RESUMO
Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most common foodborne pathogens. Many methods have been developed to detect Salmonella, but most of them are expensive, time-consuming, and complex in experimental procedures. Developing a rapid, specific, cost-effective, and sensitive detection method is still demanded. In this work, a practical detection method is presented using salicylaldazine caprylate as the fluorescent probe, which could be hydrolyzed by caprylate esterase liberated from Salmonella lysed by phage, to form strong fluorescent salicylaldazine. The Salmonella could be detected accurately with a low limit of detection of 6 CFU/mL and a broad concentration range of 10-106 CFU/mL. Moreover, this method was successfully used for the rapid detection of Salmonella in milk within 2 h through pre-enrichment by ampicillin-conjugated magnetic beads. The novel combination of fluorescent turn-on probe salicylaldazine caprylate and phage ensures this method has excellent sensitivity and selectivity.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Salmonella enteritidis , Corantes Fluorescentes , Caprilatos , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thymosin ß4 (Tß4) is the most abundant member of the ß-thymosins and plays an important role in the control of actin polymerization in eukaryotic cells. While its effects in multiple organs and diseases are being widely investigated, the safety profile has been established in animals and humans, currently, little is known about its influence on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the possible mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of Tß4 on glial polarization and cognitive performance in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. METHODS: Behavior tests were conducted to assess the learning and memory, anxiety and depression in APP/PS1 mice. Thioflavin S staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting were performed to explore Aß accumulation, phenotypic polarization of glial cells, neuronal loss and function, and TLR4/NF-κB axis in APP/PS1 mice. RESULTS: We demonstrated that Tß4 protein level elevated in all APP/PS1 mice. Over-expression of Tß4 alone alleviated AD-like phenotypes of APP/PS1 mice, showed less brain Aß accumulation and more Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), reversed phenotypic polarization of microglia and astrocyte to a healthy state, improved neuronal function and cognitive behavior performance, and accidentally displayed antidepressant-like effect. Besides, Tß4 could downregulate both TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 and p52-dependent inflammatory pathways in the APP/PS1 mice. While combination drug of TLR4 antagonist TAK242 or NF-κB p65 inhibitor PDTC exerted no further effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Tß4 may exert its function by regulating both classical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling and is restoring its function as a potential therapeutic target against AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Timosina/genética , Timosina/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animais , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Memória , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Presenilina-1/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Sequence-controlled polymerization is the forefront of polymer chemistry. Herein, the feasibility of sequence regulation by using organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is demonstrated. In particular, ring expansion strategy is employed to synthesize pre-organized monomers 1 and 2. ROP is conducted by using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene and benzyl alcohol as the catalyst and initiator, respectively. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) P1-P3 comprising glycolic acid, lactic acid, and 7-aminoheptanoic acid units are obtained in high molecular weights and good yields. NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry results verify the microstructural integrity of P1 and P2. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that PEA without methyl branches is crystalline. Moreover, thermal stability, surface wettability, and degradation profiles of P1-P3 are also investigated.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Glicolatos/química , Ácido Láctico/química , Poliésteres/química , Polimerização , Amidas/síntese química , Catálise , Modelos Químicos , Estrutura Molecular , Poliésteres/síntese química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodosRESUMO
Fluorescent polymer dots (PDs) with maximum excitation/emission wavelengths of 410/515 nm were prepared in water solution from 1,4-benzoquinone and ethylenediamine. The green fluorescence of these PDs is screened off by the red-colored oxidation product (PPDox, maximum absorption at 510 nm) formed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed oxidation of p-phenylenediamine (PPD). It causes the reduction of the fluorescence intensity of the PDs due to spectral overlap and an inner filter effect (IFE). If glucose is enzymatically oxidized under the formation of H2O2, the formed H2O2 can be quantified by the above IFE. The assay for HRP activity and glucose have detection limits of 0.2 U·L-1 and 0.1 µM, respectively. The nanoprobe was further extended to an immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of insecticidal Cry1Ab/Ac protein with a detection limit of 0.25 ng·mL-1. The ELISA was applied to rice leaf analysis. Graphic abstract Schematic representation of fluorometrict enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Cry1Ab/Ac protein detection based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-triggered fluorescence quenching of polymer dots (PDs). Quenching is caused by an inner filter effect (IFE) caused by PPDox, the oxidation product of p-phenylenediamine (PPD).
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Endotoxinas/análise , Glucose/análise , Proteínas Hemolisinas/análise , Peroxidase do Rábano Silvestre/análise , Polímeros/química , Pontos Quânticos/química , Anticorpos Imobilizados/imunologia , Armoracia/enzimologia , Bacillus thuringiensis/química , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Endotoxinas/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Glucose/química , Glucose Oxidase/química , Proteínas Hemolisinas/imunologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Limite de Detecção , Oryza/química , Fenilenodiaminas/química , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodosRESUMO
A novel postpolymerization modification methodology is demonstrated to achieve selective functionalization of hyperbranched polymer (HBP). Terminal and internal acrylates of HBP derived from cross-metathesis polymerization (CMP) are functionalized in a chemoselective fashion using the thiol-Michael chemistries. Model reactions between different thiols (benzyl mercaptan and methyl thioglycolate) and acrylates (n-hexyl acrylate and ethyl trans-2-decenoate) by using dimethylphenylphosphine or amylamine as the catalyst are investigated to optimize the modification protocol for HBP. High-molecular-weight HBP P0 is generated through CMP of AB2 monomer 2, a compound containing one α-olefin and two acrylate metathetically polymerizable groups. CMP kinetics is monitored by NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Accordingly, microstructural analysis is conducted in detail, and CMP procedure is optimized. Postpolymerization modification of HBP P0 is performed via two distinguished strategies, namely one-step complete modification and sequential modification, to generate terminally and/or internally functionalized HBPs P1-P3 in a chemoselective fashion by using phosphine-initiated and/or base-catalyzed thiol-Michael chemistries. Finally, thermal stability and glass transition behaviors of HBPs P0-P3 are studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively.
Assuntos
Acrilatos/química , Poliésteres/química , Polimerização , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Alcenos/química , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Catálise , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Modelos Químicos , Estrutura Molecular , Poliésteres/síntese química , TermogravimetriaRESUMO
Precise structure-property relation of a biodegradable polymer (e.g., aliphatic polyester) is anticipated only if monomer units and chiral centers are arranged in a defined primary sequence as a biomacromolecule. An emerging synthetic methodology, namely segmer assembly polymerization (SAP), is introduced in this paper to reveal the latest progress in polyester synthesis. Almost any periodic polyester envisioned can be synthesized via SAP using a programed linear or cyclic monomer. In this context, the macroscopic properties of a biodegradable polymer are fundamentally determined by microstructural information through a bottom-up approach. It can be highlighted that SAP ideally combines the precision of organic synthesis and the high efficiency of a polymerization reaction. Previously reported strategies including nucleophilic displacement, polyesterification, cross-metathesis polymerization (CMP), ring-opening polymerization (ROP), ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) are critically reviewed in this paper to shed light on precision synthesis of aliphatic polyesters via SAP. Emerging yet challenging, SAP is a paradigm which reflects the convergence of organic and polymer chemistries and is also an efficient pathway to microstructural control. The current status, future challenges and promising trends in this realm are analyzed and discussed in this overview of the state-of-the-art.
Assuntos
Plásticos Biodegradáveis/síntese química , Lactonas/síntese química , Poliésteres/síntese química , Polimerização , Plásticos Biodegradáveis/química , Catálise , Lactonas/química , Poliésteres/química , Polímeros/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Fifty percent of the deaths caused by severe trauma occur within 1 h after injury. With the concepts of "golden 1 h" and "platinum 10 min", the professionals in the field of emergency trauma treatment have agreed on the necessity of establishing a rapid and efficient trauma rescue system. However, due to the size of the hospital, the population in the neighborhood, the local economic conditions and geographical features, how to establish an optimal trauma rescue system remains an issue. In this paper, we introduced our experiences in a county-level hospital located in middle-and high-income areas.
Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Centros de Traumatologia/organização & administração , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidade , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapia , Adulto , China , Feminino , Hospitais de Condado/organização & administração , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Trabalho de Resgate/organização & administração , Medição de Risco , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Sequence-regulated polymerization is realized upon sequential cross-metathesis polymerization (CMP) and exhaustive hydrogenation to afford precision aliphatic polyesters with alternating sequences. This strategy is particularly suitable for the arrangement of well-known monomer units including glycolic acid, lactic acid, and caprolactic acid on polymer chain in a predetermined sequence. First of all, structurally asymmetric monomers bearing acrylate and α-olefin terminuses are generated in an efficient and straightforward fashion. Subsequently, cross-metathesis (co)polymerization of M1 and M2 using the Hoveyda-Grubbs second-generation catalyst (HG-II) furnishes P1-P3, respectively. Finally, hydrogenation yields the desired saturated polyesters HP1-HP3. It is noteworthy that the ε-caprolactone-derived unit is generated in situ rather than introduced to tailor-made monomers prior to CMP. NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) results verify the microstructural periodicity of these precision polyesters. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results reflect that polyesters without methyl side groups exhibit crystallinity, and unsaturated polyester samples show higher glass transition temperatures than their hydrogenated counterparts owing to structural rigidity.
Assuntos
Poliésteres/síntese química , Polimerização , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Caproatos , Lactonas , Poliésteres/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of alcohol on the decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells during early pregnancy. Methods: During in vitro decidualization, human endometrial stromal cells were treated with alcohol, 4-methylpyrazole hydrochloride (FPZ), the inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (DSF), the inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), respectively. Cell viability and decidualization were examined. Apoptosis and proliferation were also evaluated. Results: The findings showed that ADHs and ALDHs were up-regulated during decidualization. After alcohol treatment, the cell viability of decidual stromal cells was significantly higher than control, which was abrogated by FPZ or DSF. When cells were treated with alcohol, proliferation-related signal pathways were up-regulated in decidualized cells. Additionally, FOXO1 transcriptionally up-regulates ADH1B. Conclusion: Our study provided an evidence that highly expressed ADHs and ALDHs endow decidual stromal cells an ability to alleviate the harm from alcohol.
Assuntos
Álcool Desidrogenase/biossíntese , Aldeído Oxirredutases/biossíntese , Decídua/efeitos dos fármacos , Decídua/enzimologia , Etanol/toxicidade , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Decídua/citologia , Feminino , Humanos , Células Estromais/citologia , Células Estromais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estromais/enzimologiaRESUMO
Nine oxylipin mimics were designed and synthesized starting from d-mannose. Their antifungal activity against three citrus postharvest pathogens was evaluated by spore germination assay. The results indicated that all the compounds significantly inhibited the growth of Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum and Aspergillus niger. The compound (3Z,6Z,8S,9R,10R)-octadeca-3,6-diene-8,9,10-triol (3) exhibited excellent inhibitory effect on both Penicillium digitatum (IC50 = 34 ppm) and Penicillium italicum (IC50 = 94 ppm). Their in vivo antifungal activities against citrus postharvest blue mold were tested with fruit inoculated with the pathogen Penicillium italicum. The compound (3R,4S)-methyl 3,4-dihydroxy-5-octyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylate (9) demonstrated significant efficacy by reducing the disease severity to 60%. The antifungal mechanism of these oxylipin mimics was postulated in which both inhibition of pathogenic mycelium and stimuli of the host oxylipin-mediated defense response played important roles.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Citrus/microbiologia , Conservação de Alimentos , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/síntese química , Antifúngicos/química , Aspergillus niger/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus niger/patogenicidade , Frutas/microbiologia , Manose/síntese química , Manose/química , Oxilipinas/síntese química , Oxilipinas/química , Penicillium/efeitos dos fármacos , Penicillium/patogenicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of tonsillectomy in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains controversial. Our meta-analysis was intended to investigate its efficacy as an adjunct or independent treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis of prospective and retrospective studies using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. SETTING & POPULATION: Patients with IgAN treated with or without tonsillectomy. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES: Studies that compared clinical remission or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with IgAN with or without tonsillectomy. INTERVENTION: Tonsillectomy. OUTCOMES: Clinical remission and ESRD. RESULTS: 14 studies (1,794 patients) were included and a random-effects model was applied. There were significantly greater odds of clinical remission with tonsillectomy (10 studies, 1,431 patients; pooled OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.58-4.48; P<0.001). Sensitivity analysis to exclude the effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors yielded consistent results (6 studies, 671 patients; pooled OR for remission, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.91-4.09; P<0.001). In subgroup analysis of the remission outcome, tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy was superior to steroid pulse therapy alone (7 studies, 783 patients; pooled OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.99-5.01; P<0.001), and tonsillectomy plus conventional steroid therapy was superior to conventional steroid therapy alone (2 studies, 159 patients; pooled OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.23-13.94; P=0.02). Tonsillectomy was superior to general treatment (3 studies, 187 patients; pooled OR for remission, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.20-4.05; P=0.01). In addition, tonsillectomy was associated with decreased odds of ESRD (9 studies, 873 patients; pooled OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.52; P<0.001). 2 sensitivity analyses, one excluding studies with less than 5 years' follow-up and another excluding the confounding effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, yielded nearly the same reduction in ESRD risk (6 studies, 691 patients; pooled OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.11-0.36; P<0.001; and 6 studies, 547 patients; pooled OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.14-0.44; P<0.001). LIMITATIONS: Most included studies were retrospective cohort studies; we were unable to adjust uniformly for potential confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: As adjunct or independent therapy, tonsillectomy may induce clinical remission and reduce the rates of ESRD in patients with IgAN.
Assuntos
Corticosteroides/administração & dosagem , Glomerulonefrite por IGA , Falência Renal Crônica , Tonsilectomia , Pesquisa Comparativa da Efetividade , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/complicações , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/terapia , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/prevenção & controle , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Pulsoterapia/métodos , Pulsoterapia/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tonsilectomia/métodos , Tonsilectomia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a negative regulator of T-cell activation, and targeting HPK1 is considered a promising strategy for improving responses to antitumor immune therapies. The biggest challenge of HPK1 inhibitor design is to achieve a higher selectivity to GLK, an HPK1 homology protein as a positive regulator of T-cell activation. Herein, we report the design of a series of macrocycle-based HPK1 inhibitors via a conformational constraint strategy. The identified candidate compound 5i exhibited HPK1 inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.8 nM and 101.3-fold selectivity against GLK. Compound 5i also displayed good oral bioavailability (F = 27-49%) in mice and beagles and favorable metabolic stability (T1/2 > 186.4 min) in human liver microsomes. More importantly, compound 5i demonstrated a clear synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 in both MC38 (MSI) and CT26 (MSS) syngeneic tumor mouse models. These results showed that compound 5i has a great potential in immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Linfócitos T , Cães , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , ImunoterapiaRESUMO
Background: Recently, research on the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has received increasing attention, and the number of studies related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased rapidly, but there is currently a lack of summary of MGBA in AD. Objective: To capture research hotspots, grasp the context of disciplinary research, and explore future research development directions. Methods: In the core dataset of Web of Science, documents are searched according to specific subject words. CiteSpace software is used to perform statistical analysis on measurement indicators such as the number of published papers, publishing countries, institutions, subject areas, authors, cocited journals, and keywords, and to visualize of a network of relevant content elements. Results: The research of MGBA in AD has shown an upward trend year by year, and the cooperation between countries is relatively close, and mainly involves the intersection of neuroscience, pharmacy, and microbiology. This research focuses on the relationship between MGBA and AD symptoms. Keyword hotspots are closely related to new technologies. Alzheimer's disease, anterior cingulate cortex, inflammatory degeneration, dysbiosis, and other research are the focus of this field. Conclusion: The study revealed that the research and development of MGBA in AD rapidly progressed, but no breakthrough has been made in the past decade, it still needs to be closely combined with multidisciplinary technology to grasp the frontier hotspots. Countries should further strengthen cooperation, improve the disciplinary system, and increase the proportion of empirical research in all research.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a complex and well recognized autoimmune disorder. Careful monitoring/surveillance of thyroid gland functioning and active treatment of SLE patients with coexisting AITD, typically using medications, are critically important. The role of apheresis in this setting remains to be fully explored. Here we examine the use of double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of patients with SLE complicated with AITD and report our experiences using this apheresis methodology. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 11 patients with SLE complicated with AITD who had received DFPP in our blood purification center between 2004 and 2008. Levels of thyroid hormones, antithyroid autoantibodies, SLE disease activity, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and response to therapy were analyzed. RESULTS: AITD, SLE, and lupus nephritis improved after DFPP. Except for one patient who died of severe pneumonia in the second month after completion of DFPP, all surviving patients continued to show clinical improvements or remained stable during the follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: DFPP can effectively remove autoantibodies and may have an important adjuvant role in therapeutic options in the treatment of SLE patients with AITD complications.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/complicações , Doenças Autoimunes/terapia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/terapia , Plasmaferese/métodos , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/terapia , Adulto , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Nefrite Lúpica/complicações , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plasmaferese/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/imunologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children. However, there is no effective treatment for RSV infection. Here, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers to aid in the treatment of RSV infection. Children in the acute and convalescence phases of RSV infection were recruited and proteomic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Subsequently, promising candidate proteins were determined by functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis, and underwent further validation by western blot both in clinical and mouse model samples. Among the 79 DEPs identified in RSV patient samples, 4 proteins (BPGM, TPI1, PRDX2, and CFL1) were confirmed to be significantly upregulated during RSV infection. Functional analysis showed that BPGM and TPI1 were mainly involved in glycolysis, indicating an association between RSV infection and the glycolysis metabolic pathway. Our findings provide insights into the proteomic profile during RSV infection and indicated that BPGM, TPI1, PRDX2, and CFL1 may be potential therapeutic biomarkers or targets for the treatment of RSV infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano , Biomarcadores , Criança , Humanos , ProteômicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The modifier protein (MP) of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been shown to promote growth of renal epithelial cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to show the in vivo effects of MP in a rat model of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). METHOD: MP was purified from monkey renal tubular epithelial cell line BSC-1 and confirmed by amino acid sequencing. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: normal control, gentamicin-treated, epidermal growth factor (EGF) plus gentamicin-treated, and MP plus gentamicin-treated, as well as control groups for EGF and MP alone. Levels of serum creatinine (SCr), serum and tissue lipid peroxide, nitric oxide and glutathione-S-hydrogenase for each group were measured on the 7th and 14th days of treatment. Tissue sections were studied with light microscopy. RESULTS: The gentamicin-treated group showed a marked increase in SCr compared to the normal control group. Co-treatment of gentamicin with MP and/or EGF produced similar significant decreases preventing the increase in SCr. There were also significant reductions in serum and tissue homogenate levels of lipid peroxide and nitric oxide, accompanied by an increase in the level of glutathione-S-hydrogenase, in the MP co-treated groups compared to the gentamicin-treated group. AKI was confirmed histologically in the gentamicin-treated group, with damage to the tubular epithelium recorded. This was attenuated by MP co-treatment. There were also reductions in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the MP co-treated groups. CONCLUSION: Using a gentamicin model of AKI, MP was able to reduce free radical production in kidney tissue and in the circulation, thus preventing oxidant injury and minimizing damage in renal epithelial cells.
Assuntos
Gliceraldeído 3-Fosfato Desidrogenase (NADP+)/metabolismo , Nefropatias/patologia , Rim/patologia , Doença Aguda , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Creatinina/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Radicais Livres , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/biossíntese , Rim/embriologia , Rim/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The dynamic expression pattern analysis provides the primary information of gene function. Differences of the RNA and/or protein location will provide valuable information for gene expression regulation. Generally, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are two main techniques to visualize the locations of gene transcripts and protein products in situ, respectively. Here we describe the protocol for the whole brain dissection, the in situ hybridization, and the immunostaining of the developing Xenopus brain sections. Additionally, we point out the modification of in situ hybridization for microRNA expression detection.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hibridização In Situ/métodos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Xenopus laevis/embriologia , Xenopus laevis/metabolismo , Animais , Imuno-HistoquímicaRESUMO
Carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from p-aminophenol and ethylenediamine via one-step under mild condition and used as a sensitive fluorescent nanoprobe for the activity determination of N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase (NAG). In this assay, p-nitrophenol was in situ produced from p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, which was exclusively hydrolyzed by NAG. The UV absorption peak of p-nitrophenol (maximum at 400 nm) overlapped the excitation peak of CDs with maximum wavelength at 415 nm, which caused the fluorescence decline of CDs based on inner filter effect. The activity of NAG was determined by the fluorescence changes. The assay is highly sensitive to NAG with a low detection limit of 0.75 U L-1 (K = 3) and showed a good linear relationship in the range from 1 to 45 U L-1. This CDs nanoprobe was successfully applied for the determination of NAG activity in human serum and urine samples.
Assuntos
Acetilglucosaminidase/sangue , Acetilglucosaminidase/urina , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Pontos Quânticos/química , Carbono/química , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Espectrometria de FluorescênciaRESUMO
Cross-metathesis (CM), a carbon-carbon bond transformation that features exceptional selectivity, reactivity and tolerance to functionalities, has been extensively investigated in organic chemistry. On the other hand, the use of CM in polymer synthesis is also growing in both scope and breadth, thus offering a wealth of opportunities for introducing a vast range of functionalities into polymer backbone so as to manipulate properties and expand applications. In this review, we propose the concept of "cross-metathesis polymerization" (CMP) referring to polymer synthesis via repetitive CM reaction and summarize emerging strategies for the precision synthesis of aliphatic polyesters via CMP based on the high CM tendency between acrylates and α- olefins. Due to the carbon-carbon bond-forming step-growth polymerization nature, CMP brings a new concept to polyester synthesis. This remarkable polymerization method possesses unique advantages such as mild condition, full conversion, fast kinetics, almost quantitative yield and extraordinary tolerance to functionalities. In particular, CMP provides the ability to regulate macromolecular architectures including linear, block, cyclic, star, graft, dendron, hyperbranched and dendrimer topologies. Ultimately, advanced polymeric materials with outstanding performances can be facially constructed based on these sophisticated macromolecular architectures.