Gender-focused training improves leadership of female medical students: A randomised trial.

OBJECTIVES: Recent research suggests that the gender of health care providers may affect their medical performance. This trial investigated (1) the effects of the gender composition of resuscitation teams on leadership behaviour of first responders and (2) the effects of a brief gender-specific instruction on leadership behaviour of female first responders. METHODS: This prospective randomised single-blinded trial, carried out between 2008 and 2016, included 364 fourth-year medical students of two Swiss universities. One hundred and eighty-two teams of two students each were confronted with a simulated cardiac arrest, occurring in the presence of a first responder while a second responder is summoned to help. The effect of gender composition was assessed by comparing all possible gender-combinations of first and second responders. The gender-specific instruction focused on the importance of leadership, gender differences in self-esteem and leadership, acknowledgement of unease while leading, professional role, and mission statement to lead was delivered orally for 10 min by a staff physician and tested by randomising female first responders to the intervention group or the control group. The primary outcome, based on ratings of video-recorded performance, was the first responders' percentage contribution to their teams' leadership statements and critical treatment decision making. RESULTS: Female first responders contributed significantly less to leadership statements (53% vs. 76%; P = 0.001) and critical decisions (57% vs. 76%; P = 0.018) than male first responders. For critical treatment decisions, this effect was more pronounced (P = 0.007) when the second responder was male. The gender-specific intervention significantly increased female first responder's contribution to leadership statements (P = 0.024) and critical treatment decisions (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Female first responders contributed less to their rescue teams' leadership and critical decision making than their male colleagues. A brief gender-specific leadership instruction was effective in improving female medical students' leadership behaviours.

Effect of Bedside Compared With Outside the Room Patient Case Presentation on Patients' Knowledge About Their Medical Care : A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Trial.

BACKGROUND: Although bedside case presentation contributes to patient-centered care through active patient participation in medical discussions, the complexity of medical information and jargon-induced confusion may cause misunderstandings and patient discomfort. OBJECTIVE: To compare bedside versus outside the room patient case presentation regarding patients' knowledge about their medical care. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03210987). SETTING: 3 Swiss teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Adult medical patients who were hospitalized. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to bedside or outside the room case presentation. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was patients' average knowledge of 3 dimensions of their medical care (each rated on a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100): understanding their disease, the therapeutic approach being used, and further plans for care. RESULTS: Compared with patients in the outside the room group (n = 443), those in the bedside presentation group (n = 476) reported similar knowledge about their medical care (mean, 79.5 points [SD, 21.6] vs. 79.4 points [SD, 19.8]; adjusted difference, 0.09 points [95% CI, -2.58 to 2.76 points]; P = 0.95). Also, an objective rating of patient knowledge by the study team was similar for the 2 groups, but the bedside presentation group had higher ratings of confusion about medical jargon and uncertainty caused by team discussions. Bedside ward rounds were more efficient (mean, 11.89 minutes per patient [SD, 4.92] vs. 14.14 minutes per patient [SD, 5.65]; adjusted difference, -2.31 minutes [CI, -2.98 to -1.63 minutes]; P < 0.001). LIMITATION: Only Swiss hospitals and medical patients were included. CONCLUSION: Compared with outside the room case presentation, bedside case presentation was shorter and resulted in similar patient knowledge, but sensitive topics were more often avoided and patient confusion was higher. Physicians presenting at the bedside need to be skilled in the use of medical language to avoid confusion and misunderstandings. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Swiss National Foundation (10531C_ 182422).

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) predicts short- and long-term mortality and poor neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

Objectives: Prior research found the gut microbiota-dependent and pro-atherogenic molecule trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) to be associated with cardiovascular events as well as all-cause mortality in different patient populations with cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic value of TMAO regarding clinical outcomes in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: We included consecutive OHCA patients upon intensive care unit admission into this prospective observational study between October 2012 and May 2016. We studied associations of admission serum TMAO with in-hospital mortality (primary endpoint), 90-day mortality and neurological outcome defined by the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. Results: We included 258 OHCA patients of which 44.6% died during hospitalization. Hospital non-survivors showed significantly higher admission TMAO levels (µmol L-1) compared to hospital survivors (median interquartile range (IQR) 13.2 (6.6-34.9) vs. 6.4 (2.9-15.9), p<0.001). After multivariate adjustment for other prognostic factors, TMAO levels were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratios (OR) 2.1, 95%CI 1.1-4.2, p=0.026). Results for secondary outcomes were similar with significant associations with 90-day mortality and neurological outcome in univariate analyses. Conclusions: In patients after OHCA, TMAO levels were independently associated with in-hospital mortality and other adverse clinical outcomes and may help to improve prognostication for these patients in the future. Whether TMAO levels can be influenced by nutritional interventions should be addressed in future studies.

Effect of Bedside vs. Non-bedside Patient Case Presentation During Ward Rounds: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ward rounds are important for communicating with patients, but it is unclear whether bedside or non-bedside case presentation is the better approach. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search up to July 2018 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bedside and non-bedside case presentations. Data was abstracted independently by two researchers and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Our primary outcome was patient's satisfaction with ward rounds. Our main secondary outcome was patient's understanding of disease and the management plan. RESULTS: Among 1647 identified articles, we included five RCTs involving 655 participants with overall moderate trial quality. We found no difference in having low patient's satisfaction between bedside and non-bedside case presentations (risk ratio [RR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.09). We also found no impact on patient's understanding of their disease and management plan (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.28). Trial sequential analysis (TSA) indicated low power of our main analysis. DISCUSSION: We found no differences in patient-relevant outcomes between bedside and non-bedside case presentations with a lack of statistical power among current trials. There is a need for larger studies to find the optimal approach to patient case presentation during ward rounds.

Activation of the kynurenine pathway predicts mortality and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest patients: A validation study.

PURPOSE: Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been shown to predict outcome in cardiac arrest (CA) patients. We validated these findings in a Swiss cohort. METHODS: We measured admission tryptophan and kynurenine levels in 270 consecutive CA patients (38 in-hospital CA) and investigated associations with in-hospital mortality and neurological outcome at hospital discharge. RESULTS: 120 of 270 (44%) patients died in the hospital. Compared to survivors, non-survivors showed higher median initial kynurenine levels (5.28 µmol/l [IQR 2.91 to 7.40] vs 3.58 µmol/l [IQR 2.47 to 5.46]; p < 0.001) and a higher median kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (0.10 µmol/l [IQR 0.07 to 0.17] vs 0.07 µmol/l [IQR 0.05 to 0.1]; p < 0.001). In a model adjusted for age, gender and comorbidities, kynurenine (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.27; p = 0.001) and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.31; p = 0.003) were significantly associated with mortality. Results were similar for neurological outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings validate a previous study and show associations of the activation of the KP with unfavorable outcomes after CA. Future studies should evaluate whether therapeutic modulation of the KP may impact clinical outcomes after CA.

Performance of clinical risk scores to predict mortality and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest patients.

AIM: Several scores are available to predict mortality and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study was to externally validate the prognostic value of four previously published risk scores. METHODS: For this observational, single-center study, we prospectively included 349 consecutive adult cardiac arrest patients upon ICU admission. We calculated two cardiac arrest specific risk scores (OHCA and CAHP) and two general severity of illness scores (APACHE II and SAPS II). The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were neurological outcome at hospital discharge and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: 170 patients (49%) died until hospital discharge. All scores were independently associated with outcomes in logistic regression analysis and showed acceptable discrimination for in-hospital mortality with highest AUCs of the cardiac arrest specific risk scores (OHCA: 0.80 (95%CI 0.75-0.85) and CAHP: 0.84 (95%CI 0.79-0.88) compared to the severity of illness scores (APACHE II: 0.78 (95%CI 0.73-0.83) and SAPS II: 0.77 (95%CI 0.72-0.82). Results were robust in subgroup analysis except for worse performance in elderly patients (>75 years) and patients with respiratory cause of cardiac arrest. Results were similar for 30-days mortality and slightly higher for neurological outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the good prognostic performance of cardiac arrest specific scores to predict mortality and neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest patients. Routine use of OHCA or CAHP score helps to objectively risk stratify these vulnerable patients and thereby may improve therapeutic decisions.

Depression and anxiety in relatives of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: Results of a prospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Relatives of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) may suffer from adverse psychological outcomes. We assessed prevalence and risk factors for depression and anxiety in such relatives 90 days after ICU admission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included consecutive relatives of OHCA patients admitted to the ICU of University Hospital in Basel, Switzerland. Relatives were interviewed upon admission regarding psychosocial risk factors and satisfaction with communication. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 90 days after inclusion. RESULTS: Of 101 included relatives, 17% and 13% of relatives reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Witnessing cardiopulmonary resuscitation was associated with depression (gender- and age-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.71; 95%CI 1.27 to 35.34; p = .025). Satisfaction with information and decision-making was associated with lower risk of depression (adjusted OR 0.95; 95%CI 0.91 to 0.99; p = .013). Unemployment (adjusted OR 10.42; 95%CI 1.18 to 92.35; p = .035) and lower perceived health status were associated with anxiety (adjusted OR 0.93; 95%CI 0.87 to 0.99; p = .025). CONCLUSIONS: Many relatives of OHCA patients report symptoms of depression and anxiety after 90 days. Improving initial care and communication may help to reduce these risks.

Association of Communication Interventions to Discuss Code Status With Patient Decisions for Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Whether specific communication interventions to discuss code status alter patient decisions regarding do-not-resuscitate code status and knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remains unclear. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the association of communication interventions with patient decisions and knowledge about CPR. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were systematically searched from the inception of each database to November 19, 2018. Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials focusing on interventions to facilitate code status discussions. Two independent reviewers performed the data extraction and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data were pooled using a fixed-effects model, and risk ratios (RRs) with corresponding 95% CIs are reported. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was patient preference for CPR, and the key secondary outcome was patient knowledge regarding life-sustaining treatment. Results: Fifteen randomized clinical trials (2405 patients) were included in the qualitative synthesis, 11 trials (1463 patients) were included for the quantitative synthesis of the primary end point, and 5 trials (652 patients) were included for the secondary end point. Communication interventions were significantly associated with a lower preference for CPR (390 of 727 [53.6%] vs 284 of 736 [38.6%]; RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.63-0.78). In a preplanned subgroup analysis, studies using resuscitation videos as decision aids compared with other interventions showed a stronger decrease in preference for life-sustaining treatment (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.48-0.64 vs 1.03; 95% CI, 0.87-1.22; between-group heterogeneity P < .001). Also, a significant association was found between communication interventions and better patient knowledge (standardized mean difference, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39-0.71). Conclusions and Relevance: Communication interventions are associated with patient decisions regarding do-not-resuscitate code status and better patient knowledge and may thus improve code status discussions.