumentar el conocimiento y consumo de fruta como un factor protector de la salud y que para lograr impacto en el estado nutricional se requiere darle continuidad en el tiempo.

[Dietary intake and physical activity in school age children]. / Hábitos de ingesta y actividad física en escolares, según tipo de establecimiento al que asisten.

BACKGROUND: The increased infantile obesity rates are related to faulty dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) habits, that are probably related to a prolonged stay at school during the day. AIM: To investigate DI and PA among elementary and high school students and their association with type of school that they attend. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quality of DI and PA was assessed, using specially designed questionnaires, in 1136 elementary school and 1854 high school children attending public schools managed by city halls (ME), subsidized private (SE) and private (PE) of the Metropolitan Region. The responses to the questionnaires, were qualified using a numeric scale that ranged from 0 to 10 points. A higher score indicated a better habit. RESULTS: Percentile 25 (p 25 th) PA score was 4 and 3 in elementary and high school children respectively and the p 25 th for DI were 5.7 and 4.3, respectively. No differences in DI scores, according to the type of school, were observed. However, physical activity scores were significantly lower in children and adolescents from ME schools than from PE schools. Sixty percent of ME schools had less than 2 hours per week of programmed physical activity compared to more than 3 hours, in 70% of PE schools. Elementary school children and high school adolescents expended 8 and 11 hours per day, respectively, in minimum expenditure activities. CONCLUSIONS: There is a greater deterioration of PA than DI among school age children and adolescents. Those attending ME schools have the worst physical activity scores. This fact must be addressed in future healthy lifestyle encouragement policies.

Raciones de desayuno y almuerzo entregadas a preescolares por el Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE): calorías aportadas y consumidas / National School Food Program: calories provided and consumed by preschool children for breakfast and lunch

Chile's School Feeding Program delivers approximately 215,000 and 1.3 million breakfast and lunch trays daily to preschool and school children attending public schools. In 2011 we carried out a study with the objective to determine Kcal provided and consumed from breakfast and lunch trays respectively, acceptance" of the preparations and assess if there was an association between K cal consumed and nutritional status. The sample included 199 5 y old children from 6 schools located in 3 low income districts of Santiago (2 per district). K cal consumed was determined by the difference in weight of each preparation from 429 and 1491 breakfast and lunch trays, respectively. Almost 50% of the children were overweight. 10.8% and 30% of the breakfast and lunch trays respectively provided less K cal than indicated, while in 50% of them, there was an excess. In 22.5% of breakfast and lunch trays added together, consumption exceeded the amount indicated. The correlation between consumption of the preparation and acceptance was good. Salads showed low acceptability. No relation was found between K cal consumed and nutritional status. This program should include a revision of the combination of food preparations and their correct portioning as a means of addressing the high prevalence of childhood obesity.

El Programa de Alimentación Escolar de Chile (PAE) entrega diariamente 215.000 raciones de desayuno y almuerzo a preescolares y 1.3 millones a escolares de escuelas públicas y subvencionadas del país. El año 2011 efectuamos un estudio cuyo objetivo fue determinar las Kcal aportadas y consumidas en el desayuno y almuerzo, determinar si las preparaciones les gustaban a los niños y verificar si habría una relación entre Kcal consumidas y estado nutricional. La muestra incluyó a 199 niños de 5 años de 6 escuelas de 3 comunas (2 por comuna) de nivel bajo de Santiago. Se determinaron las K cal consumidas por la técnica de pesaje por diferencia en 429 y 1491 bandejas de desayuno y almuerzo respectivamente. Cerca del 50% de los niños tenía sobrepeso. En 10,8% y 30% de las bandejas de desayuno y almuerzo respectivamente el aporte calórico fue inferior a lo indicado; en 50% fue superior. En 22,5 % de las bandejas de ambos servicios, el consumo fue superior a lo establecido. Hubo una buena correlación entre consumo de la preparación y si les gustó. Las ensaladas mostraron baja aceptabilidad. No hubo relación entre estado nutricional y el consumo de calorías. Frente a la alta prevalencia de obesidad, se recomienda revisar la combinación de preparaciones y el porcionamiento de éstas.

[Value of a clinical test for assessing physical activity in children]. / Valor de un test clínico para evaluar actividad física en niños.

BACKGROUND: An appropriate measurement of physical activity (PA) in children is useful, since inactivity is associated to obesity, cardiovascular and metabolic risk. AIM: To assess the reliability of the INTA questionnaire of PA, to compare the derived PA score with accelerometry and to assess its ability to identify excessively inactive children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred eighty children aged 8 to 13 years answered an interviewer-administered questionnaire about their usual PA, consisting in 5 items (recumbent, seated, walking, playing outdoor, sports). The answers were converted to a PA score with a 0-10 points scale. Reliability was tested in 87 children by test/retest conducted 3-5 days apart. The PA score was compared with 3-day accelerometry in 77 of 93 children (35 obese and 42 non obese). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the optimal cut-point for identify an excessively sedentary child. RESULTS: The test/retest reliability of the questionnaire was 0.69 to 0.93 (Lin coefficient). Accelerometry was significantly associated with PA score (RHO: 0.60, p =0.008), outdoor plays (RHO: 0.37, p =0.0009) and practicing of sports (RHO: 0.33, p =0.003). Obese children were less active than non obese children, according both to PA score and to accelerometry. The optimal cut-point for classifying a child as too sedentary was a score of 5 (sensitivity =0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The INTA-test is a valuable instrument for measuring usual PA in clinical practice and is easy to administer.

Intervención en alimentación y nutrición para mineros con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, basada en la investigación formativa / Food and nutrition intervention for miners with cardiovascular risk factors, based on formative research

We designed and implemented an intervention to improve the diet of 94 miners with cardiovascular risk of a mining company. The diagnosis included a qualitative study of the desires, motivations and barriers that workers have to lead a healthy life, a survey of food consumption and checking the institutional food service. Anthropometric and biochemical data were provided by the company. Based on the results, the intervention included improving the supply of healthy foods and conducting the communication campaign "Minero 100% Filete", workshops and nutritional counseling for them and their families. After 8 months of intervention we found a significant increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and a decreased consumption of fried, cured and red meats. There was no significant change in BMI. However, there were significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, blood glucose levels, triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol. Although the program was well received by the workers, it is acknowledged that there are significant adverse factors which merit improvement.

Se diseñó e implementó una intervención de 8 meses para mejorar la alimentación de 94 mineros con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El diagnóstico incluyó un estudio cualitativo de los deseos, motivaciones y barreras de los trabajadores, una encuesta de consumo de alimentos y la revisión del aporte de la alimentación institucional. Los datos antropométricos y bioquímicos fueron proporcionados por la compañía minera. Con esta base, se solicitó mejorar la oferta de alimentos saludables y se realizó la campaña comunicacional "Minero 100% Filete", consejería nutricional, y talleres con las familias. Al finalizar la intervención se observó un aumento significativo del consumo de frutas y verduras y una disminución del consumo de frituras, cecinas y carnes rojas. No hubo cambios significativos en el IMC. Se registraron disminuciones significativas en la presión arterial sistólica, glicemia, triglicéridos y un aumento del colesterol HDL. El programa fue bien aceptado por los trabajadores, pero se reconocen factores ambientales adversos importantes de mejorar.

[Nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity in female school children of different socioeconomic levels from Santiago, Chile]. / Estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos y actividad física en escolares mujeres de diferente nivel socioeconómico de Santiago de Chile.

BACKGROUND: A high prevalence of obesity is the main public health problem in Chilean school children. AIM: To compare the nutritional status, consumption of selected foods and extracurricular physical activity (PA) habits in school children of different socioeconomic levels as a baseline for developing effective educational interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study that determined the body mass index, food consumption and physical activity with previously validated instruments in 202 and 358 girls from 3rd to 8th grade in schools of medium-high and low socioeconomic level (SEL) from Santiago, Chile, respectively. RESULTS: Compared to their counterparts of low socioeconomic level (SEL), the prevalence of obesity was significantly lower in 8-9 year-old girls of medium high SEL (19% and 9%, respectively, p =0.012) and 12-13 year-old (12% and 2.5% respectively, p =0.008). Also median daily intake of dairy products was higher in girls of medium high SEL (250 and 470 ml/day, respectively). The intake of fruits and vegetables was similar (200 g/d); and the intake of bread was lower (230 and 70 g/day, respectively, p <0.01). Consumption of energy-dense foods was lower in 10-13 year-old girls of medium high SEL (80 and 50 g/day, respectively, p <0.01). 45% of 8-9 year-old girls and 35% of 12-13 year-old girls of both SEL engaged in PA four or more times per week (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of obesity in girls of medium-high SEL was not as high as in those from low SEL, it is still high. There is a need for educational interventions to improve their food and PA habits and to promote an environment that enhances healthy behaviors.