Prevalence and the factors associated with microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension in the urban areas of Puducherry district: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria is an early indicator for renal and cardiovascular diseases, especially among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN). We determined the prevalence and the factors associated with microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 DM and/or HTN in the urban areas of the Puducherry district in India. METHODS: We included 225 patients aged 40-69 years with DM and/or HTN from a non-communicable diseases (NCDs) survey conducted during 2019-2020 in the urban areas of Puducherry district. The prevalence of microalbuminuria and various biological risk factors of NCDs were assessed as per the WHO STEPS methodology. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was presented as proportions (95% CI), and the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) was estimated using weighted forward stepwise generalized linear modelling. P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 54 (11) years. Over one-third (38.2%) (95% CI: 31.6-44.4) of patients with DM and/or HTN had microalbuminuria. The prevalence was highest among those having both DM and HTN 48% (95% CI: 37-59), followed by those having only DM 40.6% (95% CI: 29-52.2) and only HTN 27.7% (95% CI: 18.1-38.6). The prevalence of microalbuminuria was twice (aPR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-3.9) higher among women and 2.4 times (95% CI: 1.12-5.1) higher among those having both DM and HTN as compared to those with only HTN. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with DM and/or HTN is concerningly high. Population-based screening for microalbuminuria, especially among women and those having both DM and HTN, needs to be undertaken in the urban areas of Puducherry district.

Microalbuminuria serves as an early indicator for kidney and cardiovascular diseases, especially among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN). Our study focussed on determining the prevalence of microalbuminuria among individuals with type 2 DM and/or HTN in the urban areas of the Puducherry district in India. We included 225 patients aged 40­69 years with DM and/or HTN who participated in a non-communicable diseases (NCDs) survey conducted during 2019­2020 in urban Puducherry. We found that over one-third (38.2%) of patients with DM and/or HTN had microalbuminuria. The prevalence was highest among those having both DM and HTN (48%), followed by those having only DM (40.6%) and only HTN (27.7%). The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 2.1 times higher among women than men and 2.4 times higher among individuals with both DM and HTN compared to those with only HTN. These findings highlight the concerningly high prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with DM and/or HTN in the urban areas of Puducherry district. To address this issue, it is crucial that the public health authorities of Puducherry district implement population-based screening initiatives for microalbuminuria, particularly targeting women and individuals with both DM and HTN in the urban areas of the Puducherry district.

Safety and Feasibility of Hippocampal Sparing Cranial Radiation in Pediatric and Adolescent Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients: A Prospective Study.

Introduction Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) constitutes a significant portion of pediatric malignancies, with central nervous system (CNS) relapse posing a considerable threat to patient outcomes. While cranial radiation therapy (CRT) has been utilized to mitigate CNS relapse, it is associated with neurocognitive (NC) side effects. This study explores the feasibility and safety of using volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) with hippocampal sparing (HS) during cranial radiation therapy for ALL patients, aiming to reduce these side effects. Methodology This prospective observational study included pediatric and young adult patients with ALL who were in remission. HS was achieved using VMAT, and NC assessments were performed at baseline, six months, one year, and, to a limited extent, four years posttreatment. Results VMAT enabled precise hippocampal-sparing CRT with minimal dose to the hippocampus. Dosimetric analysis revealed that patients receiving 18 Gy had mean doses to planning target volume (PTV) and bilateral hippocampus of 18.9 and 9 Gy, respectively. Those receiving 12 Gy had corresponding doses of 13.3 and 7 Gy, respectively. Conformity and homogeneity indices were 0.9 and 0.1, and no brain relapses were observed among the patients in this study. NC assessments demonstrated no decline in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores over time, while only a subset of patients could be assessed at the four-year mark; telephone interviews suggested no significant cognitive decline. Conclusions This study highlights the potential of VMAT with HS as a promising approach to CRT for ALL patients in reducing the risk of NC side effects. The absence of brain relapses and preservation of NC function are encouraging findings, though larger studies are necessary to establish conclusive evidence.

Treatment efficacy of vitamin C or ascorbate given as co-intervention with iron for anemia - A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies.

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the leading causes of anemia, globally. Oral vitamin C enhances iron absorption and is commonly prescribed with iron for anemia patients. Considering the lack of evidence to support this practice, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the treatment efficacy of experimental studies where oral vitamin C or ascorbate was given as co-intervention with iron compared to providing only iron among participants with anemia of all ages. METHODOLOGY: A comprehensive strategy was used to search literature from PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Experimental studies conducted among participants with lab-confirmed anemia at baseline, with "oral ascorbic acid or vitamin C given as co-intervention with iron" as intervention and "only oral iron" as the comparator, and reported the outcomes hemoglobin or ferritin, were selected. Random-effects model was used to estimate standardized mean differences or odds ratio of outcomes, and sensitivity analyses were done. Sub-group and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the reasons for heterogeneity (PROSPERO number: CRD42022306612). RESULTS: Of the total nine studies included in the review, seven studies with 905 participants were included for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate for standardized mean difference (SMD) of hemoglobin (g/dL) and Serum Ferritin (mcg/L) for intervention-type ferrous ascorbate were 0.44 (95% C.I.: -0.30, 1.26) and 0.03 (95% C.I.: -0.68, 0.73) respectively, and were not statistically significant. The pooled estimate for SMD of hemoglobin (g/dL) and Serum Ferritin (mcg/L) for intervention type 'oral iron and vitamin C' was 0.11 (95% C.I.: -0.05, 0.28) and -0.90 (95% C.I.: -1.09, -0.72) respectively, and were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The SMD of hemoglobin or serum ferritin between the intervention group were not significantly favouring the intervention when the intervention group was ferrous ascorbate or oral iron and vitamin C, and the methodological quality of evidence of these effect measures was very low. This necessitates studying the treatment efficacy of oral vitamin C or ascorbate when given with oral iron for participants with anemia in future clinical trials.

Ten-Year Risk for Developing Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults and Elderly in India: A Secondary Analysis of Wave-1 of Longitudinal Aging Study in India.

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for effective CVD management in primary healthcare settings. Using the 2019 updated WHO CVD risk charts, we estimated the 10-year risk for developing fatal and non-fatal CVD among participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). Methods We conducted secondary data analysis using the Wave-1 dataset of LASI. Analysis was performed in Stata software (version 14.1; StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas) after applying sample weights. Ten-year CVD risk was estimated using a non-laboratory-based CVD risk chart. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and 10% or more 10-year CVD risk. Results The weighted prevalence of 10% or more 10-year CVD risk was 24.70% (95% CI: 23.94%-25.47%). Participants who were currently working, living alone, and widowed had 3.63, 1.42, and 1.59 times increased odds of having a high 10-year CVD risk, respectively, after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion About a quarter of older adults and the elderly population in India have a 10-year risk for a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event of 10% or more, as estimated using a non-laboratory based chart.

Hypertension Control Status Among Patients Receiving Treatment From Selected Primary Health Centres in Puducherry: A Cohort-Analysis Approach.

BACKGROUND:  High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk factor contributing to 60% of premature deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. In India, a mere 15% of the hypertensive population achieves optimal blood pressure control. Effective monitoring of hypertension is crucial for mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study employed a cohort analysis approach to determine the control status of hypertension and identify factors associated with hypertension among individuals seeking care at selected primary health centres (PHCs) in Puducherry from January 2019 to December 2022. METHODOLOGY: We assessed treatment records of 1127 patients with hypertension registered at PHCs in both urban and rural areas between 2019 and 2022. Information on socio-demographic details and blood pressure readings was collected to assess the control status of hypertension on a quarterly and six-monthly basis. Additionally, 436 patients were interviewed to identify factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension. RESULTS: Control rates of hypertension varied among PHCs on a quarterly and six-monthly basis. The rural PHC achieved the highest quarterly control rate of 80% in Q4 2020, while the urban PHC had the lowest rate of 44% in Q1 2020. Similarly, the highest six-monthly control rate of 78% was observed in Q3 2019 at both rural and urban PHCs, with the lowest rate of 44% in Q1 2020 at the urban PHC.  Conclusion: Analysing data obtained from regular monitoring of hypertension control status allows healthcare providers to identify patterns, trends, and correlations. It assists providers in making informed decisions regarding treatment adjustments, medication choices, lifestyle recommendations, and policy changes. This approach is expected to improve control status for hypertension, leading to the ultimate goal of better health outcomes for patients.

Control status of hypertension in India: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Uncontrolled hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of control status of hypertension in India. METHODS AND RESULTS: We carried out systematic search (PROSPERO No.: CRD42021239800) in PubMed and Embase published between April 2013 and March 2021 followed by meta-analysis with random-effects model. The pooled prevalence of controlled hypertension was estimated across geographic regions. The quality, publication bias and heterogeneity of the included studies were also assessed. We included 19 studies with 44 994 hypertensive population, among which 17 studies had low risk of bias. We found statistically significant heterogeneity ( P  ≤ 0.05) and absence of publication bias among the included studies. The pooled prevalence of control status among patients with hypertension was 15% (95% CI: 12-19%) and among those under treatment was 46% (95% CI: 40-52%). The control status among patients with hypertension was significantly higher in Southern India 23% (95% CI: 16-31%) followed by Western 13% (95% CI: 4-16%), Northern 12% (95% CI: 8-16%), and Eastern India 5% (95% CI: 4-5%). Except for Southern India, the control status was lower among the rural areas compared with urban areas. CONCLUSION: We report high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in India irrespective of treatment status, geographic regions and urban and rural settings. There is urgent need to improve control status of hypertension in the country.

Compliance with iron folic acid (IFA) tablets and associated factors among pregnant women attending ante-natal care clinic at Sub District Hospital, Ballabgarh.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a common public health problem among children, adolescent girls, women in reproductive age groups, pregnant and lactating women, with an estimated prevalence of 50.3% among pregnant women according to National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 4. Iron deficiency is regarded as the most common cause of anemia among pregnant women globally and in India. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of compliance to iron folic acid (IFA) tablets among pregnant mothers attending ante-natal care (ANC) clinic in a Sub-district hospital (SDH) situated in north India and the various factors associated with non-compliance to IFA tablets. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic at SDH, Ballabgarh. A pretested, semi-structured interview schedule was used to obtain socio-demographic data, information related to IFA therapy that they receive, their compliance and the factors that are related to missing of the doses. Data were entered using Epicollect 5 software and Stata version 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 484 pregnant women were enrolled in our study. More than 3/4th (77.1%) of the pregnant women were compliant to IFA tablet supplement given to them. The compliance was more in the study participants belonging to older age groups, lower socio-economic status and those with hemoglobin levels >11 gm/dl. The most common reason for non-compliance was found to be "forgetfulness" (63.0%) followed by "side effects" (49.5%). CONCLUSION: Compliance with IFA tablets was better among pregnant women who were non anemic and those with good compliance to IFA tablets had better hemoglobin levels.