Cordycepin suppresses steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression by reducing SP1 in human granulosa-lutein cells.

In brief: Cordycepin (COR), a compound derived from Cordyceps, is recognized as an adenosine analog with numerous beneficial effects on human health. However, its impact on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression in ovarian granulosa cells is not well understood. This study demonstrates that COR downregulates STAR expression by reducing the expression of the SP1 transcription factor. Abstract: Cordycepin (COR), a pure compound of Cordyceps, is known as an adenosine analog that exerts many beneficial effects on human health. The steroidogenesis mediated by ovarian granulosa cells is pivotal in maintaining normal female reproductive function. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) regulates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. COR has been shown to stimulate STAR expression in mouse Leydig cells, the steroidogenic cells in the testes. However, the effect of COR on STAR expression in ovarian granulosa cells remains undetermined. In the present study, we show that treatment with COR downregulates STAR expression in a steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN, and primary culture of human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells obtained from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. We used specific adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists, and our results reveal that the inhibitory effect of COR on STAR expression is mediated by AR-A1, AR-A2A, and AR-A3. In both KGN and primary hGL cells, COR activates ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, but only activation of ERK1/2 is required for the COR-induced downregulation of STAR expression. In addition, our results demonstrate that COR downregulates STAR expression by reducing the expression of the SP1 transcription factor. These results provide a better understanding of the biological function of COR on STAR expression in the ovary, which may lead to the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for female reproductive disorders.

DFT Study on the Janus ZrSSe Monolayer for Its Potential Application in NO Gas Sensing.

The growth of industry has resulted in increased global air pollution, necessitating the urgent development of highly sensitive gas detectors. In this work, the adsorption of the Janus ZrSSe monolayer for CO, CO2, NH3, NO, NO2, and O2 was studied by first-principles calculations. First, the stability of the ZrSSe monolayer is confirmed through calculations of cohesive energy and AIMD simulations. Furthermore, the calculations indicate that the Se layer exhibits higher selectivity and sensitivity toward gas molecules compared to the S layer. Specifically, among the gases adsorbed on the Se layer, NO has the shortest adsorption distance (1.804 Å), the lowest adsorption energy (-0.424 eV), and the greatest electron transfer (0.098 e). Additionally, density of states analysis reveals that adsorption of NO, NO2, and O2 on the Janus ZrSSe monolayer can induce a transition from a nonmagnetic to a magnetic state. The adsorption of NO not only alters the magnetic state but also induces a transition from a semiconductor to metal, which is highly advantageous for gas sensing applications. There results suggest that the Janus ZrSSe monolayer has the potential to serve as a highly sensitive detector for NO gas.

Regulating Intermolecular Interactions and Film Formation Kinetics for Record Efficiency in Difluorobenzothiadizole-Based Organic Solar Cells.

The difluorobenzothiadizole (ffBT) unit is one of the most classic electron-accepting building blocks used to construct D-A copolymers for applications in organic solar cells (OSCs). Historically, ffBT-based polymers have achieved record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in fullerene-based OSCs owing to their strong temperature-dependent aggregation (TDA) characteristics. However, their excessive miscibility and rapid aggregation kinetics during film formation have hindered their performance with state-of-the-art non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Herein, we synthesized two ffBT-based copolymers, PffBT-2T and PffBT-4T, incorporating different π-bridges to modulate intermolecular interactions and aggregation tendencies. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that PffBT-4T exhibits reduced electrostatic potential differences and miscibility with L8-BO compared to PffBT-2T. This facilitates improved phase separation in the active layer, leading to enhanced molecular packing and optimized morphology. Moreover, PffBT-4T demonstrated a prolonged nucleation and crystal growth process, leading to enhanced molecular packing and optimized morphology. Consequently, PffBT-4T-based devices achieved a remarkable PCE of 17.5 %, setting a new record for ffBT-based photovoltaic polymers. Our findings underscore the importance of conjugate backbone modulation in controlling aggregation behavior and film formation kinetics, providing valuable insights for the design of high-performance polymer donors in organic photovoltaics.

Over 19 % Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Manipulating the Intermolecular Interactions through Side Chain Fluorine Functionalization.

Fluorine side chain functionalization of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) represents an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, a knowledge gap persists regarding the relationship between structural changes induced by fluorine functionalization and the resultant impact on device performance. In this work, varying amounts of fluorine atoms were introduced into the outer side chains of Y-series NFAs to construct two acceptors named BTP-F0 and BTP-F5. Theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that side-chain fluorination significantly increase the overall average electrostatic potential (ESP) and charge balance factor, thereby effectively improving the ESP-induced intermolecular electrostatic interaction, and thus precisely tuning the molecular packing and bulk-heterojunction morphology. Therefore, the BTP-F5-based OSC exhibited enhanced crystallinity, domain purity, reduced domain spacing, and optimized phase distribution in the vertical direction. This facilitates exciton diffusion, suppresses charge recombination, and improves charge extraction. Consequently, the promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.3 % and 19.2 % were achieved in BTP-F5-based binary and ternary devices, respectively, surpassing the PCE of 16.1 % for BTP-F0-based OSCs. This work establishes a structure-performance relationship and demonstrates that fluorine functionalization of the outer side chains of Y-series NFAs is a compelling strategy for achieving ideal phase separation for highly efficient OSCs.

Cu- and Al-Decorated Monolayer TiSe2 for Enhanced Gas Detection Sensitivity: A DFT Study.

The rapid industrial development has contributed to worsening global pollution, necessitating the urgent development of highly sensitive, cost-effective, and portable gas sensors. In this work, the adsorption of CO, CO2, H2S, NH3, NO, NO2, O2, and SO2 gas molecules on pristine and Cu- and Al-decorated monolayer TiSe2 has been investigated based on first-principles calculations. First, the results of the phonon spectrum and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that TiSe2 is dynamically stable. In addition, compared to pristine TiSe2 (-0.029 to -0.154 eV), the adsorption energy of gas molecules (excluding CO2) significantly decreased after decorated with Cu or Al (-0.212 to -0.977 eV in Cu-decorated TiSe2, -0.438 to -2.896 eV in Al-decorated TiSe2). Among them, NH3 and NO2 have the lowest adsorption energies in Cu and Al-decorated TiSe2, respectively. Further research has shown that the decrease in adsorption energy of gas molecules is mainly due to orbital hybridization and charge transfer between decorated Cu and Al atoms and gas molecules. These findings suggest that TiSe2 decorated with Cu and Al can effectively improve its sensitivity to NH3 and NO2, respectively, making it promising in gas sensing applications.

Analytic expressions for correlations in coarse-grained simple fluids.

Coarse-graining of fluids is challenging because fluid particles are unbound and diffuse long distances in time. One approach creates coarse-grain variables that group all particles within a region centered on specific points in space and accounts for the movement of particles among such regions. In our previous work, we showed that in many cases, potential interactions for such a scheme adopted a generalized quadratic form, whose parameters depend on means, variances, and correlation coefficients among the coarse-grain variables. In this work, we use statistical mechanics to derive analytic expressions for these parameters, using properties of the fluid, including pair distribution functions. These expressions are compared against simulation-derived values and shown to be in good agreement. This approach can be used to calculate a priori the potential for any homogeneous, simple fluid, without the need for fitting procedures or matching, thus increasing the ease of use of this coarse-grain scheme and creating a foundation for large-scale bottom-up simulations. Furthermore, these expressions provide a quantitative way of studying the boundary between discrete (atomic) and continuum models of fluids.

Conservative Potentials for a Lattice-Mapped, Coarse-Grain Scheme with Fuzzy Switching Functions.

We extend our previous work (Luo, S.; Thachuk, M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2021, 125, 64866497) on determining conservative potentials for lattice-like, coarse-grain (CG) mapping schemes to the case where the boundaries between different spatial regions are not sharply defined but are fuzzy. In other words, the system is divided into interpenetrating "subcells" such that atomistic particles continuously change their memberships as they move through space. This is done by using fuzzy switching functions to define overlapping regions between subcells with fractional particle occupations. In this case, a full mass matrix is required to describe the system, and its off-diagonal elements are nonzero and contribute to the CG potential. As the overlapping region increases in size, we observe the mass distribution transitions from a discrete spectrum, through an intermediate state, and finally to a continuous Gaussian-like function. We interpret this as a quantitative measure for signaling when a continuum-theory description of the system is appropriate. Nonzero correlations among all CG variables are calculated and are found to depend strongly on the degree of overlap. In particular, those for the diagonal mass elements decrease in magnitude, and there exists a specific value of the overlap for which the correlations are zero. Other correlations are strong only when the overlap is quite large, so there is a trade-off between the complexity of the interactions in the system and the degree of fuzziness between the subcells. However, if the number of particles in a subcell is large enough and the overlap is moderate, then the CG potential is found to be well-approximated by a generalized quadratic function. These results demonstrate the transition between atomistic and continuum resolutions in a system and have implications for designing CG schemes with mixed atomistic and continuum character.

Salicylic Acid Enhances Cadmium Tolerance and Reduces Its Shoot Accumulation in Fagopyrum tataricum Seedlings by Promoting Root Cadmium Retention and Mitigating Oxidative Stress.

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination seriously reduces the production and product quality of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), and strategies are urgently needed to mitigate these adverse influences. Herein, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on Tartary buckwheat seedlings grown in Cd-contaminated soil in terms of Cd tolerance and accumulation. The results showed that 75-100 µmol L-1 SA treatment enhanced the Cd tolerance of Tartary buckwheat, as reflected by the significant increase in plant height and root and shoot biomass, as well as largely mitigated oxidative stress. Moreover, 100 µmol L-1 SA considerably reduced the stem and leaf Cd concentration by 60% and 47%, respectively, which is a consequence of increased root biomass and root Cd retention with promoted Cd partitioning into cell wall and immobile chemical forms. Transcriptome analysis also revealed the upregulation of the genes responsible for cell wall biosynthesis and antioxidative activities in roots, especially secondary cell wall synthesis. The present study determines that 100 µmol L-1 is the best SA concentration for reducing Cd accumulation and toxicity in Tartary buckwheat and indicates the important role of root in Cd stress in this species.

In situ cell electrospun using a portable handheld electrospinning apparatus for the repair of wound healing in rats.

Slow or non-healing wounds caused by full-thickness skin wounds of various origins have become a difficult challenge in clinical wound treatment. In particular, large full-thickness skin wounds often lead to serious chronic skin wounds that do not heal. Electrospinning technology and stem cell treatment for wound repair have attracted much attention due to its unique advantages. In the current study， we electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) by a handheld electrospinning device, the distribution and interaction of cells and fibres were determined by light and electron microscopy and the cell viability and proliferation were determined by live/dead cell staining. The tissues were analysed by histology with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining. We found that the fibres were distributed uniformly and BMSCs were distributed between the fibres. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests proved its good biocompatibility. Histological staining shows it can accelerate wound healing and appendages regeneration by promoting granulation tissue repair. The instant PVA/stem cell fibres prepared by a handheld electrospinning device strongly promote the repair of full-thickness skin wounds in rats. The proposed electrospinning technology is expected to have great potential in household, outdoor and battlefield first aid.

Precise Control of Selenium Functionalization in Non-Fullerene Acceptors Enabling High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells.

Central π-core engineering of non-fullerene small molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs) is effective in boosting the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Especially, selenium (Se) functionalization of NF-SMAs is considered a promising strategy but the structure-performance relationship remains unclear. Here, we synthesize two isomeric alkylphenyl-substituted selenopheno[3,2-b]thiophene-based NF-SMAs named mPh4F-TS and mPh4F-ST with different substitution positions, and contrast them with the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-based analogue, mPh4F-TT. When placing Se atoms at the outer positions of the π-core, mPh4F-TS shows the most red-shifted absorption and compact molecular stacking. The PM6 : mPh4F-TS devices exhibit excellent absorption, high charge carrier mobility, and reduced energy loss. Consequently, PM6 : mPh4F-TS achieves more balanced photovoltaic parameters and yields an efficiency of 18.05 %, which highlights that precisely manipulating selenium functionalization is a practicable way toward high-efficiency OSCs.

Conservative Potentials for a Lattice-Mapped Coarse-Grained Scheme.

The conservative potential, arising from a coarse-grain (CG) mapping scheme for nonbonded atomistic particles, is studied. This is a bottom-up approach from first-principles that maps atomistic particles to fluid element-like subcells whose centers lie on a regular, cubic lattice. Unlike standard CG mapping schemes, the current one uses dynamic labeling which on-the-fly changes the CG labels of the particles. The subcells can also be different sizes and shapes, in principle. Equilibrium atomistic molecular dynamics trajectories for different Lennard-Jones fluids are calculated and converted to CG ones, from which CG probability distribution functions are calculated. Correlation studies show position and mass CG variables are uncoupled in a given subcell, as are different vector components of position. Furthermore, the strongest coupling occurs with neighboring cells in specific directions, and the resulting distribution is well described by a multivariate Gaussian. This implies the CG potential has a generalized quadratic form, whose derivative can be determined analytically. A microscopic rationalization is provided for the signs and relative magnitudes of different correlation coefficients, and in some cases, a connection is made with bulk properties of the fluid. We argue the generalized quadratic form should be robust to changes in the particulars of the CG scheme, as well as the nature of the atomistic intermolecular potential. Only a few potential parameters need to be calculated from the underlying atomistic system. This is significant because it indicates the transferability of this form to other, more complex systems. This transferability will be tested in future work, where mapping schemes with fuzzy boundaries will be considered.

Regio-Regular Polymer Acceptors Enabled by Determined Fluorination on End Groups for All-Polymer Solar Cells with 15.2 % Efficiency.

Polymerization sites of small molecule acceptors (SMAs) play vital roles in determining device performance of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Different from our recent work about fluoro- and bromo- co-modified end group of IC-FBr (a mixture of IC-FBr1 and IC-FBr2), in this paper, we synthesized and purified two regiospecific fluoro- and bromo- substituted end groups (IC-FBr-o & IC-FBr-m), which were then employed to construct two regio-regular polymer acceptors named PYF-T-o and PYF-T-m, respectively. In comparison with its isomeric counterparts named PYF-T-m with different conjugated coupling sites, PYF-T-o exhibits stronger and bathochromic absorption to achieve better photon harvesting. Meanwhile, PYF-T-o adopts more ordered inter-chain packing and suitable phase separation after blending with the donor polymer PM6, which resulted in suppressed charge recombination and efficient charge transport. Strikingly, we observed a dramatic performance difference between the two isomeric polymer acceptors PYF-T-o and PYF-T-m. While devices based on PM6:PYF-T-o can yield power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2 %, devices based on PM6:PYF-T-m only show poor efficiencies of 1.4 %. This work demonstrates the success of configuration-unique fluorinated end groups in designing high-performance regular polymer acceptors, which provides guidelines towards developing all-PSCs with better efficiencies.

Dynamic Network Activation of Hypothalamic MCH Neurons in REM Sleep and Exploratory Behavior.

Most brain neurons are active in waking, but hypothalamic neurons that synthesize the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are claimed to be active only during sleep, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here we use deep-brain imaging to identify changes in fluorescence of the genetically encoded calcium (Ca2+) indicator GCaMP6 in individual hypothalamic neurons that contain MCH. An in vitro electrophysiology study determined a strong relationship between depolarization and Ca2+ fluorescence in MCH neurons. In 10 freely behaving MCH-cre mice (male and female), the highest fluorescence occurred in all recorded neurons (n = 106) in REM sleep relative to quiet waking or non-REM sleep. Unexpectedly, 70% of the MCH neurons had strong fluorescence activity when the mice explored novel objects. Spatial and temporal mapping of the change in fluorescence between pairs of MCH neurons revealed dynamic activation of MCH neurons during REM sleep and activation of a subset of the same neurons during exploratory behavior. Functional network activity maps will facilitate comparisons of not only single-neuron activity, but also network responses in different conditions and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Functional activity maps identify brain circuits responding to specific behaviors, including rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), a sleep phase when the brain is as active as in waking. To provide the first activity map of individual neurons during REM sleep, we use deep-brain calcium imaging in unrestrained mice to map the activity of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. MCH neurons were found to be synchronously active during REM sleep, and also during the exploration of novel objects. Spatial mapping revealed dynamic network activation during REM sleep and activation of a subset of the neurons during exploratory behavior. Functional activity maps at the cellular level in specific behaviors, including sleep, are needed to establish a brain connectome.

One-pot synthesized Bi2Te3/graphene for a self-powered photoelectrochemical-type photodetector.

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) is a typical topological insulator, which possesses a narrow band gap and exhibits fascinating performance in the photodetector field. In this work, we fabricated a Bi2Te3/graphene heterostructure via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared composites were used as the electrode materials for the photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector. From the results of PEC tests, we obviously found that the Bi2Te3/graphene heterostructure offers a remarkable improvement in photoresponse compared to that of sole Bi2Te3, and effectively demonstrates effective photocarrier generation and transfer at the interface between the graphene and Bi2Te3, which can enhance the properties of the photoresponse. Moreover, owing to the self-powered ability of the PEC-type photodetector, it can work under the bias potential of 0 V and exhibits a prominent photoresponse which can reach 2.2 mA W-1. Also, the photocurrent density of the prepared Bi2Te3/graphene heterostructure-based photodetector can almost linearly rise with the increased irradiation power density. Even if the light intensity was reduced to 40 mW cm-2, the photocurrent density could also reach 67 µA cm-2, which ensures the photodetection ability of the as-prepared Bi2Te3/graphene under low light intensity. The excellent performance of a Bi2Te3/graphene heterostructure for a PEC-type photodetector holds great promise in the field of photoelectric detection.

MicroRNA-18a modulates P53 expression by targeting IRF2 in gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: MicroRNA-18a (miR-18a) has been reported to be upregulated in gastric cancer (GC) tissues compared with normal gastric tissues. However, little is known about its prognostic value and biological roles. METHODS: In this study, miR-18a expression in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues was validated by in situ hybridization, and the predictive values of miR-18a were explored. The biological roles of miR-18a and the underlying signal pathway were investigated in GC cell lines. RESULTS: Overexpressed intra-tumoral miR-18a was associated with poor survival rate and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival rate (P < 0.001) in GC patients. Forced expression of miR-18a remarkably enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in GC cells, while inhibition of miR-18a caused the opposite effects. Further study showed that miR-18a suppressed the expression of interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) by directly binding to its 3'-untranslated region. Moreover, miR-18a expression levels are inversely correlated with IRF2 in human GC tissues. Western blot showed that forced expression of miR-18a could not only downregulate the expression of IRF2, but also inhibit the expression of P53, suggesting that IRF2 might play as a tumor suppressor by regulating P53 signaling in GC. CONCLUSION: miR-18a modulated P53 expression by directly targeting IRF2 and had a high predictive value for prognosis of GAC patients. These results may lead to identification of therapeutic candidates of GC.

Formation of ripples in atomically thin MoS2 and local strain engineering of electrostatic properties.

Ripple is a common deformation in two-dimensional materials due to localized strain, which is expected to greatly influence the physical properties. The effects of the ripple deformation in the MoS2 layer on their physics, however, are rarely addressed experimentally. We here grow atomically thin MoS2 nanostructures by employing a vapor phase deposition method without any catalyst and observed the ripples in MoS2 nanostructures. The MoS2 ripples exhibit quasi-periodical ripple structures in the MoS2 surface. The heights of the ripples vary from several angstroms to tens of nanometers and the wavelength is in the range of several hundred nanometers. The growth mechanism of rippled MoS2 nanostructures is elucidated. We have also simultaneously investigated the electrostatic properties of MoS2 ripples by using Kelvin probe force microscopy, which shows inhomogeneous surface potential and charge distributions for MoS2 ripple nanostructures with different local strains.

[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 activation promotes the apoptosis of lung carcinoma A549 cells in vitro].

This study aims to detect the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in lung carcinoma A549 cells, and to investigate the effects of mGluR8 and mGluR4 activation on the growth of A549 cells in vitro. The mRNA expression levels of the 8 subtypes of mGluRs in A549 cells were determined by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the protein expression of mGluR4 and mGluR8 in A549 cells and lung tissue sections obtained from lung adenocarcinoma patients. To observe the effects of mGluR8 and mGluR4 activation on the growth of A549 cells, the cultured cells were treated with (S)-3,4-DCPG (an agonist of mGluR8) and VU0155041 (an agonist of mGluR4), respectively, and then the cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 kit, the percentage of DNA synthesis was detected by EdU incorporation, and the apoptosis of the cells was measured by hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. The results showed that there were low expressions of mGluR1, mGluR5, mGluR6, mGluR7 mRNA, no expression of mGluR2 and mGluR3 mRNA, and high expressions of mGluR8 and mGluR4 mRNA in A549 cells. Accordingly, there were also mGluR4 and mGluR8 protein expressions in the A549 cells and the lung adenocarcinoma tissue sections. VU0155041 had no effect on the growth of A549 cells, but (S)-3,4-DCPG significantly decreased the cells' growth in a dose-dependent manner and increased the apoptosis of the cells. The results revealed a role of mGluR8 in the growth and apoptosis of A549 cells and suggested a potential target for clinical treatment of lung cancer.

Intelligent and Bioactive Osseointegration of the Implanted Piezoelectric Bone Cement with the Host Bone Is Realized by Biomechanical Energy.

Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is widely used in orthopedic surgeries, including total hip/knee arthroplasty and vertebral compression fracture treatment. However, loosening due to bone resorption is a common mid-to-late complication. Therefore, developing bioactive bone cement that promotes bone growth and integration is key to reducing aseptic loosening. In this study, we developed a piezoelectric bone cement comprising PMMA and BaTiO3 with excellent electrobioactivity and further analyzed its ability to promote bone integration. Experiments demonstrate that the PMMA and 15 wt % BaTiO3 cement generated an open-circuit voltage of 37.109 V under biomimetic mechanical stress, which effectively promoted bone regeneration and interfacial bone integration. In vitro experiments showed that the protein expression levels of ALP and RUNX-2 in the 0.65 Hz and 20 min group increased by 1.74 times and 2.31 times. In vivo experiments confirmed the osteogenic ability of PMMA and 15 wt % BaTiO3, with the increment of bone growth in the non-movement and movement groups being 4.67 and 4.64 times, respectively, at the second month after surgery. Additionally, Fluo-4 AM fluorescence staining and protein blotting experiments verified that PMMA and 15 wt % BaTiO3 electrical stimulation promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating calcium-sensitive receptors and increasing calcium ion inflow by 1.41 times when the stimulation reached 30 min. Therefore, piezoelectric bioactive PMMA and 15 wt % BaTiO3 cement has excellent application value in orthopedic surgery systems where stress transmission is prevalent.

Sonographic and clinicopathologic features of metaplastic breast carcinoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma: a comparative single-center cohort study.

Background: The rarity of metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) has resulted in limited sonographic data. Given the inferior prognosis of MBC compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), accurate preoperative differentiation between the two is imperative for effective treatment planning and prognostic prediction. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of MBC and differentiate it from IDC by analyzing sonographic and clinicopathologic features. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 197 women comprising 200 IDC lesions were enrolled between January 2012 and December 2021 and 20 women comprising 20 pure MBC lesions were enrolled between January 2019 and December 2019. A comparison was made between the sonographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of MBC and IDC. Results: The results indicated that patients with MBC had a higher proportion of tumor grade 3 (95.0% vs. 32.5%; P<0.001), high Ki-67 expression (100.0% vs. 75.0%; P<0.001), and the triple-negative subtype (90.0% vs. 13.0%; P<0.001) as compared to those with IDC. On ultrasound (US) findings, MBC lesions tended to have a larger size (≥5 cm: 45.0% vs. 1.5%; P<0.001), regular shape (45.0% vs. 1.5%, P<0.001), circumscribed margin (40.0% vs. 0.5%, P<0.001), a complex cystic and solid echo pattern (50.0% vs. 3.5%; P<0.001), and posterior acoustic enhancement (95.0% vs. 14.5%; P<0.001). Additionally, MBC was more likely to be misinterpreted as a benign lesion by sonographers than was IDC (30.0% vs. 4.5%; P<0.001). Multilayer perceptron analysis revealed posterior acoustic enhancement, circumscribed margins, and size as distinguishing factors between these two tumor types. The estimated rates of local recurrence, distant metastasis, and 5-year overall survival in 19 cases with MBC were found to be 10.5%, 31.6%, and 65.0%, respectively. Conclusions: MBC typically presents as a large breast mass with more benign US features in older women, findings which may facilitate its accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other breast masses.

Efficient and Stable Air-Processed Organic Solar Cells Enabled by an Antioxidant Additive.

Current high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) are generally fabricated in an inert atmosphere that limits their real-world scalable manufacturing, while the efficiencies of air-processed OSCs lag far behind. The impacts of ambient factors on solar cell fabrication remain unclear. In this work, the effects of ambient factors on cell fabrication are systematically investigated, and it is unveiled that the oxidation and doping of organic light absorbers are the dominant reasons causing cell degradation when fabricated in air. To address this issue, a new strategy for fabricating high-performance air-processed OSCs by introducing an antioxidant additive (4-bromophenylhydrazine, BPH) into the precursor solutions, is developed. BPH can effectively inhibit oxygen infiltration from the ambient to the photoactive layer and suppress trap formation caused by oxidation. Compared with conventional air-processed OSCs, this strategy remarkably increases the cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 16.7% to 19.3% (independently certified as 19.2%), representing the top value of air-processed OSCs. Furthermore, BPH significantly improves the operational stability of the cells in air by two times with a T80 lifetime of over 500 h. This study highlights the potential of using antioxidant additives to fabricate high-efficiency and stable OSCs in air, significantly promoting the industrialization of OSCs.