Low nitrogen priming improves nitrogen uptake and assimilation adaptation to nitrogen deficit stress in wheat seedling.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Early-stage low nitrogen priming promotes root growth and delays leaf senescence through gene expression, enhancing nitrogen absorption and assimilation in wheat seedlings, thereby alleviating growth inhibition under nitrogen deficit stress and supporting normal seedling development. Verifying the strategies to reduce the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer while maintaining high crop yields is important for improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) and protecting the environment. To determine whether low N (LN) priming (LNP) can alleviate the impact of N-deficit stress on the growth of wheat seedlings and improve their tolerance to N-deficit stress, we conducted hydroponic experiments using two wheat cultivars, Yangmai 158 (YM158, LN tolerant) and Zaoyangmai (ZYM, LN sensitive) to study the effects of LNP on wheat seedlings under N-deficit stress. N-deficit stress decreased the plant dry weight, leaf area, and leaf N content (LNC), while LNP could significantly reduce this reduction. Distinct sensitivities to N-deficit stress were observed between the wheat cultivars, with ZYM showing an early decrease in leaf N content compared to YM158, which exhibited a late-stage reduction. LNP promoted root growth, expanded N uptake area, and upregulated the expression of TaNRT1.1, TaNRT2.1, and TaNRT2.2 in wheat seedlings, suggesting that LNP can enhance root N uptake capacity to increase N accumulation in plants. In addition, LNP improved the activity of glutamine synthase (GS) to enhance the capacity of N assimilation of plants. The relative expression of TaGS1 in the lower leaves of priming and stress (PS) was lower than that of no priming and stress (NS) after LNP, indicating that the rate of N transfer from the lower leaves to the upper leaves became slower after LNP, which alleviated the senescence of the lower leaves. The relative expression of TaGS2 was significantly increased, which might be related to the enhanced photorespiratory ammonia assimilation capacity after LNP, which reduced the N loss and maintained higher LNC. Therefore, LNP in the early stage can improve the N absorption and assimilation ability and maintain the normal N supply to alleviate the inhibition of N-deficit stress in wheat seedlings.

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl.) favours high photosynthetic capacity adaptation to low nitrogen stress.

Although tetraploid wheat has rich genetic variability for cultivar improvement, its physiological mechanisms associated with photosynthetic productivity and resilience under nitrogen (N) deficit stress have not been investigated. In this study, we selected emmer wheat (Kronos, tetraploid), Yangmai 25 (YM25, hexaploid), and Chinese Spring (CS, hexaploid) as materials and investigated the differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), carboxylation capacity, electron transfer capacity, photosynthetic product output, and photosynthetic N allocation under normal N (CK) and low N (LN) through hydroponic experiments. Tetraploid emmer wheat (Kronos) had a stronger photosynthetic capacity than hexaploid wheat (YM25, CS) under low N stress, which mainly associated with the higher degree of PSII opening, electron transfer rate, Rubisco content and activity, ATP/ADP ratio, Rubisco activase (Rca) activity and Rubisco activation state, and more leaves N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus, especially the proportion of N allocation to carboxylation under low N stress. Moreover, Kronos reduced the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by sucrose accumulation through higher sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activity and triose phosphate utilization rate (VTPU). Overall, Kronos could allocate more N to the photosynthetic components to improve Rubisco content and activity to maintain photosynthetic capacity under low N stress while enhancing triose phosphate output to reduce feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. This study reveals the physiological mechanisms of emmer wheat that maintain the photosynthetic capacity under low N stress, which will provide indispensable germplasm resources for elite low-N-tolerant wheat improvement and breeding.

Rubisco and sucrose synthesis and translocation are involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in wheat with different source-sink relationships.

Source-sink relationships influence photosynthesis. So far, the limiting factors for photosynthesis of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships have not been determined. We aimed to determine the variation patterns of photosynthetic characteristics of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships. In this study, two wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships were selected for photosynthetic physiological analyses. The results showed that YM25 (source-limited cultivar) had higher photosynthetic efficiency compared to YM1 (sink-limited cultivar). This is mainly due to a stronger photochemical efficiency, electron transfer capacity, and Rubisco carboxylation capacity of YM25. YM25 accumulated less soluble carbohydrates in flag leaves than YM1. This is mainly due to the stronger sucrose synthesis and transport capacity of YM25 by presenting higher sucrose-related enzyme activities and gene expression. A PCA analysis showed that Rubisco was the main factor limiting the photosynthetic capacity of YM25. The soluble sugar accumulation in flag leaves and sink limitation decreased the photosynthetic activity of YM1. Increased N application improved source-sink relationships and increased grain yield and source leaf photosynthetic capacity in both two wheat cultivars. Taken together, our findings suggest that Rubisco and sucrose synthesis and translocation are involved in the regulation of photosynthesis of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships and that source and sink limitation effects should be considered in photosynthesis.

Molecular Insights into the Specific Targeting of c-MYC G-Quadruplex by Thiazole Peptides.

Stabilization of a G-quadruplex (G4) in the promotor of the c-MYC proto-oncogene leads to inhibition of gene expression, and it thus represents a potentially attractive new strategy for cancer treatment. However, most G4 stabilizers show little selectivity among the many G4s present in the cellular complement of DNA and RNA. Intriguingly, a crescent-shaped cell-penetrating thiazole peptide, TH3, preferentially stabilizes the c-MYC G4 over other promotor G4s, but the mechanisms leading to this selective binding remain obscure. To investigate these mechanisms at the atomic level, we performed an in silico comparative investigation of the binding of TH3 and its analogue TH1 to the G4s from the promotors of c-MYC, c-KIT1, c-KIT2, and BCL2. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, combined with in-depth analyses of non-covalent interactions and bulk and per-nucleotide binding free energies, revealed that both TH3 and TH1 can induce the formation of a sandwich-like framework through stacking with both the top and bottom G-tetrads of the c-MYC G4 and the adjacent terminal capping nucleotides. This framework produces enhanced binding affinities for c-MYC G4 relative to other promotor G4s, with TH3 exhibiting an outstanding binding priority. Van der Waals interactions were identified to be the key factor in complex formation in all cases. Collectively, our findings fully agree with available experimental data. Therefore, the identified mechanisms leading to specific binding of TH3 towards c-MYC G4 provide valuable information to guide the development of new selective G4 stabilizers.

80-W single-frequency Innoslab µs-amplifier at 1319†nm with high efficiency.

A single-frequency quasi-continuous-wave partially end-pumped slab (Innoslab) laser amplifier at 1319 nm was demonstrated. The 3-W single-frequency all-fiber seed laser was amplified to a maximum average power of 80.1 W and the power stability was 0.52% in 10 minutes. The corresponding optical-optical efficiency was 16.1% under absorbed pump power of 478 W. The output pulse width was 131 µs at the repetition of 500 Hz. The beam quality factors of M2 were 1.3 in both the vertical and horizontal directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on single-frequency Nd:YAG Innoslab amplifier at 1319 nm with such high output power and efficiency.

Association between walking speed and calcaneus stiffness index in older adults.

INTRODUCTION: The aim here is to examine the association between objectively measured usual walking speed (UWS) and bone status in community-dwelling older Chinese. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a population of 1528 adults (817 females, mean age 68.5 ± 5.3; 711 males, mean age 69.1 ± 5.2) aged 60-79, living in communities in Shanghai. Walking speed was assessed using a 4-m walk test at a usual-pace walking speed a walking speed at which the subject felt relaxed-and bone status measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS). The health-related characteristics of participants include family background, physical activity level, chronic disease, smoking and alcohol consumption, frequency of falls, vitamin intake, and hormone therapy. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression is used to analyses any association between UWS and bone status, adjusting for confounding factors showing a significant association between faster UWS and a higher calcaneal stiffness index (SI) (p < 0.01). Comparing the lowest quartile of the data set with the highest at UWS, a high SI is achieved with 5.34 (95% CI = 3.22, 7.46) (p < 0.01), after adjusting for confounders. An increase of 1 dm/s was associated with a 0.91 (95% CI = 0.53, 1.29) increase in SI. This relationship for most subgroups is consistent. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that UWS can be a sensitive indicator of calcaneal bone loss among an older population.

Octalithium, Tetrasodium, and Decalithium Compounds Based on Pyrrolyl Ligands: Synthesis, Structures, and Activation of the C-H Bonds of Pyrrolyl Rings and C═N Bonds of a Series of Ligands by Organolithium Reagents.

The organometallic compounds of lithium ions have garnered continuous interest as indispensable precursors for the syntheses of organometallic complexes of main-group metals, transition metals, lanthanide metals, and actinide metals. In this work, we present a strategy for the preparation of a series of polynuclear lithium complexes. This methodology features the utilization of organolithium reagents both as metal sources to coordinate with the ligands and as nucleophilic reagents to undergo nucleophilic addition to the C═N bonds of the ligands. Reaction of a ligand HL1 [HL1 = 2-(((1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)amino)phenol] with n-BuLi produced complex [Li8(L1a)4]·1.5Tol (1·1.5Tol) [H2L1a = 2-((1-(1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pentyl)amino)phenol]. One prominent feature regarding the formation of 1·1.5Tol is the occurrence of nucleophilic addition of n-BuLi to the C═N bond of HL1, leading to the generation of a new [L1a]2- ligand that contains both aminophenol and 1-(2-pyrrolyl)alkylamine scaffolds. The developed protocol can be adapted to a series of organolithium reagents. Compounds [Li8(L1b)4] (2) and [Li8(L1c)4] (3) were afforded by treatment of HL1 with sec-BuLi and LiCH2SiMe3, respectively. Reaction of an analogous ligand HL2 [HL2 = 2-(((1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)amino)-4-methylphenol] with n-BuLi generated compound [Li8(L2a)4] (4). C═N bond activation was not observed in the reaction of HL1 with NaOtBu, and the complex [Na4(L1)4]·Tol (5·Tol) was obtained. A decanuclear complex [Li10(L3a)2(L3b)2] (6) was also prepared via the reaction of HL3 [HL3 = 2-(2-((((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)amino)methyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine] with t-BuLi. A remarkable feature in terms of the synthesis of 6 is the simultaneous occurrence of hydrogen atom abstraction from the C-H bond of the pyrrolyl ring and nucleophilic addition to the C═N bond of the HL3 ligand by t-BuLi. A series of amines containing biologically and physiologically important moieties were achieved by hydrolysis of the crude products from the reactions of the HL1-HL3 ligands and organolithium reagents. This work provides an efficient approach to high-nuclearity lithium compounds as well as a series of amines.

Triple quantitative detection of three inflammatory biomarkers with a biotin-streptavidin-phycoerythrin based lateral flow immunoassay.

Quantified inflammatory biomarkers are effective clinical strategy for correct and reasonable drug treatment. In the study, a triple lateral flow immunoassay (triple LFIA) had firstly been developed for specific and simultaneous detection of three pivotal inflammatory biomarkers (PCT, CRP and SAA) via biotin-streptavidin-phycoerythrin signal amplification system in one strip. The developed triple LFIA adopted phycoerythrin (PE) as chromophore to eliminate auto-fluorescence interference from plasma biomolecules and anti-PE mAb as single control line to reduce the nonspecific adsorption, which featured particular advantages in high sensitivity and specificity in a large range of analyte concentrations with the LODs of 0.106 ng/mL for PCT, 0.345 µg/mL for CRP and 3.112 µg/mL SAA, respectively. And the linear quantitative detection ranges were from 0.106 to 100 ng/mL, from 0.345 to 200 µg/mL, and from 3.112 to 200 µg/mL, respectively. Compared to commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay method, the correlations for tested PCT, CRP and SAA in 108 clinical samples were 0.989, 0.987 and 0.988, respectively. In summary, we had proposed a rapid and accurate plasma detection to measure inflammation factors, which facilitated the clinical value to achieve precise treatment.

Mixed conjugated linoleic acid sex-dependently reverses high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance via the gut-adipose axis.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. However, the effects of CLA on inflammation and glucose metabolism are controversial. The underlying mechanisms governing the gut microbiota and sexual dimorphisms have also not been elucidated. The present study assessed the effect of CLA on glucose and lipid metabolism in established obesity and examined the mechanism of action based on gut microbiota. Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks to induce obesity. The diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were fed an HFD supplemented with mixed CLA (50% cis-9, trans-11 isomer and 50% trans-10, cis-12 isomers, 0.2% wt/wt) for 15 weeks. CLA supplementation remarkably reversed body weight in both sexes. CLA favored anti-inflammatory microbiota in male mice, mediating increased short-chain fatty acids and decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, which alleviated global inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity via inhibition of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway in adipose tissue. CLA promoted the growth of hydrogen sulfide-producing Desulfovibrio and the release of LPS in female mice, which aggravated adipose inflammation and insulin resistance. Although CLA impaired glucose metabolism in females, brown adipose tissue was significantly activated with browning of white adipose tissue in both sexes, which led to enhanced energy expenditure. Fecal transplantation from CLA-treated mice to DIO mice mimicked the sex-dependent phenotype. In conclusion, CLA decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure but sex-dependently modulated insulin resistance via the gut-adipose axis.

The association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on a baseline data from randomized controlled trial by cluster sampling(including 128 preschoolers, 70 boys, 58girls).The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, and 20 m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy. RESULTS: A total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (ß=-2.49 ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (ß=-12.04 ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20 m shuttle run test and reaction time (ß=-23.28 ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (ß=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance (ß=-267.25 ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20 m shuttle run test (ß=-215.58 ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile. CONCLUSIONS: Negative relationships between HPFT and RT of the inhibitory control were observed in preschoolers. To have better inhibitory control, it's suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249. These findings are of great significance for the early improvement of HPFT and the development of inhibitory control in preschool children.

148-W single-frequency Nd:YAG Innoslab µs-amplifier at 1064†nm with high efficiency.

In this paper, a single-frequency quasi-continuous-wave partially pumped slab (Innoslab) amplifier at 1064 nm is reported. The 4.4-W single-frequency seed laser was amplified to 148.1 W with optical-optical efficiency of 30.4%. The output pulse duration was 141.4 µs at the repetition of 500 Hz. The beam quality factors of M2 were 1.41 and 1.37 in the horizontal and vertical direction respectively. The experimental results match well with the numerical simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on single-frequency Nd:YAG Innoslab amplifier with such a high output power and efficiency.

300 W two-stage Nd:YAG Innoslab microsecond amplifier.

In this paper, a two-stage partially pumped slab (Innoslab) microsecond amplifier at 1064 nm is reported. The 4.4-W single-frequency seed laser is amplified to 303.6 W, with an overall optical-optical efficiency of 25.7%. The overlapping efficiency of the first- and second- amplifier stage is 67% and 55.6%, respectively. The pulse width is 145.0 µs, at a repetition rate of 500 Hz, and the beam quality factor of M2 is 1.84 and 1.71 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. With higher overlap between the pump volume and the seed laser mode, the output power and optical-optical efficiency can be further improved.

Comparison of therapeutic effects between artificial dermis combined with autologous split-thickness skin grafting and autologous intermediate-thickness skin grafting alone in severely burned patients: A prospective randomised study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of artificial dermis combined with autologous split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) compared with autologous intermediate-thickness skin grafting (ITSG) alone in severely burned patients. Fifty-six severely burned patients admitted to our hospital from December 2017 to January 2019 were enrolled and evenly grouped according to the random number table method [AD-STSG group: 28 patients, receiving the treatment of artificial dermis (AD) combined with autologous STSG; ITSG group: 28 patients, receiving autologous ITSG treatment alone]. The healing time and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score of the donor area and graft area, survival rate and infection status of the autologous skin, psychological status (determined by Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Self-rating Depression Scale), and the activity of functional parts of all enrolled patients were included in the evaluation. General items of patients in AD-STSG group and ITSG group, including age, sex, and degree of burn, were all comparable. A significantly shortened healing time of donor skin in AD-STSG group was observed when compared with ITSG group (P < .05) while the recipient skin healed in the same tendency between the two groups. In addition, 21 days after the operation, AD-STSG group presented with significantly higher survival rate of graft skin than ITSG group (P < .05) while same infection status was observed in the two groups. Significantly lower VSS scores were found in AD-STSG group than that in ITSG group 3-, 6- and 10-months after operation (P < .05). Statistical difference regarding psychological status of patients from two groups was unobservable before operation while significantly lower Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores were found in AD-STSG group than that in ITSG group 3-, 6- and 10-months after operation (P < .05). Also, AD-STSG group presented improved mobility of functional part than that in ITSG group 10-months after operation without statistical difference (P = .051). Artificial dermis combined with autologous split-thickness skin grafting showed better therapeutic outcomes for the treatment of severely burned patients than autologous intermediate-thickness skin grafting in terms of graft healing time, scar formation, psychological recovery, and perhaps in functional reconstruction.

Horizontal Transfer of a Retrotransposon from the Rice Planthopper to the Genome of an Insect DNA Virus.

Horizontal transfer of genetic materials between virus and host has been frequently identified. Three rice planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, and Sogatella furcifera, are agriculturally important insects because they are destructive rice pests and also the vector of a number of phytopathogenic viruses. In this study, we discovered that a small region (∼300 nucleotides [nt]) of the genome of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6; genus Iridovirus, family Iridoviridae), a giant DNA virus that infects invertebrates but is not known to infect planthoppers, is highly homologous to the sequences present in high copy numbers in these three planthopper genomes. These sequences are related to the short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), a class of non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (retroposons), suggesting a horizontal transfer event of a transposable element from the rice planthopper genome to the IIV-6 genome. In addition, a number of planthopper transcripts mapped to these rice planthopper SINE-like sequences (RPSlSs) were identified and appear to be transcriptionally regulated along the different developmental stages of planthoppers. Small RNAs derived from these RPSlSs are predominantly 26 to 28 nt long, which is a typical characteristic of PIWI-interacting RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that IIV-6 acquires a SINE-like retrotransposon from S. furcifera after the evolutionary divergence of the three rice planthoppers. This study provides further examples of the horizontal transfer of an insect transposon to virus and suggests the association of rice planthoppers with iridoviruses in the past or present.IMPORTANCE This study provides an example of the horizontal transfer event from a rice planthopper genome to an IIV-6 genome. A small region of the IIV-6 genome (∼300 nt) is highly homologous to the sequences presented in high copy numbers of three rice planthopper genomes that are related to the SINEs, a class of retroposons. The expression of these planthopper SINE-like sequences was confirmed, and corresponding Piwi-interacting RNA-like small RNAs were identified and comprehensively characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the giant invertebrate iridovirus IIV-6 obtains this SINE-related sequence from Sogatella furcifera through a horizontal transfer event in the past. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a horizontal transfer event between a planthopper and a giant DNA virus and also is the first evidence for the eukaryotic origin of genetic material in iridoviruses.

Uncommon nornardosinane, seconeolemnane and related sesquiterpenoids from Xisha soft coral Litophyton nigrum.

Three new nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids linardosinenes A-C (1-3) and four new neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoids lineolemnenes A-D (4-7), together with the related known compound 4-acetoxy-2,8-neolemnadien-5-one (8), were isolated from the Xisha soft coral Litophyton nigrum. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data, in association withmodified Mosher's method and ECD calculations for configurational assignments and the absolute configuration of8was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time. Structurally uncommon nornardosinane and seconeolemnane skeletons for compounds 1 and 7, respectively, are rare carbon frameworks in naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids. The absolute configurations of 1, 7, and 8 were determined by modified Mosher's method, TDDFT ECD approach, and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively. This is the first chemical study of L. nigrum and the first report of nornardosinane, seconeolemnane and related sesquiterpenoids from the genus Litophyton. The isolates 1-7 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 cell lines and inhibitory activities against PTP1B, BRD4, HDAC1 and HDAC6 protein kinases. The results indicated that compounds 2-5 inhibited proliferation of human cancer cells. However, none of them were potent inhibitors of protein kinases.

Molecular insight into the selective binding between human telomere G-quadruplex and a negatively charged stabilizer.

The single-strand human telomere overhang forms intramolecular high-order structures named G-quadruplex (G4) under physiological conditions. Telomere G4 stabilization prevents telomere lengthening by telomerase in cancer cells representing a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, specific binding of the anionic phthalocyanine 3,4',4'',4'''-tetrasulfonic acid (APC) to the human hybrid (3 + 1) G4s was investigated at the atomic level. We found that APC preferred the end-stacking binding with the telomere hybrid type II (hybrid-II) G4 as compared to the groove binding with the hybrid type I (hybrid-I) G4 remarkable stabilizing effect and more favourable binding free energies. Analysis of non-covalent interaction and decomposition of the binding free energy revealed that van der Waals interaction played a leading role in the binding of APC and telomere hybrid G4s. These findings provide evidence for the first time to shed light on the designs of selective telomere G4 stabilizers.

208 W all-solid-state sodium guide star laser operated at modulated-longitudinal mode.

A 208 W all-solid-state modulated-longitudinal-mode quasi-continuous-wave sodium guide star (SGS) laser was developed by sum-frequency of a 1064 nm laser and a 1319 nm laser. The laser contained two spectral lines separated by 1.72 GHz for re-pumping the sodium atoms. To suppress absorption saturation effect of the sodium atoms induced by the high light intensity, we used a white noise generator to modulate the 1064 nm single frequency seed laser in the frequency domain. The line width of the modulated-longitudinal-mode 589 nm laser was maximally broadened to 0.74 GHz compared to the initial line width of ~0.30 GHz. A bright SGS with photon return flux of 56800 photons/s/cm2 during the pulse length was obtained.

Actinomadura craniellae sp. nov., isolated from a marine sponge in the South China Sea.

A novel marine actinomycete, designated LHW63021T, was isolated from a marine sponge, genus Craniella, collected in the South China Sea. A polyphasic approach was applied to characterize the taxonomic position of this strain. The strain was found to have scarce aerial mycelia that differentiated into spore chains. The cell-wall hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. Glucose, galactose, mannose and madurose were found in the whole-cell hydrolysates. The dominant polar lipids were phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8) were the predominant menaquinones. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C18 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω9c. The DNA G+C content based on the draft genome sequence was 72.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain LHW63021T was a member of the genus Actinomadura and had the highest similarity to Actinomadura echinospora DSM 43163T (97.3 %). Phylogenetic trees supported their close relationship. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the whole genome sequences of strain LHW63021T and A. echinospora DSM 43163T were 79.13 and 23.20 %, respectively. The evidence from the polyphasic study shows that strain LHW63021T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura craniellae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LHW63021T (=DSM 106125T=CCTCC AA 2018015T).

Micromonospora craniellae sp. nov., isolated from a marine sponge, and reclassification of Jishengella endophytica as Micromonospora endophytica comb. nov.

A novel marine actinomycete, designated LHW63014T, isolated from a marine sponge, Craniella species, collected in the South China Sea, was examined using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain LHW63014T showed highest similarities to Jishengella endophytica 202201T (98.9 %), Micromonospora olivasterospora DSM 43868T (98.7 %), Micromonospora maris AB-18-032T (98.6 %) and Micromonospora gifhornensis DSM 44337T (98.6 %). Phylogenetic analyses of the family Micromonosporaceae based on the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences indicated that strain LHW63014T and J. endophytica 202201T located within the genus Micromonospora. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics confirmed their affiliation to the genus Micromonospora. Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results, strain LHW63014T could be distinguished from its closest taxa, representing a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora craniellae sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain LHW63014T (=DSM 106193T=CCTCC AA 2018012T). It is also proposed that J. endophytica be transferred to genus Micromonospora as Micromonospora endophytica comb. nov. (type strain 202201T =CGMCC 4.5597T=DSM 45430T).

Streptomyces reniochalinae sp. nov. and Streptomyces diacarni sp. nov., from marine sponges.

Two marine actinomycete strains, LHW50302T and LHW51701T, were isolated from marine sponges collected in Sansha, Hainan Province, China. The morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics were consistent with their classification in the genus Streptomyces. The strains formed hooked and looped chains of arthrospores with smooth surfaces. The cell-wall hydrolysates of the strains contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. MK-9(H8) was the predominant menaquinone. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Major fatty acids of the strains were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strains clustered together with Streptomyces albus CGMCC 4.1640T and Streptomyces qinglanensis CGMCC 4.6825T. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) confirmed their relationship. Genome relatedness in forms of average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization value and MLSA evolutionary distance between each of the strains and its closest relatives showed that they belonged to distinct species. On the basis of these results, strains LHW50302T and LHW51701T belong to two novel species in the genus Streptomyces, for which the names Streptomyces reniochalinae sp. nov. (type strain LHW50302T=CCTCC AA 2018013T=DSM 106194T) and Streptomyces diacarni sp. nov. (type strain LHW51701T=CCTCC AA 2018017T=DSM 106126T) are proposed, respectively.