OncoPubMiner: a platform for mining oncology publications.

Updated and expert-quality knowledge bases are fundamental to biomedical research. A knowledge base established with human participation and subject to multiple inspections is needed to support clinical decision making, especially in the growing field of precision oncology. The number of original publications in this field has risen dramatically with the advances in technology and the evolution of in-depth research. Consequently, the issue of how to gather and mine these articles accurately and efficiently now requires close consideration. In this study, we present OncoPubMiner (https://oncopubminer.chosenmedinfo.com), a free and powerful system that combines text mining, data structure customisation, publication search with online reading and project-centred and team-based data collection to form a one-stop 'keyword in-knowledge out' oncology publication mining platform. The platform was constructed by integrating all open-access abstracts from PubMed and full-text articles from PubMed Central, and it is updated daily. OncoPubMiner makes obtaining precision oncology knowledge from scientific articles straightforward and will assist researchers in efficiently developing structured knowledge base systems and bring us closer to achieving precision oncology goals.

peu-MIR2916-p3-enriched garlic exosomes ameliorate murine colitis by reshaping gut microbiota, especially by boosting the anti-colitic Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have drawn considerable attention for oral treatment of colonic diseases. However, the roles of ELNs derived from garlic on colitis remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that garlic ELNs (GELNs), with desirable particle sizes (79.60 nm) and trafficking large amounts of functional proteins and microRNAs, stably roam in the gut and confer protection against ulcerative colitis (UC). In mice with DSS-induced colitis, orally administered GELNs effectively ameliorated bloody diarrhea, normalized the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and prevented colonic barrier impairment. Mechanistically, GELNs were taken up by gut microbes and reshaped DSS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, in which Bacteroides was the dominant respondent genus upon GELNs treatment. Notably, GELNs-enriched peu-MIR2916-p3 specifically promoted the growth of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an intestinal symbiotic bacterium with palliative effects on colitis. Our findings provide new insights into the medicinal application of GELNs and highlight their potential as natural nanotherapeutic agents for preventing and treating UC.

Silica Nanoparticle Size Determines the Mechanisms Underlying the Inhibition of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Uptake by Daphnia magna.

Aquatic environments are complicated systems that contain different types of nanoparticles (NPs). Nevertheless, recent studies of NP toxicity, and especially those that have focused on bioaccumulation have mostly investigated only a single type of NPs. Assessments of the environmental risks of NPs that do not consider co-exposure regimes may lead to inaccurate conclusions and ineffective environmental regulation. Thus, the present study examined the effects of differently sized silica NPs (SiO2 NPs) on the uptake of iron oxide NPs (Fe2O3 NPs) by the zooplankton Daphnia magna. Both SiO2 NPs and Fe2O3 NPs were well dispersed in the experimental medium without significant heteroaggregation. Although all three sizes of SiO2 NPs inhibited the uptake of Fe2O3 NPs, the underlying mechanisms differed. SiO2 NPs smaller than the average mesh size (∼200 nm) of the filtering apparatus of D. magna reduced the accumulation of Fe2O3 NPs through uptake competition, whereas larger SiO2 NPs inhibited the uptake of Fe2O3 NPs mainly by reducing the water filtration rate of the daphnids. Overall, in evaluations of the risks of NPs in the natural environment, the different mechanisms underlying the effects of NPs of different sizes on the uptake of dissimilar NPs should be considered.

Efficient Identification of Tembusu Virus CTL Epitopes in Inbred HBW/B4 Ducks Using a Novel MHC Class I-Restricted Epitope Screening Scheme.

The identification of MHC class I-restricted CTL epitopes in certain species, particularly nonmammals, remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a four-step identification scheme and confirmed its efficiency by identifying the Anpl-UAA*76-restricted CTL epitopes of Tembusu virus (TMUV) in inbred haplotype ducks HBW/B4. First, the peptide binding motif of Anpl-UAA*76 was determined by random peptide library in de novo liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a novel nonbiased, data-independent acquisition method that we previously established. Second, a total of 38 TMUV peptides matching the motif were screened from the viral proteome, among which 11 peptides were conserved across the different TMUV strains. Third, the conserved TMUV peptides were refolded in vitro with Anpl-UAA*76 and Anpl-ß2-microglobulin to verify the results from the previous two steps. To clarify the structural basis of the obtained motif, we resolved the crystal structure of Anpl-UAA*76 with the TMUV NS3 peptide LRKRQLTVL and found that Asp34 is critical for the preferential binding of the B pocket to bind the second residue to arginine as an anchor residue. Fourth, the immunogenicity of the conserved TMUV peptides was tested in vivo using specific pathogen-free HBW/B4 ducks immunized with the attenuated TMUV vaccine. All 11 conserved TMUV epitopes could bind stably to Anpl-UAA*76 in vitro and stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ and lymphocyte proliferation, and three conserved and one nonconserved peptides were selected to evaluate the CTL responses in vivo by flow cytometry and their tetramers. We believe that this new scheme could improve the identification of MHC class I-restricted CTL epitopes, and our data provide a foundation for further study on duck anti-TMUV CTL immunity.

Water Extract of Portulaca Oleracea Inhibits PEDV Infection-Induced Pyrolysis by Caspase-1/GSDMD.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the coronavirus family and the coronavirus genus, causing contact enteric infection in pigs. It is one of the most serious diseases that threatens the pig industry. However, there is currently no specific drug to prevent and treat the disease, indicating that we need to be vigilant about the spread of the disease and the development of anti-PEDV drugs. The dried aerial parts of the plant Portulaca oleracea in the family Portulacaceous, whose decoction can be used to treat acute enteritis, dysentery, diarrhea, and other diseases. This study explored the potential mechanism of water extract of Portulaca oleracea (WEPO) in PEDV-induced pyroptosis in Vero cells. PEDV decreased the viability of Vero cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, causing cell damage, upregulating the level of intracellular Nlrp3, and inhibiting the level of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and the activation of Caspase-1. WEPO can inhibit PEDV-induced pyroptosis, reduce the elevation of inflammatory factors caused by infection, and exhibit a dose-dependent effect. Knockdown of Caspase-1 and GSDMD separately can induce the production of the inflammatory factor IL-1ß to significantly decrease and increase, respectively. These results suggest that WEPO can inhibit cell pyroptosis caused by PEDV and that the Caspase-1 and GSDMD pathways play an important role in this process.

Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L in sub-health: evidence based on primary health care workers in China.

BACKGROUND: Sub-health which is the state between health and disease is a major global public health challenge. As a reversible stage, sub-health can work as a effective tool for the early detection or prevention of chronic disease. The EQ-5D-5L (5L) is a widely used, generic preference-based instrument while its validity in measuring sub-health is not clear. The aim of the study was thus to assess its measurement properties in individuals with sub-health in China. METHODS: The data used were from a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted among primary health care workers who were selected on the basis of convenience and voluntariness. The questionnaire was composited of 5L, Sub-Health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0), social-demographic characteristics and a question assessing the presence of disease. Missing values and ceiling effects of 5L were calculated. The convergent validity of 5L utility and VAS scores was tested by assessing their correlations with SHMS V1.0 using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The known-groups validity of 5L utility and VAS scores was assessed by comparing their values between subgroups defined by SHMS V1.0 scores using the Kruskal-Wallis test. We also did an analysis in subgroups according to different regions of China. RESULTS: A total of 2063 respondents were included in the analysis. No missing data were observed for the 5L dimensions and only one missing value was for the VAS score. 5L showed strong overall ceiling effects (71.1%). The ceiling effects were slightly weaker on the "pain/discomfort" (82.3%) and "anxiety/depression" (79.5%) dimensions compared with the other three dimensions (nearly 100%). The 5L weakly correlated with SHMS V1.0: the correlation coefficients were mainly between 0.2 and 0.3 for the two scores. 5L was yet not sensitive in distinguishing subgroups of respondents with different levels of sub-health, especially the subgroups with adjacent health status (p > 0.05). The results of subgroup analysis were generally consistent with those of the full sample. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the measurement properties of EQ-5D-5L in individuals with sub-health are not satisfactory in China. We thus should be cautious to use it in the population.

Antibiotic resistance and drug modification: Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of newly modified potent pleuromutilin derivatives with a substituted piperazine moiety.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a major global public health concern, owing to the lack of effective antibacterial drugs. Consequently, the discovery and development of innovative antibacterial drug classes with unique mechanisms of action are urgently needed. In this study, we designed, synthesised, and tested a series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives with piperazine linker substituted by amino acids moieties to determine their antibacterial properties. Most synthesized compounds exhibited potent activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Compound 6l, the most potent antibacterial agent created in this study, displayed a rapid bactericidal activity against MRSA, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus cfr N12. Moreover, pharmacokinetics study of compound 6l exhibited good PK performance with a low in vivo clearance (CL = 1965 mL/h/kg) and a suitable half-life (T1/2 = 11.614 ± 5.123 h). Molecular docking experiments revealed the binding model of compound 6l to the unmethylated A2503 of peptidyl transferase centre of 23S rRNA. Interaction pattern of 6l with cfr-mediated ribosomes revealed by molecular dynamics. Moreover in vivo mouse systemic infection experiments with compound 6l revealed its effectiveness against MRSA and S. aureus cfr N12 with the ED50 of 11.08 mg/kg and 14.63 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

Application of the cell-based RT-qPCR assay (C-QPA) for potency detection of the novel trivalent rotavirus vaccine in China.

BACKGROUND: Because of the deficiencies of traditional methods in multivalent rotavirus vaccine potency detection, a cell-based quantitative RT-qPCR assay (C-QPA) was established and validated for specificity, precision, and accuracy. METHODS: In order to further validate the robustness of this method in actual titer detection, the linear range and the practical application under different conditions were tested using monovalent and trivalent rotavirus samples and standards. RESULTS: Results showed that the linear range was 2.0-6.5, 3.9-8.3, and 3.5-8.1 UI (unit of infectivity) for G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Besides, unknown sample with high titer exceeding the linear range can be calculated by dilution. The UIs of serotypes G2, G3, and G4 in monovalent and trivalent rotavirus samples showed a relative deviation ≤4.10%, and the monovalent samples of the same serotype with or without protective agents showed a relative deviation ≤4.28%; the coefficient of variation (CV) of at least 176 tests (548 individual runs) of 3 in vitro-transcribed RNA standards with certain concentrations was not higher than 6.50%; the results of the trivalent samples tested by more than 149 times in 5 years (467 individual runs) showed the CVs lower than 12.66%; 15 samples detected by one laboratory showed a CV lower than 9.83%, while other three samples tested by two independent laboratories showed a CV lower than 6.90%. CONCLUSION: In summary, the C-QPA has good linearity, durability, repeatability, and reproducibility in practical application and has been proved by the authority to be widely used in the production, quality control and release of the recently licensed trivalent vaccine in China.

Study of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding patient education in hypertension among community pharmacists in China.

BACKGROUND: In the prevention and treatment of hypertension, patient education is an important measure to improve the awareness rate and control rate of patients. The professional and geographical advantages of community pharmacists enable them to play an important role in the patient education in hypertension. The purpose of this study was to understand the situation of patient education in hypertension conducted in Chinese community pharmacies, and put forward measures according to the problems. METHODS: A multi-stage competitive sampling by convenience was used to select community pharmacists working in community pharmacies in China for the study. Based on KAP theory, the first draft of the questionnaire was designed and the Delphi method was used to improve the questionnaire and a pre-study was conducted to test the reliability of the questionnaire. In January 2020, electronic questionnaires were distributed to 143 community pharmacists in Chinese community pharmacies. SPSS24 software was used for descriptive statistics and subgroup analysis of data. RESULTS: One hundred and eight valid questionnaires were collected, and the efficiency rate was 75.5%. Most of the respondents were younger than 30 years old (98.1%), and had bachelor's degree (95.4%). In terms of knowledge, only 15.7% considered themselves "very good" and even 10.2% considered themselves "very bad". Only 35%-55% of respondents answered correctly for patient education content that requires more specialized knowledge, such as treatment and medication. Respondents generally had a positive attitude on the effect of hypertension patient education, but slightly less recognition of their role in patient education. In terms of practice, programs related to patient education have been conducted to different degrees. More than 30% of the community pharmacists interviewed implemented them occasionally or never. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a positive attitude, most of the respondents did not have a high level of knowledge or practice. In China, more research evidence and new guidelines are needed to emphasize the importance and responsibilities of community pharmacists. Continuing education should be certificated at the national level and meet the various needs of community pharmacists. And salary incentives can be tried to motivate them.

Eurotium cristatum reduces obesity by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and modulating lipid and energy metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) has been shown to prevent obesity, but little is known about the effect of Eurotium cristatum, a critical fungus from FBT. This study examined the effects of live E. cristatum on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota composition in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. RESULTS: Male HF diet-fed mice were treated with E. cristatum for 12 weeks. The results showed that E. cristatum administration caused strong inhibition against HF-induced body weight gain, dyslipidemia and liver oxidative stress damage. Additionally, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in phylum level and six types of bacterial including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria in genus level were found to be significantly changed in E. cristatum treated mice as compared to HF fed mice. As expected, E. cristatum could increase total SCFAs levels in feces. Interestingly, E. cristatum markedly increased the proportion of Akkermansia to resist obesity. Functional prediction analysis indicated that E. cristatum changed lipid and energy metabolism. Furthermore, E. cristatum ingestion can modulate hepatic acetyl-coa carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and adipose uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, these findings suggest that E. cristatum can prevent the HF-induced lipid accumulation and other complications by modulating gut microbiota, lipid and energy metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The endemic GII.4 norovirus-like-particle induced-antibody lacks of cross-reactivity against the epidemic GII.17 strain.

Norovirus-like particle (VLP) vaccine is promising against human norovirus infection. Unfortunately, genetic diversity of norovirus hindered the development of this vaccine. In this study, the immunogenicity of norovirus VLPs induced by the endemic GII.4 and the epidemic GII.17 genotypes, and the cross-reactivity between them as well as GI.1 and GII.3 VLPs were evaluated in mice by using serum IgG and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking antibodies as index. Results showed well immunogenicity of both GII.4 and GII.17 VLPs in mice. Serum IgG GMT (Geometric Mean Titer) were 3.63 (GII.4) and 3.88 (GII.17) respectively, and sustained to the 15th week. The HBGA blocking antibodies were 130 (GII.4) and 360 (GII.17) respectively at the end of the 4th week. Additionally, there was a dramatically statistical difference found in the cross-reactivity within genogroup (GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001), and also showed similar difference between genogroups (GI.1 vs. GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001). Summarized the pPICZa pichi pichia expression system showed a potential to be the alternative for expression of norovirus VLPs in secretion form, and the little cross-reactivity found between the endemic strain and the epidemic strain provides an evident for the consideration of selecting candidates of norovirus vaccine strains.

Antiviral activity of portulaca oleracea L. extracts against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by partial suppression on myd88/NF-κb activation in vitro.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), especially variants, causes a highly contagious enteric disease which could give rise to huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Portulaca oleracea L. has been reported to regulate intestine disease and involved in viral infections. However, the underlying mechanisms of Portulaca oleracea L. extracts against PEDV have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the antiviral effects and potential mechanisms of Portulaca oleracea L. extracts against PEDV were investigated in vitro. We first examined the inhibitory effects of different Portulaca oleracea L. extracts on the PEDV(JX-16 strain) in vitro and found that the water extract of Portulaca oleracea L.(PO)could significantly inhibit PEDV replication by 92.73% on VH cells and 63.07% on Vero cells. Furthermore, time-course analysis showed PO inhibited PEDV replication during the adsorption period of infectious cycle. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that PO down-regulated the S protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, our results demonstrated the ability of PO to inhibit PEDV replication in VH cells by down-regulating the cytokine levels (TNF-α,IL-22 and IFN-α) and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by PEDV. Thus, Portulaca oleracea L extracts have potential utility in the preventive and therapeutic strategies for PEDV infection.

The sublethal effects of ethiprole on the development, defense mechanisms, and immune pathways of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.).

Ethiprole has been widely used in agriculture, but there have been few studies on the adverse effects of ethiprole on nontarget organisms. This study focused on the mechanism of the sublethal effects of ethiprole on the development, antioxidation mechanisms, detoxification mechanisms and immune-related gene expression of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Honeybee larvae were found to be more sensitive than pupae to ethiprole. It was found that ethiprole inhibited the pupation and eclosion of bee larvae in a dose-dependent manner, with ethiprole doses of 1 × 10-3 mg/L decreasing pupation and eclosion rates to 50.00 ± 8.84% and 20.83 ± 10.62%, respectively. The activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and detoxification factors (glutathione and glutathione S-transferase) were also significantly increased in ethiprole-exposed honeybees, indicating that a sublethal dose of ethiprole also induced oxidative stress in honeybees. In the 1 × 10-3 mg/L ethiprole-exposure group, the expression of pathogen recognition-related gene PGRP-4300 was upregulated 11.10 ± 0.45-fold, and that of detoxification-related gene CYP4G11 was upregulated 8.84 ± 0.11-fold, indicating that ethiprole induced an immune reaction in honeybees. To the best our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration that sublethal concentrations of ethiprole inhibit honeybee development and activate honeybee defense and immune systems.

1H NMR-Based Metabolic Profiles Delineate the Anticancer Effect of Vitamin C and Oxaliplatin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Because of its high recurrence rate and heterogeneity, effective treatment for advanced stage of HCC is currently lacking. There are accumulating evidences showing the therapeutic potential of pharmacologic vitamin C (VC) on HCC. However, the metabolic basis underlying the anticancer property of VC remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics technique to assess the global metabolic changes in HCC cells following VC treatment. In addition, the HCC cells were also treated with oxaliplatin (OXA) to explore the potential synergistic effect induced by the combined VC and OXA treatment. The current metabolomics data suggested different mechanisms of OXA and VC in modulating cell growth and metabolism. In general, VC treatment led to inhibition of energy metabolism via NAD+ depletion and amino acid deprivation. On the other hand, OXA caused significant perturbation in phospholipid biosynthesis and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathways. The current results highlighted glutathione metabolism, and pathways related to succinate and choline may play central roles in conferring the combined effect between OXA and VC. Taken together, this study provided metabolic evidence of VC and OXA in treating HCC and may contribute toward the potential application of combined VC and OXA as complementary HCC therapies.

Establishment of a cell-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay for detection of multivalent rotavirus vaccine.

Because of deficiencies of traditional potency tests in rotavirus detection, a one-step TaqMan probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay combined with cell-based method was established to determine the infectious potency of the target virus in multivalent live rotavirus vaccines in vitro. Series dilutions of rotavirus samples were inoculated into Vero cells and cultured for 24 hours. The cells were lysed and the potency was detected by RT-qPCR. The reference standards with a known titer (lgCCID50 /mL) were assayed in parallel, and the potencies of each sample were determined using parallel line method. The specificity, precision and accuracy of the assay were evaluated, respectively. The results showed that messenger RNA produced during rotavirus replication was the primary template of RT-qPCR and the primers and probes were specific to each strain. The coefficient of variation of different wells and different working days did not exceed 6% and the results of the assay were proved to be concordant with those of cell culture infective dose 50% with a relative deviation less than 5%. This assay is a more rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput way for detecting multivalent rotavirus vaccine, and will be a valuable tool in the quality control and stability monitoring of live multivalent rotavirus vaccine.

Effect of grape seed extract on quality and microbiota community of container-cultured snakehead (Channa argus) fillets during chilled storage.

Herein, the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the microflora and biochemical changes of container cultured snakehead (Channa argus) fillets during 11 days of chilled storage were investigated. The sensory analysis, the total number of viable colonies, the total amount of volatile basic nitrogen, and k-value analysis revealed that GSE retarded the deterioration of snakehead fillets. The degradation of inosine 5'-monophosphate and the accumulation of inosine and hypoxanthine in the GSE group were slower than these in the control group. Moreover, GSE treatment effectively decreased the accumulation of putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine. Illumina-MiSeq high throughput sequencing results showed that GSE inhibited the growth of Aeromonas on snakehead fillets. Based on the microbial enumeration, sensory analysis, and k-value, GSE prolonged the shelf life of fillets for 3 days, suggesting its potential for snakehead fillets preservation.

Algal Foods Reduce the Uptake of Hematite Nanoparticles by Downregulating Water Filtration in Daphnia magna.

Rapid developments in nanotechnology have led to the release of substantial amounts of nanoparticles (NPs) into aquatic environments, where many types of biotic particles are present and could potentially interact with the NPs. Nevertheless, how biotic particles may affect the bioaccumulation and toxicity of NPs remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii on the accumulation kinetics (uptake, assimilation, efflux) and toxicity of polyacrylate-coated hematite NPs (HemNPs), using Daphnia magna as the test organism. As a biotic particle and daphnid food, C. reinhardtii reduced the accumulation and toxicity of HemNPs in D. magna. The HemNPs were well-dispersed with little adsorption to the alga. Their decreased accumulation could thus be partly explained by their low trophic transfer from the alga to the daphnid and by the inductive effects of the alga on HemNP efflux. However, the main cause was the direct inhibition of HemNP uptake from the water phase as a result of the reduced water-filtration activity of D. magna in the presence of C. reinhardtii. Overall, in bioaccumulation studies, the inhibitory effects of biotic particles on NP uptake from the water phase should be paid attention.

Porcine circovirus type 1 was undetected in vaccine but could be cultured in the cell substrate of Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine.

In 2010, Rotarix was found to be contaminated with infectious porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1). In China, the Lanzhou lamb rotavirus (LLR) vaccine is the only vaccine used to prevent rotavirus disease. From 2006 to September 2014, more than 54 million doses of LLR vaccines have been lot released. It is a safety issue whether PCV1 is present in the LLR vaccine. Although the cell substrate of LLR, bovine kidney (BK), is different from that of Rotarix, we have investigated the cell's permissivity for PCV1 by both infectivity and full-length PCR analysis. We have assessed the LLR using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. A total of 171 random batches of LLR final products over a period of 5 years were tested, and no PCV1 was detected (0/171). Infectivity studies showed that two strains of PCV1, the PCV1-prototype, which was derived from PK-15 cells, and the mutant, PCV1-GSK, which was isolated from Rotarix, were capable of replicating in BK cells over a wide m.o.i. ranging from 10 to 0.01. After culture for 6 days, copies of PCV1-prototype DNA were higher than those of PCV1-GSK on average. The genome of the virus was detected at 6 days post-infection. In summary, the LLR vaccine is free of PCV1. Nevertheless, because PCV1 can replicate in the BK cell substrate, manufacturers need to be vigilant in monitoring for this adventitious agent.

Waterborne and Dietborne Toxicity of Inorganic Arsenic to the Freshwater Zooplankton Daphnia magna.

Waterborne and dietborne exposure are both important sources for the accumulation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in aquatic organisms. Although the waterborne toxicity of iAs has been extensively investigated, its dietborne toxicity has received little attention. The present study examined the acute and chronic toxicity of arsenate (iAsV) and arsenite (iAsIII) to the freshwater zooplankton species Daphnia magna under both waterborne and dietborne exposure scenarios. The bioaccumulation, speciation, and tissue and subcellular distributions of arsenic were analyzed to understand the mechanisms accounting for differences in toxicity related to different arsenic species, exposure scenarios, and exposure duration. The toxicity of iAs increased with exposure time, and iAsIII was more toxic than iAsV. Moreover, although dietborne iAs had no acute effect on D. magna, it incurred significant toxicity in the chronic-exposure experiment. Nevertheless, the toxicity of dietborne iAs was still lower than that of waterborne iAs regardless of the exposure duration. This difference was found to be caused by the lower bioaccumulation of dietborne iAs, its higher distribution in the gut and in the biologically detoxified subcellular fraction, and greater transformation to the less toxic dimethylarsinic acid. Overall, the dietborne toxicity of iAs should be considered when evaluating the environmental risks posed by arsenic.