Optical design and performance of the biological small-angle X-ray scattering beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source.

The optical design and performance of the recently opened 13A biological small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline at the 3.0 GeV Taiwan Photon Source of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center are reported. The beamline is designed for studies of biological structures and kinetics in a wide range of length and time scales, from angstrom to micrometre and from microsecond to minutes. A 4 m IU24 undulator of the beamline provides high-flux X-rays in the energy range 4.0-23.0 keV. MoB4C double-multilayer and Si(111) double-crystal monochromators (DMM/DCM) are combined on the same rotating platform for a smooth rotation transition from a high-flux beam of ∼4 × 1014 photons s-1 to a high-energy-resolution beam of ΔE/E ≃ 1.5 × 10-4; both modes share a constant beam exit. With a set of Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, the X-ray beam is focused to the farthest SAXS detector position, 52 m from the source. A downstream four-bounce crystal collimator, comprising two sets of Si(311) double crystals arranged in a dispersive configuration, optionally collimate the DCM (vertically diffracted) beam in the horizontal direction for ultra-SAXS with a minimum scattering vector q down to 0.0004 Å-1, which allows resolving ordered d-spacing up to 1 µm. A microbeam, of 10-50 µm beam size, is tailored by a combined set of high-heat-load slits followed by micrometre-precision slits situated at the front-end 15.5 m position. The second set of KB mirrors then focus the beam to the 40 m sample position, with a demagnification ratio of ∼1.5. A detecting system comprising two in-vacuum X-ray pixel detectors is installed to perform synchronized small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering data collections. The observed beamline performance proves the feasibility of having compound features of high flux, microbeam and ultra-SAXS in one beamline.

Zopiclone use associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: a case-control study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between zopiclone use and the risk of acute pancreatitis in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a population-based case-control study. The data source was from the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program since 2000-2011. We identified 5169 subjects aged 20-84 years with a first-time attack of acute pancreatitis as the patients and 20,676 sex-matched and age-matched subjects without acute pancreatitis as the controls. Active use of zopiclone was defined as subjects who received at least one prescription for zopiclone within 30 days before the date of diagnosing acute pancreatitis. The lack of zopiclone prescription was defined as 'never use'. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis associated with zopiclone use by the multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the adjusted OR of acute pancreatitis was 2.36 for subjects with active use of zopiclone (95% CI 1.70-3.28), as compared with those with never use of zopiclone. In further analysis, as a reference of subjects with never use of zopiclone and without alcohol-related disease and biliary stone, the adjusted OR increased to 14.44 in those with active use of zopiclone and with alcohol-related disease or biliary stone (95% CI 7.47-27.89). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects actively using zopiclone are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis. Clinicians should take acute pancreatitis risk into account when prescribing zopiclone, particularly comorbid with alcohol-related disease or biliary stone.

Increased risk of acute pancreatitis following pneumococcal pneumonia: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of acute pancreatitis following pneumococcal pneumonia in Taiwan. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective cohort study using the hospitalisation claims data of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. We identified 16709 subjects aged 20-84 with the first-attack of pneumococcal pneumonia between 1998 and 2010 as the pneumonia group and we randomly selected 66836 subjects without a history of pneumonia as the non-pneumonia group. Both groups were matched for gender, age and index year. We examined the incidence of acute pancreatitis by the end of 2010 and we used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of acute pancreatitis associated with pneumococcal pneumonia and other comorbidities. RESULTS: Subjects with pneumococcal pneumonia had higher incidence of acute pancreatitis, when compared with non-pneumonia subjects (2.41 vs. 1.47 per 1000 person-years, crude HR 1.65, 95% CI=1.38, 1.97). The highest risk of developing acute pancreatitis occurred during the first 3 months after diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia (crude HR 4.11, 95% CI 1.98, 8.52). After adjusted for potential confounders, the adjusted HR of acute pancreatitis was 1.51 (95% CI 1.25, 1.82) for the pneumonia group, as compared with the non-pneumonia group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study reveals a 51% increased hazard of acute pancreatitis following infection with pneumococcal pneumonia. Patients with pneumococcal pneumonia should receive close surveillance for risk of developing acute pancreatitis during the first 3 months after diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia.

Hearing loss may be a non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease in older people in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore whether hearing loss is associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease in the elderly in Taiwan. METHODS: Using claims data of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program, 4976 patients (aged 65 years or older) with newly diagnosed hearing loss from 2000 to 2010 were identified and 19 904 subjects without hearing loss were randomly selected as comparisons, frequency matched by sex, age and index year of diagnosing hearing loss. The incidence of Parkinson's disease by the end of 2010 and the associated risk factors were investigated. RESULTS: The incidence of Parkinson's disease in the hearing loss group was 1.77-fold higher than that in the non-hearing-loss group (3.11 vs. 1.76 per 1000 person-years). After controlling for confounding factors, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of Parkinson's disease was 1.53 (95% CI 1.17, 1.99) for the hearing loss group compared with the non-hearing-loss group. Male sex (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02, 1.74), age (for each year, HR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.04, 1.09), hypertension (HR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.26, 2.30) and cerebrovascular disease (HR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.37, 2.32) were also significantly associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Hearing loss correlates with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease in the elderly. Further studies are needed to confirm whether hearing loss could be a non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease.

Increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients with appendectomy in Taiwan.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between appendectomy and pulmonary tuberculosis in Taiwan. We designed a case-control study by analyzing the database from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. In total, we found 11,366 individuals (aged 20 years and older) with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis as the case group and 45,464 individuals without pulmonary tuberculosis as the control group from 1998 to 2011. The case group and the control group were matched on sex, age, and index year of diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis. Using the multivariable unconditional logistic regression model, we measured the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with appendectomy and other comorbidities. After controlling for covariables, the multivariable unconditional logistic regression model disclosed that the OR of pulmonary tuberculosis was 1.4 in appendectomized patients (95 % CI = 1.13, 1.75) when compared to individuals without appendectomy. In further analysis, comorbidity with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (OR = 4.63, 95 % CI = 3.21, 6.68), pneumoconiosis (OR = 7.80, 95 % CI = 1.43, 42.5), chronic kidney diseases (OR = 5.65, 95 % CI = 1.79, 17.8), or diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.30, 3.44) increased the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in appendectomized patients. Individuals with appendectomy are at a 1.4-fold increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. Comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, chronic kidney diseases, and diabetes mellitus, enhance the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Performance of the new biological small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering beamline 13A at the Taiwan Photon Source.

Recent developments in the instrumentation and data analysis of synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on biomolecules in solution have made biological SAXS (BioSAXS) a mature and popular tool in structural biology. This article reports on an advanced endstation developed at beamline 13A of the 3.0 GeV Taiwan Photon Source for biological small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS-WAXS or SWAXS). The endstation features an in-vacuum SWAXS detection system comprising two mobile area detectors (Eiger X 9M/1M) and an online size-exclusion chromatography system incorporating several optical probes including a UV-Vis absorption spectrometer and refractometer. The instrumentation and automation allow simultaneous SAXS-WAXS data collection and data reduction for high-throughput biomolecular conformation and composition determinations. The performance of the endstation is illustrated with the SWAXS data collected for several model proteins in solution, covering a scattering vector magnitude q across three orders of magnitude. The crystal-model fittings to the data in the q range ∼0.005-2.0 Å-1 indicate high similarity of the solution structures of the proteins to their crystalline forms, except for some subtle hydration-dependent local details. These results open up new horizons of SWAXS in studying correlated local and global structures of biomolecules in solution.

Viral hepatitis among male amphetamine-inhaling abusers.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on the clandestinely consumed amphetamine as a primary drug. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the related factors in male amphetamine-inhaling abusers. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. From November 2004 to February 2005, 285 amphetamine-inhaling male subjects at one prison in Taiwan and 285 age-matched healthy men without history of using illicit drugs or tattooing were enrolled. A face-to-face interview focusing on amphetamine-addicted history and sociodemographic information was used. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV were tested. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 34.1 +/- 8.6 years (range 17-75 years). Among 285 subjects, 13.3% were positive for HBsAg, 20.0% positive for anti-HCV and 2.5% positive for combined HBsAg and anti-HCV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that tattoo (odds ratio (OR) 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-6.43) and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.49-6.66) were independently related to persons being anti-HCV positive. Elevated ALT was related to persons being HBsAg positive (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.15-5.89). CONCLUSION: Screening of HBV and HCV infection among amphetamine-inhaling abusers remains necessary. Tattoo and elevated ALT are identified as the related factors for being anti-HCV positive. Elevated ALT is the related factor for being HBsAg positive.

Metabolic syndrome in older people in Taiwan: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in older people in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study. We retrospectively analysed subjects receiving self-referred health examination at one medical centre in Taiwan from 2000 to 2004. In all, 696 older people without any acute illness were enrolled in this study, 352 men (50.6%) and 344 women (49.4%). The mean age was 70.2 +/- 4.6 years (age range 65-87). Metabolic syndrome was estimated according to the criteria proposed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III in 2001 and by International Diabetes Foundation in 2005, with the cut-off values of the waist circumference greater than or equal to either 90 or 80 cm for men or women, respectively. RESULTS: Among this group, 94% of the individuals presented with at least one condition of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was 44.1% and was higher in women than in men (52.6 vs 35.8%, P < 0.001). Defined by International Diabetes Foundation, the prevalence was also 44.1% and was higher in women than in men (55.5 vs 33.0%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome remains relatively high in Taiwanese older people.

Splenectomy correlates with increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis: a case-control study in Taiwan.

This study investigated whether there was an association between splenectomy and pulmonary tuberculosis. This was a case-control study using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Programme. We identified 18 960 patients (aged 20 years or older) with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis as the case group and 73 988 participants without pulmonary tuberculosis as the control group from 1998 to 2011. Both groups were matched for sex, age (per 5 years) and index year of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis. The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with splenectomy and other co-morbidities was estimated. After controlling for confounders, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of pulmonary tuberculosis were 1.91 in patients with splenectomy (95% CI 1.06-3.44), compared with the participants without splenectomy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (OR 3.07, 95% CI 2.94-3.21), pneumoconiosis (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.90-2.56), chronic kidney diseases (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.33-1.67), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.50-1.64) and chronic liver diseases (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.25-1.37) were associated with an increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. The sub-analysis demonstrated that the odds of pulmonary tuberculosis were 4.81 (95% CI 2.31-10.0) for patients co-morbid with splenectomy and any of the above diseases. Splenectomy is associated with a 1.9-fold increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in Taiwan. There is a synergistic effect between splenectomy and other co-morbidities on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis.