Safe heart flush technique during recovery from donors after circulatory death.

BACKGROUND: Donation after circulatory death is the donation after cardiac arrest. This technique has been employed and adopted by clinicians to overcome the shortage of available hearts for transplant. Warm ischemia time plays a pivotal role in the survival outcome of the heart recipients. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the efficacy of using the Foley catheter to flush the heart during procurement from donation after circulatory death donors. METHODS: We utilized a 2-WAY Foley catheter to flush the heart during procurement. The catheter was prepared and modified on the back table. RESULTS: We were successfully able to flush the heart within 3 minutes from skin incision with a good recipient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Using the Foley catheter to flush the heart during recovery from donation after circulatory death donors was both efficient and fast.

Agitation Techniques to Enhance Drainage of Retained Hemothorax.

Background. Retained hemothorax (RH) is a common problem in cardiothoracic and trauma surgery. We aimed to determine the optimum agitation technique to enhance thrombus dissolution and drainage and to apply the technique to a porcine-retained hemothorax. Methods. Three agitation techniques were tested: flush irrigation, ultrasound, and vibration. We used the techniques in a benchtop model with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and pig hemothorax with tPA. We used the most promising technique vibration in a pig hemothorax without tPA. Statistics. We used 2-sample t tests for each comparison and Cohen d tests to calculate effect size (ES). Results. In the benchtop model, mean drainages in the agitation group and control group and the ES were flush irrigation, 42%, 28%, and 2.91 (P = .10); ultrasound, 35%, 27%, and .76 (P = .30); and vibration, 28%, 19%, and 1.14 (P = .04). In the pig hemothorax with tPA, mean drainages and the ES of each agitation technique compared with control (58%) were flush irrigation, 80% and 1.14 (P = .37); ultrasound, 80% and 2.11 (P = .17); and vibration, 95% and 3.98 (P = .06). In the pig hemothorax model without tPA, mean drainages of the vibration technique and control group were 50% and 43% (ES = .29; P = .65). Discussion. In vitro studies suggested flush irrigation had the greatest effect, whereas only vibration was significantly different vs the respective controls. In vivo with tPA, vibration showed promising but not statistically significant results. Results of in vivo experiments without tPA were negative. Conclusion. Agitation techniques, in combination with tPA, may enhance drainage of hemothorax.

Electric shock-induced cardiac injuries requiring surgical intervention: Case series and a brief review.

BACKGROUND: Electric shock-induced cardiac injuries, such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and dissection, are rare. Few cases have been previously reported. The right coronary artery is most often affected because of its proximity to the chest wall. AIMS: To study the extend of electrical injuries on cardiac tissues and its surgical management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on our patients in the last five years, looking for cardiac electrical injuries treated surgically in our department, we identified three cases. RESULT: Our three-case series, reported herein, showed that multiple cardiac tissues are susceptible to electrical injuries, specifically the left coronary artery, inferior vena cava, and right ventricular free wall. In our series, the first patient was a 32-year-old man with triple vessel thrombosis and dissection who survived the electric shock. The second patient was a 23-year-old man who had an inferior vena cava burn and bruising; his heart was used for transplantation. After the transplant, the recipient had a left coronary artery dissection and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The third patient was a 30-year-old man (potential heart donor) who had a hematoma of the right ventricular free wall, possible coronary artery dissection, inferior vena cava bruising, and tissue damage. His heart was not used for transplant because of quality concerns. CONCLUSION: We recommend that any person who sustains high voltage (500 V or more) electric shock should be evaluated carefully in the emergency department, including with echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, if indicated, to determine the extent of the injury and the viability of the heart, for patients who do not survive as a donor organ.

Intraoperative management of a hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit for lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) for intraoperative cardiopulmonary support during lung transplantation has been increasing in the recent years. Our group previously described a novel hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit for use in lung transplantation. TECHNIQUE: Our approach for intraoperative management of our novel hybrid ECMO circuit for lung transplantation is driven by two main goals: The first is to deliver management that ensures an appropriate balance between the native and ECMO cardiac outputs in order to provide a stable environment that promotes attenuation of ischemic-reperfusion injury during implantation. The second is to provide a stable hemodynamic environment that results in an appropriate global perfusion guided by multiple monitors and an organ systems-based approach during implantation. COMMENTS: Our novel technique for intraoperative management of this circuit during lung transplantation is described.

Kidney transplantation on extracorporeal life support for primary cardiac allograft dysfunction.

Patients undergoing heart-kidney transplants who have primary graft dysfunction (PGD) of the heart are at risk of losing both organs, which may cause reluctance on the part of the transplant team to proceed with transplanting the kidney while the transplanted heart is being supported by mechanical device. We describe a case series in which 2 patients received kidney transplants while on veno-arterial ECMO support for PGD after heart transplant. Both patients are alive more than 1 year following transplant, with good cardiac and renal function and no signs of cardiac rejection. Kidney transplant surgery is safe for patients on veno-arterial ECMO support for cardiac PGD. It allows the heart recipient to receive a kidney from the same donor with both immunologic and survival advantages.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a salvage therapy for patients with severe primary graft dysfunction after heart transplant.

BACKGROUND: Severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is the leading cause of early death after heart transplant. AIM: To examine the outcomes of heart transplant recipients who received venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for severe PGD. METHODS: We reviewed electronic health records of adult patients who underwent heart transplant from November 2005 through June 2015. We defined severe PGD according to International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus statements. RESULTS: Of 1030 heart transplant patients, 31 (3%) had severe PGD and required VA-ECMO. The mean (range) age was 59 (43-69) years. Fifteen patients (48%) underwent prior sternotomy and 10 (32%) received a left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant. Severe PGD manifested as failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass in 20 patients (65%) and as severe hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative period in 10 (32%), including cardiac arrest in 3 (10%). Twenty-five patients (81%) were successfully weaned from VA-ECMO, and 19 (61%) were discharged; the other 12 (39%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Although VA-ECMO is a common method for providing mechanical circulatory support to patients with PGD, multicenter studies are needed to assess factors associated with successful outcomes and improved survival of these patients.

Lung transplant patients with coronary artery disease rarely die of cardiac causes.

BACKGROUND: A relative contraindication for lung transplant (LT) is coronary disease burden sufficient to cause risk of myocardial infarction after LT. We analyzed cause of death and outcomes of our LT patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Inpatient records from March 1, 2004, to January 31, 2015, were retrospectively examined and data of 306 LTs extracted. Twenty-five patients without coronary angiography (CA) and 7 with redo LTs were excluded. The other 274 patients were divided into 2 groups: CAD (n = 116) and no CAD (n = 158). Patients with prior revascularization or coronary stenosis >10% were placed into the CAD group. RESULTS: The CAD group was older and had more male patients, greater history of smoking and hypertension, and greater proportion of patients with interstitial lung disease than the no-CAD group. CAD patients were more likely to receive a single-lung transplant. Death of cardiac causes occurred for 2 patients (1.7%) in the CAD group and for 1 patient (0.6%) in the no-CAD group (P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that compared with patients who have no CAD, patients with CAD have different demographic characteristics and receive more single-lung transplants. Incidence of death of cardiac causes is rare.

Outcome of lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in the era of COVID-19 infection.

Lung transplant recipients are at higher risk of developing COVID-19 infection compared to other solid organ transplants. The risk further increases in the unvaccinated patients. We present a case of a 43-year-old male who underwent bilateral sequential lung transplantation for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) and had an uneventful recovery. However, two years post-transplantation, the patient developed chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and two episodes of COVID-19 infection. During the second episode of COVID-19 infection, the patient developed sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction ultimately resulting in death. Our case report highlights the increased susceptibility of PAM patients' post-lung transplant to COVID-19 infection. Continuous follow-up of PAM patients' post-lung transplantation is necessary to prevent unfavorable outcomes.

Extending donor criteria: successful lung transplantation post ex vivo back table donor pulmonary artery thrombolysis.

Pulmonary embolization in donor lungs is a common finding and found in up to 38% of cases. To expand the pool of organs, transplant centers now utilize lungs, from increased risk donors, that may have pulmonary embolic disease. Modalities of clearing pulmonary artery embolisms are critical to reduce the prevalence of primary graft dysfunction post transplantation. There have been anecdotal cases of pulmonary embolectomy pre and post organ procurement or in vivo and ex vivo thrombolytic therapy performed in donors with massive pulmonary emboli. We report for the first time therapeutic ex vivo thrombolysis on the back table without Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP), followed by successful transplantation.

Survival Outcomes of Lung Transplant Recipients From Donors With Abnormal Kidney Function.

BACKGROUND: Recovering lungs with pulmonary edema due to abnormal kidney function is considered one of the expanded selection criteria for lung transplant. The aim of this study is to assess lung transplant recipients' survival from donors with abnormal kidney function and to determine differences in lung recovery rates from donors with and donors without abnormal kidney function. METHODS: We reviewed the United Network for Organ Sharing registry for first-time adult lung transplant donors and recipients from June 2005 to March 2017. Donor kidney function was categorized into three groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate: group I, greater than 60 mL/min; group II, 15 to 59 mL/min; and group III, less than 15 mL/min. Recipient survival was stratified based on estimated glomerular filtration rate using Kaplan-Meier. A multivariate Cox Regression model with known risk factors that affect survival was used to compare survival among groups. Comparison of lung recovery among the three groups was also performed. RESULTS: Lung recovery rates were 29.7% (15,670 of 52,747), 19.4% (3879 of 20,040), and 18.1% (704 of 3898) for groups I, II, and III, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year recipient survival rates were 86.2%, 69.2%, and 55.7% for group I; 84.9%, 66.9%, and 53.8% for group II; and 85.5%, 65.3%, and 50.3% for group III, respectively (adjusted P = .25; multivariate Cox regression method). When group I was used as reference, the adjusted hazard ratio for group II was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.98-1.10) and for group III, it was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.96-1.23), after adjusting with the multivariate Cox regression model. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in lung recipient survival. The lung recovery rate from donors with abnormal kidney function was lower compared with that of donors with normal kidney function.

Percutaneous Transseptal Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Rescue a Failing Right Ventricle in an Animal Model.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the feasibility and effectiveness of a percutaneous atrial transseptal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation strategy in a right ventricular failure (RVF) model. METHODS: We performed 4 nonsurvival porcine experiments. Percutaneous transseptal access was achieved using a steerable introducer. For guidance, we used fluoroscopy, transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). A ProtekDuo rapid deployment cannula (LivaNova, London, UK) was advanced across the septum into the left atrium by 2 to 3 cm. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced by partially clamping the pulmonary artery. ECMO flow was cycled from high (2 to 3 L/min) to low (0.2 to 0.3 L/min) over 2 to 3 hours. RESULTS: Transseptal access using TEE and fluoroscopy was successful in 1 animal and unsuccessful in 1 animal. ICE provided optimal visualization for the remaining 2 animals. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was associated immediately and consistently with high versus low ECMO flow rate (mean difference: 29 ± 3.1 mm Hg, P = 0.004) but was not restored to baseline values. RV pressure values were dynamic. Given time to equilibrate, mean RV pressure was restored to a baseline level. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous right atrium to left atrium transseptal cannulation relieved PH-RVF. MAP was restored to a viable level, and mean RV pressure was restored to a baseline level. Transseptal ECMO shows promise as a cannulation strategy to bridge patients with PH-RVF to lung transplant.

Initial experience and outcomes with a hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and cardiopulmonary bypass circuit for lung transplantation.

Background: The utilization of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for intraoperative support during lung transplantation has increased over the past decade. Although veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has recently emerged as the preferred modality over cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), many centers continue to use both forms of ECLS during lung transplantation. Our novel hybrid VA-ECMO/CPB circuit allows for seamless transition from VA-ECMO to CPB at a significant cost savings compared to a standalone VA-ECMO circuit. This study describes our initial experience and outcomes in the first 100 bilateral lung transplantations using this novel hybrid VA-ECMO/CPB circuit. Methods: Medical records from September 2017 to May 2021 of the first 100 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral lung transplantation with intraoperative hybrid VA-ECMO support were examined retrospectively. We excluded patients with single lung transplants, retransplantations, preoperative ECLS bridging, and veno-venous (VV) ECMO and those supported with CPB only. Perioperative recipient, anesthetic, perfusion variables, and outcomes were assessed. Results: Of the 100 patients supported with VA-ECMO, 19 were converted intraoperatively to CPB. Right ventricular dysfunction was seen in 37% of patients, and the median mean pulmonary artery pressure was 28 mm Hg. No oxygenator clotting was observed with a median heparin dose of 13,000 units in the VA-ECMO group. Primary graft dysfunction grade 3 at 72 hours was observed in 10.1% of all patients and observed 1-year mortality was 4%. Conclusions: The use of a hybrid VA-ECMO/CPB circuit in our institution allows for rapid conversion to CPB with acceptable outcomes across a diverse recipient group at a significantly reduced cost compared to standalone VA-ECMO circuits.

Missing lung nodule? Intra-operative contingency plan with O-arm imaging: a case report.

Despite the availability of various modalities to locate small non-palpable pulmonary nodules during minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery, precise lung nodule resection remains a challenge. Pre-operative localization techniques add additional time, expense, and complication rate. Intra-operative localization methods, such as ultrasound, may be a real-time solution, but challenges remain with visualizing deep parenchyma lesions and operator-dependent use. Many thoracoscopic wedge resections are performed using a combination of pre-operative imaging and intra-operative landmarks. Although usually cost and time-efficient, the problem occurs when a wedge resection is performed, and the nodule is not within the specimen. This case report describes the use of the O-arm Surgical Imaging System, a full-rotation imaging system that provides three-dimensional cone-beam imaging, in an 81-year-old male patient with a solid 8 mm left lower lobe lung nodule. After two unsuccessful wedge resections, we used the O-arm and finally resected the nodule with a negative surgical margin. The O-arm provided instant feedback regarding the nodule status, allowing a standard thoracoscopy room to function as a hybrid operating room without the need to reposition the patient. Rather than convert to a thoracotomy, proceed to a larger resection, or experience a missed nodule, the O-arm proved to be a helpful intra-operative tool to find a missing lung nodule.

Localization and surgical approach to mediastinal parathyroid glands.

BACKGROUND: Hyperactive parathyroid glands (PTGs) are in the mediastinum 4.3% of the time. Historically, localization and resection of these glands can be challenging. METHODS: We searched all operative notes involving a thoracic surgeon and a preoperative diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism from 2001 to 2019. RESULTS: Eighty-five cases were reviewed, of which 63 were included. Only 14 patients (22%) had de novo hyperparathyroid operations. Seventeen patients (27%) had single-photon emission computed tomography with computed tomography fusion (SPECT-CT) as the only preoperative localization test (excluding chest radiography and ultrasound), and all were resected successfully. The initial surgical approach was transcervical for 16 (27%) patients, however only 7 remained transcervical. 4 (6%) patients had an exploration in which the target lesion was resected but it was not parathyroid tissue. CONCLUSION: Most patients presenting with mediastinal PTG have had prior HPT surgery. The trend toward more focused HPT surgery may mean more de novo mediastinal PTG resections. An unambiguous functional and anatomic localization test, such as a spect-ct scan, is the best predictor of a successful resection. Ambiguous or discordant scans should be approached cautiously, and additional confirmatory tests are recommended. For suspected PTG located in the thymus, the thoracic surgeon should choose the most familiar approach to achieve complete thymectomy.

Assessment of length of stay and cost of minimally invasive versus open thymectomies in patients with myasthenia gravis in Florida.

Background: Thymectomy has become a standard component in treatment for myasthenia gravis. The best surgical approach is still subject to debate. Minimally invasive surgery may have a lower mortality and morbidity rate, improved cosmetic results, and equivalent efficacy at improving neurologic symptoms to open approaches. We compared the perioperative outcomes and cost between the two techniques. Methods: We queried Florida Inpatient Discharge Dataset for patients who underwent thymectomy and had a primary diagnosis of non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes to carry out this retrospective cohort study. The dates ranged between January 1st, 2013, to December 31st, 2018. We compared outcomes of patients who underwent minimally invasive thymectomy versus those who had open thymectomy. Results: An open approach was used in 108 patients, whereas a minimally invasive approach was used in 40 patients. Minimally invasive surgery group had a shorter length of stay (3.0 vs. 6.0 days, P<0.001) and had a non-significant lower total cost ($18.4K vs. $22.1K, P=0.186). After adjusting for age and Elixhauser score, length of stay for minimally invasive group was 32% (P=0.01) lower compared to the open surgery group. Conclusions: Patients who underwent minimally invasive thymectomy for Myasthenia gravis had a significantly shorter length of stay and a lower, although not significant, overall cost.

Combined cardiac surgery procedures and liver transplant: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Morbidity and mortality rates associated with liver transplant are high for patients with concomitant heart disease. Traditionally, such cases were considered contraindications for transplant. The objective of our study was to assess the outcome of combined surgical approaches. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database was analyzed of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and liver transplant at our institution. Twelve identified patients underwent combined cardiac operation and liver transplant. A control group was created (n = 24) with the same selection criteria. RESULTS: Median patient age was 64.94 years in the combined group vs 63.80 in the control, and in both groups, 58% were male. Left ventricular ejection fraction (0.60), body mass index (30.1), and median (range) score of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (18 [9-33]) were the same in both groups. The cardiac operations combined with liver transplant were coronary artery bypass grafting, valve replacement procedures, and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. Piggyback liver transplant was performed for all patients. Survival periods of 1, 5, and 10 years for control vs combined cases were 90 vs 62%, 79 vs 55%, and 70 vs 45%, respectively (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Concomitant cardiac procedure and liver transplant is a valid treatment option and should be considered with risk stratification criteria of the patient with end-stage liver disease and cardiac surgical pathologic characteristics.

Regression of Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation After Lung Transplant: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Although tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common in candidates for lung transplant, no data or established guidelines exist regarding the need for surgical repair at the time of transplant. We aimed to evaluate the natural course of TR by assessing the incidence and extent of TR regression among patients who did not undergo tricuspid valve repair (TVR) concomitantly with lung transplant. METHODS: We retrospectively identified adult patients who underwent lung transplant without TVR at our institution from 2001 through 2017. Pretransplant and posttransplant echocardiograms were reviewed to assess severity of TR, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and right ventricular size and function. RESULTS: Among 553 included patients, 324 (58.7%) were men, the mean (SD) age was 61.9 years (12.7), and 417 (75.4%) had a double lung transplant. TR before transplant was reported as trivial in 265 patients (47.9%), mild in 235 (42.5%), moderate in 40 (7.2%), and severe in 13 (2.4%). After transplant, TR improved significantly overall (P < .001). TR improved in 193 patients: 158 patients (81.9%) by 1 grade and 35 patients (18.1%) by 2 or more grades. Additionally, of 53 patients with pretransplant moderate or severe TR, 44 (83%) had improvement to mild, trivial, or no TR. After transplant, 12 patients (2.2%) had no remaining TR. CONCLUSION: The severity of TR improved or showed no change in most patients after lung transplant, which obviates the need for TVR among most lung transplant recipients.

Safe Lung Flush Technique During Recovery From Donors After Circulatory Death.

Donation after circulatory death is defined as donation after cardiac arrest and circulatory cessation. The number of circulatory death donors is growing and significantly increases the organ donor pool. Shortening the warm ischemia time is pivotal in the outcomes and survival after transplant. We describe simplified and safe technique for lung flush during lung recovery from donors after circulatory death.

A Comparison of Negative Pressure and Conventional Therapy in Infected Open Chest Wounds.

Background: The role of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of open chest wounds is unclear. Our aim was to determine the safety and efficacy of NPWT compared with conventional therapy for open chest wounds. Methods: Ten patients with infected open chest wounds were included in a prospective trial of NPWT after surgical debridement. Their outcomes were compared with those of 11 control patients treated during the same period with surgical debridement and open chest packing only. The control group data were obtained by retrospective review of medical records. Results: The median duration of NPWT was eight days (range 2-29 days), with closure in eight patients (80%). Two patients having NPWT had unveiling of occult pleural fistulas leading to early discontinuation. The patients having NPWT had a shorter median time to closure (7 versus 18 days; p = 0.071) and shorter initial (median 6 versus 20 days; p = 0.026) and total (median 6 versus 25 days; p = 0.024) hospital length of stay. Control patients had higher rates of new-onset atrial fibrillation (46% versus 0; p = 0.035) and septic shock (64% versus 10%; p = 0.024). The chest was either closed or healing at the time of the last visit in 100% of the NPWT patients versus 73% of control patients (p = 0.28). The 1-year survival estimates were 90% for the NPWT patients and 80% for the control patients (p = 0.69). Conclusion: Negative pressure wound therapy is feasible and safe for open infected chest wounds in selected patients compared with open packing alone and may reduce hospital stay duration and major complication rates.

Heart-lung transplant in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and dextrocardia patient.

A 53-year-old male patient was presented to our institution with the clinical picture of biventricular failure. The echocardiogram revealed congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, dextrocardia with situs solitus, atrioventricular discordance and ventriculoatrial discordance, severe systemic and mitral valves regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure: 51 mm Hg). He underwent heart-lung transplant. He was discharged on postoperative day 25 with left ventricular ejection fraction of 60%-65%, and with oxygen independency.