Effects of body weight reduction on plasma leptin and adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the adipokines leptin and adiponectin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who underwent seven days of fasting and 21 days of low-calorie diet (LCD). The plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured in 14 obese patients with T1DM at baseline, immediately after 7 days of fasting, and after 21 days of LCD. 13 non-obese patients with T1DM were studied only after an overnight fasting. Bioimpedance technique was used for determination of body composition. Obese T1DM patients lost 6.0 kg (6.0; 6.8) (median, 25 %; 75 %) and decreased their fat tissue after fasting and LCD. Plasma leptin in obese T1DM was significantly higher than in non-obese T1DM patients: 9.10 (5.06; 25.89) vs. 1.71 (1.12; 7.08) microg . l(-1) and transiently decreased immediately after fasting: 3.45 microg . l(-1) (1.47; 7.00), (P<0.05). Adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese T1DM was significantly lower than in non-obese T1DM patients: 0.67 (0.57; 1.49) vs. 3.50 (2.46; 6.30) . 10(3) and transiently increased immediately after fasting: 2.22 (1.26; 3.24) . 10(3), (P<0.05). We conclude that obese patients with T1DM are characterized by hyperleptinemia that is reduced by prolonged fasting, but only slightly affected by low calorie diet.

Omentin-1 plasma levels and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 1: impact of weight reduction.

BACKGROUND: Omentin-1 is an anti-inflammatory adipokine produced preferentially by visceral adipose tissue. Plasma levels of omentin-1 are decreased in obesity and other insulin-resistant states. Insulin resistance contributes to the changes of cholesterol synthesis and absorption as well. The aim of this study was to characterise omentin-1 plasma levels in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 during weight reduction, and to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and omentin-1. METHODS: Plasma levels of omentin-1 were measured in obese type 1 diabetics (n=14, body mass index >30 kg m(-2), age 29-62 years) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BioVendor). Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (Fisons Plc.,) was used to measure squalene and non-cholesterol sterols-markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption (phase I). Measurements were repeated after 1 month (phase II; 1 week of fasting in the hospital setting and 3 weeks on a diet containing 150 g saccharides per day) and after 1 year (phase III) on a diet with 225 g saccharides per day. RESULTS: Omentin-1 plasma levels were stable during phases I and II, but significantly increased (P<0.001) during phase III. Omentin-1 plasma dynamics were significantly associated with plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (P=0.005) and triacylglycerols (P=0.01), as well as with lathosterol (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Omentin-1 plasma levels significantly increased during the weight reduction programme. Omentin-1 plasma dynamics suggest a close relationship with cholesterol metabolism.

[Lyme borreliosis--incidence of serum anti-myelin antibodies]. / Lymeská borrelióza--výskyt antimyelinových protilátek v séru.

The method of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was used for detection of antibodies against the basic protein myelin (antimyelin antibodies) for a group of serum samples (n 36) with positive anti-borrelia immunoglobulins IgG and IgM (ELISA-Borrelia afzelii) and their immune complexes (ELISA-PEG). Antimyelin antibodies (ELISA-Doxa Kit-Myelin Basic Protein Antibodies) were assessed in 31% (n 11) of examined serum samples of patients with the working diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Statistical analysis (p 0.07) confirmed a more frequent incidence of antimyelin antibodies in younger female subjects (age 31 years) as compared with a group of sera (n 25) where the authors did not record the formation of immunoglobulins against the basic myelin protein (age 51 years). Neither the value of titres nor the frequency of detected anti-borrelia IgG and IgM and immune complexes did not differ significantly in the two groups. From the assembled results ensues that in the course of Lyme borreliosis, in chronic affection of organs an autoimmune reaction may develop where the basic myelin protein is damaged (demyelinizatio) and subsequently antimyelin antibodies are formed.

[Modulatory effect of glucans on the function of murine macrophages, NK-cells and lymphocytes]. / Modulacní efekt glukanu na funkcní aktivitu mysích makrofágu, NK-bunek a lymfocytu.

The particulate glucan (G1), soluble glucan preparations (G2 to G5, and G7) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and glucomanan prepared from culture fluid after cultivation of Candida utilis (G6) were tested for their immunomodulatory activity in vivo and in vitro. In tests in vivo three soluble glucans (G3, G4, and G7) injected s.c. to mice in the dose of 10 mg/kg increased the cytotoxic activity of peritoneal macrophages. The influence of glucans on natural killer cells was without significance. The lymphoproliferative reaction of spleen cells to polyclonal mitogens was inhibited by all the preparations used with the exception of soluble glucan G2. The mitogenic effect of the preparations, co-stimulatory tests and direct cytotoxicity to cells of cell lines used in cytotoxicity assays were assessed in vitro. The transformation index of glucans in the study was increased according to the glucan and dose tested. Inhibition of the lymphoproliferative reaction measured by the co-stimulatory test for optimal concentration of Concanavalin A occurred in a wide range of doses for the preparations G1 to G6. The preparation G7 increased the incorporation of 3HTdR under the same conditions. The use of a suboptimal concentration of Concanavalin A revealed co-stimulatory activity of all the preparations tested. Assessment of the cytotoxic activity of peritoneal macrophages and of the activity of natural killer cells induced in vitro was complicated by the direct cytotoxicity of particulate glucan and soluble glucan G5 (carboxymethylglucan) for target cells (YAC 1, and YAC 1 and K 562 resp.).

Effect of low calorie diet and controlled fasting on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity in T1DM patients is associated with the components of metabolic syndrome. The influence of controlled fasting and low calorie diet (LCD) on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism was studied in 14 obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (42.6+/-9.4 years, BMI 32.4+/-2.1 kg m(-2)). Insulin sensitivity in obese T1DM patients was measured using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp before fasting, immediately after 7 days of fasting, and after 21 days of LCD. Glucose oxidation and non-oxidative glucose disposal were measured before and during the clamp by indirect calorimetry. In the control group of 13 of non-obese T1DM patients (36.9+/-13.9 years, BMI 22.6+/-2.1 kg m(-2)), only one hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed. Obese T1DM patients lost 6.1+/-1.1 kg after fasting and maintained reduction in body weight after 21 days of LCD. Fasting transiently reduced insulin-mediated glucose disposal in the clamp (from 9.69+/-1.48 to 6.78+/-1.21 mg min(-1) kg(-1), P<0.001). This was caused by reduced glucose oxidation after the fasting period (from 2.81+/-0.52 to 0.88+/-0.98 mg min(-1) kg(-1), P<0.001). We conclude that one week of fasting transiently decreased insulin-mediated glucose disposal in T1DM patients. This was caused by reduced glucose oxidation.