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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 22(3): 193-201, May-June 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-974216

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Background In people living with HIV, much is known about chronic kidney disease, defined as a glomerular filtration rate under 60 mL/min. However, there is scarce data about prevalence and risk factors for milder impairment (60-89 mL/min). Objective The present study aims to assess the influence of sex, antiretroviral therapy, and classical risk factors on the occurrence of mild decreased renal function in a large Spanish cohort of HIV-infected patients. Methods Cross-sectional, single center study, including all adult HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment with at least two serum creatinine measures during 2014, describing the occurrence of and the risk factors for mildly decreased renal function (eGFR by CKD-EPI creatinine equation of 60-89 mL/min). Results Among the 4337 patients included, the prevalence rate of mildly reduced renal function was 25%. Independent risk factors for this outcome were age older than 50 years (OR 3.03, 95% CI 2.58-3.55), female sex (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.48), baseline hypertension (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25-1.97) or dyslipidemia (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17-1.87), virologic suppression (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.39-2.53), and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.33-2.08) or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.39). Conclusions Females and patients over 50 seem to be more vulnerable to renal impairment. Potentially modifiable risk factors and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors are present even in earlier stages of chronic kidney dysfunction. It remains to be determined whether early interventions including antiretroviral therapy changes (tenofovir alafenamide, cobicistat) or improving comorbidities management will improve the course of chronic kidney disease.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Fatores Sexuais , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Etários , Resultado do Tratamento , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Medição de Risco , Carga Viral , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular
2.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 33(7): e15-e30, ago.-sept. 2015. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-140524

RESUMO

El tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) ha permitido un buen control de la infección por VIH, y por lo tanto la población afectada envejece progresivamente y la esperanza de vida va siendo parecida a la de la población general. Por otro lado, se sabe que la infección por VIH predispone, incluso en pacientes con TARGA efectivo, a un mayor riesgo cardiovascular y a una mayor incidencia de algunas neoplasias. Por todo ello, la mayor parte de pacientes infectados por el VIH reciben diversos medicamentos (pautados por el facultativo o autoadministrados) además de los antirretrovirales. Este artículo revisa las interacciones que pueden provocar daños importantes o incluso poner en peligro la vida de los pacientes y que los clínicos —sobre todo los que no manejan directamente pacientes infectados por el VIH— tendrían que conocer. También se revisan las implicaciones de las interacciones entre antirretrovirales y otros fármacos en situaciones especiales, como la administración concomitante de citostáticos, inmuno-supresores utilizados en el trasplante de órganos sólidos o pacientes que reciben los nuevos tratamientos para el virus de la hepatitis C. En general, las pautas con 2 inhibidores nucleós(t)idos de la transcriptasa inversa con raltegravir o dolutegravir son las que tienen menos potencial de interacciones clínicamente significativas (AU)


Highly active antiretroviral therapy has helped to improved control of the HIV infection, and has led to a progressively older population with the infection having a life expectancy quite similar to that of the general population. On the other hand, it is also known that HIV infection, even in patients with undetectable viral loads and good immunity, carries an increased cardiovascular risk, as well as an increased incidence of certain cancers. Therefore, the majority of HIV-infected patients receive several drugs (either prescribed by the physician or self-administered) combined with antiretrovirals. This article reviews the interactions between antiretrovirals and other drugs that can cause significant damage to patients, or even be life-threatening and of whom clinicians, especially those not directly treating HIV-infected patients, should be aware. A review is also presented on the implications of interactions between antiretrovirals and other drugs in special situations, such as the co-administration with cytostatics, immunesuppressants used in solid organ transplantation, or patients receiving new treatments for hepatitis C. Generally, combinations with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and raltegravir (or in the near future, dolutegravir) are those with less potential for clinically significant interactions (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Antirretrovirais/efeitos adversos , Interações Medicamentosas , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Integrase/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase/uso terapêutico , Rabdomiólise/complicações , Rabdomiólise/diagnóstico , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/complicações , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/métodos , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Rabdomiólise/tratamento farmacológico
3.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 33(4): 238-242, abr. 2015. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-136737

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Recent infection testing algorithms (RITAs) are used in public health surveillance to estimate the incidence of recently acquired HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVES: Our aims were (I) to evaluate the precision of the VITROS® Anti-HIV 1+2 automated antibody avidity assay for qualitative detection of antibodies to HIV 1+2 virus; (II) to validate the accuracy of an automated guanidine-based antibody avidity assay to discriminate between recent and long standing infections using the VITROS 3600 platform; (III) to compare this method with BED-CEIA assay; and (IV) to evaluate the occurrence of false recent misclassifications by the VITROS antibody avidity assay in patients with a CD4 count <200 cells/μL and in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). RESULTS: The VITROS® antibody avidity assay is highly reproducible. The ROC curve analysis of the accuracy of this assay, optimized for sensitivity and specificity, had an AI cut off of ≤0.51, with sensitivity and specificity values of 86.67% (95% CI: 72.51-94.46) and 86.24% (95% CI: 78.00-91.84), respectively. The agreement between VITROS antibody avidity and BED-CEIA assays was good. Misclassifications of long standing infections as recent infection occurred in 8.2% of patients with CD4 <200 cell/μL and 8.7% in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The VITROS antibody avidity assay is a reliable serological method to detect recent HIV-1 infections and it could be incorporated into a RITA to estimate HIV incidence


INTRODUCCIÓN: El algoritmo RITA (recent infection testing algorithm) es utilizado en los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica de Salud Pública para estimar la incidencia de infección por VIH-1 en nuestro medio. OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron: (I) Evaluar la precisión del ensayo de avidez automatizado VITROS® Anti-HIV1+2 assay para la detección cualitativa de anticuerpos frente al VIH-1 y el VIH-2; (II) Validar la precisión de un ensayo de avidez automatizado para discriminar entre infección reciente y crónica por el VIH-1 utilizando la plataforma VITROS 3600; (III) Comparar este método con el ensayo BED-CEIA; y (IV) Evaluar la tasa de infecciones crónicas por VIH-1 clasificadas incorrectamente como recientes en los pacientes en tratamiento antirretrovírico combinado y en pacientes con un recuento de CD4 < 200 céls/μL. RESULTADOS: El ensayo de avidez de VITROS es altamente reproducible. El análisis de curvas ROC reveló que un valor de punto de corte ≤0,51 con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 86,7% (IC 95%: 72,5-94,5) y del 86,2% (IC 95%: 78-91,8) respectivamente, es óptimo para identificar infecciones recientes por VIH-1. La correlación entre el ensayo de VITROS® avidez y BED-CEIA fue buena (κ = 0,77; IC 95%: 0,67-0,86). La tasa de infecciones crónicas por VIH-1 clasificadas incorrectamente como recientes por el ensayo de avidez fueron del 8,2% en los pacientes con CD4 < 200 céls/μL y del 8,7% en los pacientes en tratamiento antirretrovírico combinado. CONCLUSIONES: El ensayo de avidez evaluado es un método fiable para detectar infecciones recientes por VIH-1 y podría ser utilizado dentro de un algoritmo RITA para estimar la incidencia de infección por VIH-1 en la población


Assuntos
Humanos , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Afinidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Diagnóstico Precoce , Imunoensaio/métodos , Luminescência
4.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 29(10): 759-772, dic. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-97002

RESUMO

La evaluación de nuevos casos de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es relativamente frecuente, ya que en España se diagnostican cada año varios miles de pacientes con nuevas infecciones. El 80% de los casos tienen una infección crónica por el VIH que puede ser sintomática (diagnóstico tardío) hasta en un 30% de pacientes. La evaluación clínica inicial de la infección por el VIH no está dirigida solo a conocer la situación clínica, virológica (carga viral del VIH, estudio de resistencias y tropismo viral) e inmunológica (cifra de linfocitos CD4) del VIH, sino que debe dirigirse también al estudio de las coinfecciones (virus de la hepatitis, tuberculosis) y comorbilidades (cardiovascular, hepática, renal y ósea) del paciente y al riesgo de transmisión del VIH con el fin de decidir si se debe iniciar o no el tratamiento antirretroviral y con qué fármacos antirretrovirales iniciarlo, la profilaxis de las infecciones oportunistas y el tratamiento de las coinfecciones y comorbilidades. La anamnesis, el examen físico y las pruebas complementarias nos ayudarán a decidir si el paciente es tributario de una intervención terapéutica. El nivel de linfocitos T CD4+, además de sugerir el momento de iniciar el tratamiento (..) (AU)


The evaluation of new cases of HIV infection is relatively common in Spain, where several thousands of patients with new infections are diagnosed each year. Eighty per cent of them have a chronic HIV infection at the first clinical evaluation, which is symptomatic (late presenters) in up to 30% of patients. The initial evaluation of HIV infection is not only directed at determining the clinical, virological (plasma HIV RNA viral load, resistance test and viral tropism) and immunological (CD4+ T-cell cell count) situation of the patients, but must also address the study of their co-infections (hepatitis, tuberculosis) and comorbidities (cardiovascular, hepatic, renal and bone) and the risk of HIV transmission. This is needed in order to decide, whether or not to start antiretroviral treatment, and with which combined antiretroviral treatment to start with, the prophylaxis of opportunistic infections, and the treatment of coinfections and comorbidities. The past and current medical history, the physical examination and laboratory tests will help us decide if the patient is to receive therapeutic intervention. The level of CD4+ T-cell lymphocytes is the best marker to suggest when to start combined antiretroviral treatment, indicating whether or not to start prophylaxis against opportunistic infections (if patients have a CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/mm3), and in advanced patients should make us suspect the presence of active opportunistic diseases in symptomatic cases. The management of patients with HIV infection must also include appropriate health education on the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV infection, and also to explain its natural history and how it can be modified with proper antiretroviral treatment, as well as to promote a healthy life. No less important is the psychological support, as these patients must learn to live with a chronic infection, which managed properly can ensure a very good long-term prognosis and quality of life (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/complicações , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Carga Viral , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Progressão da Doença
5.
Enferm. emerg ; 9(supl.1): 33-35, ene.-dic. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-90744

RESUMO

La enfermedad de Chagas, endémica en América Latina, es hoy una realidad en nuestro medio. La forma digestiva crónica en América está descrita en los países al sur del ecuador y afecta, en especial, al esófago y/o al colon. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son disfagia y estreñimiento. Se describen tres casos importados de enfermedad de Chagas crónica con afectación digestiva (AU)


Chagas disease, endemic in Latin America, is now-a-days a reality in Western Countries as imported disease. The chronic digestive form has been described in countries at south of equator in America and affects especially esophagus and colon. The most frequent clinical symptoms are dysphagia and constipation. We describe 3 imported cases of chronic Chagas diseases with digestive involvement (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Endêmicas
6.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 24(4): 238-244, abr. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em En | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-047903

RESUMO

Objetivos. Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de una cohorte de pacientes con una infección aguda por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en el área de Barcelona. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados de infección aguda por el VIH en un hospital terciario de Barcelona durante el período 1997-2003. Análisis descriptivo de las características epidemiológicas y clínicas e influencia del tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) en la evolución. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron 75 pacientes, lo que representó el 2,9% del total de pacientes diagnosticados de infección por el VIH en el mismo período de tiempo. El 81% eran varones y la mediana de edad fue de 30 años (rango intercuartil [RIC], 26-38). Las vías de contagio fueron las relaciones homosexuales (72%), seguida de las heterosexuales (17%) y del uso de drogas intravenosas (11%). El 77% de los pacientes presentó síntomas, siendo los más frecuentes: fiebre (98%), astenia (86%), artromialgias (65%), linfoadenopatías (55%), sudoración nocturna (48%) y exantema (45%). El 65% comenzó TARV, disminuyendo el número de pacientes tratados del 79% en el período 1997-2000 al 49% en el período 2001-2003 (p < 0,01). Tras una mediana de seguimiento de 37 meses (RIC, 26-66), un paciente falleció y 8 casos se perdieron de seguimiento. Los pacientes que no recibieron TARV presentaron una mayor probabilidad de presentar deterioro inmunológico o clínico durante el seguimiento en comparación con el grupo que recibió TARV (42,3% frente a 12,3%; p < 0,001). La dislipemia y la lipodistrofia se diagnosticaron en el 58 y 37% de los pacientes tratados, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La infección aguda por VIH se diagnosticó con más frecuencia en los varones homosexuales, siendo sus características clínicas similares a las descritas previamente. El TARV instaurado en esta fase de la infección por VIH fue eficaz pero se asoció a una frecuencia elevada de efectos adversos (AU)


Objectives. To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the evolution of a cohort of patients with primary HIV-1 infection from the Barcelona area. Methods. Prospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with primary HIV infection in a tertiary hospital in Barcelona (Spain) from 1997 through 2003. Descriptive analysis of epidemiological and clinical characteristics and effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on outcome. Results. A total of 75 patients were diagnosed, accounting for 2.9% of the total of newly diagnosed HIV patients during the same time period. Eighty-one percent of the patients were males and the median age was 30 years (IQR 26-38). The most frequent transmission route was homosexual (72%), followed by heterosexual (17%) and intravenous drug abuse (11%). Seventy-seven percent of patients presented symptoms, the most frequent being fever (98%), asthenia (86%), arthralgia-myalgia (65%), lymphadenopathy (55%), night sweats (48%) and rash. Sixty-five percent started HAART, although the proportion of patients that received HAART decreased from 79% during the period 1997-2000 to 49% during the period 2001-2003 (p < 0.01). After a median follow-up of 37 months (IQR 26-66), one patient died and eight cases were lost to follow-up. The patients who did not receive HAART had a higher probability of immunological or clinical deterioration during the follow-up when compared to the group that received HAART (42.3% versus 12.3%; p < 0.001). In treated patients, dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy were diagnosed in 58% and 37% of cases, respectively. Conclusions. Primary HIV-1 infection was diagnosed more frequently in homosexual males, and its clinical characteristics were similar to those observed in previous studies. HAART given during primary HIV infection was effective, but was associated with a high percentage of adverse effects (AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Linfáticas/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Astenia/epidemiologia , Astenia/etiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Exantema/etiologia , Febre/etiologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Diagnóstico Precoce
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