[Looking for borderline personality disorder]. / AA borderline személyiségzavar nyomában.

AIMS: This paper aims to describe Roger Mulder's presentation on borderline personality disorder organized by the 23rd World Congress of Psychiatry, supplemented with relevant research results. METHODS: Mulder presents the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder, its comorbidity, therapeutic considerations and the phenomenon of stigmatization related to the disorder. RESULTS: According to Mulder, the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder are vague and it shows a very high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Mulder draws attention to the fact that it was not possible to identify a borderline factor in previous research because the borderline symptoms disappeared during the analysis in a general ("g") personality disorder factor. According to Mulder, there is no specific psychotherapy that is effective only in borderline personality disorder, and the pharmacological treatment has also not proven to be effective in treating the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. According to Mulder, the stigma associated with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder hinders the recognition and treatment of other psychiatric or somatic difficulties of patients. CONCLUSION: according to Mulder, based on modern scientific standards, borderline personality disorder has no place in the classification, however, specialists still insist on the diagnosis.

[The role of personal strengths in the relationship between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and perceived stress]. / A személyes erosségek szerepe a felnottkori figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás tünetek és az észlelt stressz kapcsolatában.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: David P. Bernstein's model of personal strengths was born out of the interaction of schema theory and positive psychology. According to Bernstein, the strengths of a healthy adult self can be described along four dimensions: self-directedness, self-regulation, connectedness, and transcendence. Previous research has shown that attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is associated with higher levels of perceived stress, but the role of personal strengths in this context has not yet been investigated. The aim of our study was to explore the role of Bernstein's strength dimensions in the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and perceived stress, using a dimensional approach in a non-clinical sample. METHOD: Our online questionnaire, which included the Bernstein Strengths Scale (BSS), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and a shortened version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS4), was completed by 100 adults (mean age 38.25 years, standard deviation 5.73 years) after informed consent. RESULTS: In the bivariate analysis, the ASRS showed a significant negative association with the BSS dimensions, with a large effect size for self-regulation and a medium effect size for the other dimensions. On the other hand, the PSS4 scale showed significant negative correlations with all four strength dimensions, with effect sizes large for self-direction and self-regulation and medium for the connection and transcendence dimensions. Personal strengths mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and perceived stress. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that ADHD symptoms may be associated with a deficit in personal strengths, which may contribute to negative outcomes. Psychotherapeutic interventions that support the recognition, cultivation and mobilization of strengths may be useful in the treatment of adults diagnosed with ADHD.

[Attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, quality of sleep, and social media use in young adults during the COVID-19 epidemic]. / Figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás tünetek, az alvásminoség, és a közösségimédia-használat kapcsolata fi atalokban a COVID-19 járvány idején.

Background/Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic that has started in 2019 has led to an increase in time spent online and has raised awareness of the benefits and risks of social media use. Previous research highlights that it is not intensity (time) but addictive use that is associated with higher levels of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. No such comparative study was found on sleep quality. In our study we investigated the correlation between problematic social media use, quality of sleep and the level of ADHD symptoms among young people, on a non-clinical sample during the third wave of the epidemic. Method. Our online questionnaire, which contained, among others, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and the self-report version of the SWAN scale (Strength and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior) was completed by 139 people (mean age 21.37 years, standard deviation 2.68 years, range: 15-27). We also asked about the intensity of social media use. Results. Significant differences were found in the intensity of social media use during online (M=3.12; SD=1.08) versus face-to-face education (M=2.47; SD=0.78) (t(73)=6.01; p<0.001; d=0.70). ADHD symptom levels were not related to the intensity of social media use but showed a signifi cant positive correlation with problematic use (r=0.32; p<0.001). Similarly, the intensity of social media use showed no correlation with the quality of sleep however, problematic use was associated with poorer sleep quality (r=0.27; p=0.002). In our mediator analysis, problematic use was associated with higher levels of ADHD symptoms both directly (c'=-0.61; p=0.02) and indirectly (ab=-0.36; 95% CI: -0.60 - -0.10) through poorer sleep quality (F(1,120)=21.94; p<0.001; R2=0.27). Discussion. Our results support that it is not the intensity rather the problematic use that is an important factor in social media use. Our results suggest that problematic use may lead, not only directly but also through sleep quality to worsening ADHD symptoms.

[Meta-Analytic Review of Studies on the Relationship Between Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Parenting Behaviour: Comparison of Studies Using Self-Report and Observation]. / A felnottkori figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás zavar és a szüloi viselkedés összefüggését vizsgáló tanulmányok metaanalízise: a megfigyeléses és az önbeszámolót alkalmazó kutatások összehasonlítása.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects parental functioning which in turn has an impact on the off spring's psychopathology. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between parental ADHD symptoms and parental behaviour, focusing on comparative evaluation of studies using self-report and behavioural observation. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) resulting 13 studies and 87 effect-sizes (N = 2018) for a metaanalysis. We used random effect model, assessed heterogeneity, and evaluated the possibility of publication bias. We conducted subgroup analyses by method of assessing parental behaviour (self-report/observation), valence of parental behaviour (positive/negative), domain of negative parental behaviour (inconsistent discipline, hostility, corporal punishment), and ADHD symptom clusters (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, combined). Meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore the eff ect of children's mean age, the ratio of mothers in the parent sample, and the ratio of boys and ADHD diagnosis in the children's sample. RESULTS: The mean effect size of the association of self-reported parental behaviour and ADHD symptoms was small but significant, higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms were related to higher levels of negative and lower levels of positive parental behaviour. The analysis did not suggest a publication bias. The effect was robust across ADHD symptom clusters. Children's mean age, the ratio of mothers in the parent sample, and the ratio of boys and ADHD diagnosis in the children's sample did not have a significant effect. On the other hand, behavioural observation of parental behavior was not related to parental ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our results underlie the importance of methodology of assessing parental behaviour. Multi-method and multi-informant assessment in parenting research is warranted.

[The adaptation of The parental reflective functioning questionnaire adolescent version to the Hungarian language and presentation of its psychometric characteristics].

INTRODUCTION: Parental reflective function is the ability of a parent to attribute mental states to their child and to themselves. In the English-speaking world, The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens and Fonagy, 2017) is widely used for the measurement of this construct, the adolescent version of which can be used by parents of children aged 12-18. The aim of our research was to adapt the adolescent version of The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire to Hungarian language and to analyze its factor structure. METHODS: In our cross-sectional, non-clinical study, 240 mothers completed the demographic form, the adolescent version of The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ-A), and the Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ; Fonagy et al, 2016; Unoka et al, in press). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the original three-factor structure. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-factor structure. Factors corresponded to the original questionnaire's certainty in mental states (Alpha=.81) and interest and curiosity subscales (Alpha=.70). When analyzing the relationship between parental reflective function and reflective function, the subscales of the parental reflective function questionnaire were examined with two types of median coding in addition to polar coding (higher values reflect more favorable reflective function). During the first median coding, the frequency of scores in the middle of the scales reflected optimal mentalization, while the frequency of extreme values on the scales corresponded to less favorable forms of reflective functioning - a category that included different kinds of mentalization deficits. With the second median coding, in addition to the optimal mentalization capacity subscale, hypermentalization and hypomentalization subscales were also created based on the frequency of the values achieved on (respectedly) the lower and the upper parts of the scales. The second median transcoding proved to be the most suitable for capturing the relationship between RFQ and PRFQ-A. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire proved to be a reliable measure on the Hungarian sample. Based on the results of the current study, we recommend using of the additional subscales of hypomentalization, optimal mentalization capacity, and hypermentalization.

[Sexual development in childhood and adolescence].

Sex and gender are essential, inalienable characteristics of the human being permeating the biological, psychological, interpersonal, social, transcendental aspects of our existence. Human sexual development takes place in the context of physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development, beginning at conception and continuing throughout life. It is influenced by biological maturation and complex interactions of psychological, interpersonal, cultural factors and (physical) environmental conditions. Using a developmental-psychopathology approach, we summarise our under standing of the life course-specific features of sexual development, placing them in the broader context of development. We will address gender differences, the development of gender-related concepts, sexual orientation, gender identity, and the development of sexual behaviour at different stages of life. In the field of sexual development and gender, science is often pushed to its limits. It is important that professionals express their opinions and make their decisions with due caution and objectivity.

[Psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire].

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) is a rating scale for measuring beha - vioral inhibition which was shown to be a risk factor of internalizing disorders. The scale was designed to measure this temperamental characteristic in both social and situational contexts. The aim of the present study is to describe the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the BIQ. METHOD: The back-translation method was used for the adaptation. 473 parents of preschool children (aged between 3 to 7 years) filled out the Hungarian version of the BIQ, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a short demographic form online. The factor structure, internal consistency, con - vergent and divergent validity of the scale was examined in a cross-sectional design. We also analysed the short, 14- item version of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical model with six factors. BIQ subscales showed good to very good internal consistencies (Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0,73 to 0,90). No association was found between BIQ scores and the socioeconomic or demographic characteristics. We found significant positive associations between BIQ scores and parent's trait anxiety level (r= 0,152-0,324) and the internalizing subscale of the SDQ (r = 0,345-0,613). Furthermore, significant negative associations were found between the BIQ scores and the prosocial subscale of the SDQ (r=-0,148- -0,337). No association was found between BIQ scores and the externalizing subscale of the SDQ. The short form of the questionnaire also showed a good internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the Hungarian version of the BIQ is a reliable and useful instrument for the assessment of childhood behavioral inhibition.

[The contribution of developmental psychopathology to the better understanding of mental disorders]. / A fejlodési pszichopatológia hozzájárulása a pszichés zavarok jobb megértéséhez.

Developmental psychopathology is a relatively new discipline which aims to synthetize theories and empirical results of multiple disciplines focusing on development or psychopathology developmental psychology, psychopathology, neuroscience, genetics, personality psychology, volutionary psychopathology, etc.), in order to uncover mechanisms responsible for normative development and its alterations (psychopathology). We aim to give an introduction into three main themes of developmental psychopathology: models of evolutionary psychopathology mechanisms of the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors contributing normal and abnormal development, and the age-specific characteristics of mental disorders, as well as their continuities and discontinuities across the lifespan. The perspective of developmental psychopathology adds to our deeper understanding of the aetiology and course of mental disorders, and their recognition and treatment.

[Developmental psychopathology perspective of Social Anxiety Disorder]. / A szociális szorongás zavar a fejlodéspszichopatológia tükrében.

This review aims to present social anxiety disorder from a developmental psychopathological perspective. Evolutionary theories share the view that social anxiety might be adaptive in specific contexts, and suggest several mechanisms of dysfunction (adaptive trade-off , mismatch, individual differences). The aetiology of social anxiety disorder is characterized by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors including gene-environment interactions,correlations and epigenetic mechanisms. Although the main diagnostic criteria of social anxiety disorder are the same throughout the lifespan, developmental characteristics alter its presentation. In children, behavioural symptoms are common. We can view refusal of speech as a specific manifestation of avoidant behaviour related to young age. Therefore, some researchers suggest that selective mutism is an age-specific subtype of the disorder. Even though the majority of researchers agree that behavioural inhibition is an age-specific temperamental risk factor of social anxiety disorder, it might also be viewed as an early, subclinical form of the disorder. In adolescence, as part of the normal development, there is a temporary increase of social anxiety. In this age group, however, there is also an increase in the prevalence of socialanxiety disorder. Adult-onset social anxiety disorder is rare. In adults, social anxiety disorder has to be diff erentiated from avoidant personality disorder. Social anxiety disorder is characterized by strong homotypic continuity, but evidence for a heterotypic continuity is also available,especially with other anxiety disorders and major depression, probably due to shared genetic factors. The developmental psychopathological approach of social anxiety - developmental paths, age-specific characteristics, etc. - may contribute to an early recognition of the disorder and facilitate more effective therapeutic interventions.

[Developmental Psychopathology Perspective of Attention Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)]. / A figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás zavar fejlodéspszichopatológiai szemlélete.

This review aims to give an insight into the developmental psychopathology perspective of attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to evolutionary theories, phenotypes associated with ADHD might have been adaptive in the past but became dysfunctional in modern life (mismatch theory). Genome-wide association studies have supported this theory. Multiple developmental pathways lead to ADHD (equifi nality), and risk factors associated with ADHD may lead to different outcomes (multifi nality). Heritability of ADHD is high; however, its aetiology is heterogeneous and multifactorial, including genetic factors, gene-environment interactions and correlations, as well as epigenetic mechanism. Core symptoms of ADHD - inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - are the same throughout the lifespan, but their presentation, as well as the comorbid profile, show typical age-specific diff erences. ADHD is characterized by strong homotypic continuity, ADHD in children persists in a large proportion into adolescence and adulthood - underlying the importance of lifespan perspective. Heterotypic continuity of ADHD has been described with externalizing and internalizing disorders; research on the different developmental pathways contribute to the recognition and prevention of maladaptive outcomes.

[Quality of life of adolescents with conduct disorder: gender differences and comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder].

BACKGROUND: Quality of life is the individuals' subjective evaluation of their general well-being, including physical and mental health, social relationships and everyday functionality. The aim of our study was to examine conduct disorder in terms of gender differences in prevalence, and relationship to quality of life domains in the presence or absence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. METHODS: Altogether 392 adolescents, aged 13-18 years (M=14.5; SD= 1.37), participated in this study. The members of the clinical group were selected from Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary with externalizing symptoms in their case history. The control group was selected from public schools in Budapest, Hungary. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid was used to diagnose conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and parent and adolescent version of the Inventory of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen) was used to measure the children's quality of life. RESULTS: In this sample 8.5% of adolescents were diagnosed with conduct disorder, of which 52.9% had a comorbid oppositional defiant diagnosis. Conduct disorder diagnosis was only present in the clinical group, 9 of participants with such diagnosis were male and 24 were female. Girls with conduct disorder evaluated their family life domain (p<0.01) and their global quality of life (p<0.05) lower than the boys. Compared to adolescents without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis, adolescents with conduct disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder had significantly worse quality of life in the domain of time spent alone (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Conduct disorder is associated with decreased quality of life. The presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder correlates with lower quality of life in several domains. These findings are considerable for the clinical management of these externalizing disorders.

[Cross-Informant Agreement Between Parent-Reported and Adolescent Self-Reported Quality of Life in children with externalising symptoms].

BACKGROUND: It is well-known phenomena both in clinical practice and research, that there is a discrepancy between the parents' and children's report about children's Quality of Life (QoL). The purpose of our research was to examine the differences in self and caregiver's proxy report of child's QoL. We also compared mothers', fathers' and other caregivers' reports of children's QoL. METHODS: Patients with externalizing symptoms in their history, aged 13-18 years were selected from the Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic. We used the Inventory of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (QL), parent and children version to measure the children's QoL. We used F-factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis and direct oblimin rotation) and t-tests for data analysis. RESULTS: Altogether 138 caregiver-child dyads filled the QL. The adolescents mean age was 14.47 years (SD=.40). Seventy-four mothers, 37 fathers and 27 other caregivers were included into our study. The caregivers' ratings were settled sorted into three factors, the adolescents' ratings were settled sorted into two factors. We found significant differences between mothers, fathers and other caregivers' ratings in the following domains of QoL: school, loneliness, peer relations, physical health, mental health and problem/illness. The caregivers evaluated adolescents' QoL more positively then the adolescents did (t=761, df=139, p<0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: The caregivers and their children's reported different domains of QoL as problematic. Therefore, it is important to gain information from several sources about the adolescent's QoL.

Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Well-Being: The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemata.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neuropsychiatric disorders, severely affecting the emotional well-being of children as well as of adults. It has been suggested that individuals who experience symptoms of ADHD develop maladaptive schemata of failure, impaired self-discipline, social isolation, and shame. These schemata may then contribute to impaired emotional well-being by increasing unhelpful responses to stressful life events. However, to date, no empirical research has tested this theoretical proposition. In a sample of 204 nonclinical adults, we conducted a serial multiple mediator analysis, which supported the proposed model. More severe ADHD symptoms were associated with higher levels of perceived stress both directly and indirectly through stronger maladaptive schemata, which, in turn, were related to lower levels of emotional well-being. Results suggest that identifying and modifying maladaptive schemata may be an important addition to psychotherapy for adult ADHD patients.

[Cognitive conceptualization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review]. / A felnottkori figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás zavarra jellemzo kognitív struktúra: szisztematikus áttekinto tanulmány.

AIMS: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neuropsychiatric disorders continuing from childhood into adulthood in 40-66% of cases. Though genetic underpinnings of the disorder are unquestionable, previous research underlie the fact that children with ADHD are faced with more adversities which might lead to maladaptive beliefs about self and world. Our aim was to provide a systematic review of ADHD studies focusing on cognitive conceptualization of the disorder. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases (PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Scopus) between years 2000 and 2013 with the keywords "ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" and "core beliefs, belief system, schemas, schema therapy, dysfunctional attitude, compensatory strategies, negative automatic thoughts, case conceptualization". RESULTS: We were able to identify ten original papers. According to them, adult ADHD could be characterized by maladaptive schemata including failure, impaired self-control, being different from others and a sense of inadequacy. Dysfunctional attitudes in adult ADHD were related to comorbid mood disorders. Compensatory strategies, e.g. anticipatory avoidance, brinkmanship, juggling, pseudo efficiency were described. More negative automatic thoughts were found in adult patients with ADHD, especially with comorbid mood disorder. Cognitive distortions, such as overgeneralization, magical and comparative thinking were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Though more empirical research is needed, converging results were reviewed about the cognitive characteristics of adult ADHD. Cognitive behavior therapy was showed to be effective in treatment of adult ADHD; the improvement of our knowledge about cognitive conceptualization of the disorder is a very important challenge for further research.

Why are children and adolescents referred for psychiatric assessment without fulfiling diagnostic criteria for any psychiatric disorder?

BACKGROUND: Clinicians often experience that children are referred for psychiatric evaluation without fulfiling the diagnostic criteria of any psychiatric disorders. This study investigates factors that might lead children to psychiatric referral without any psychiatric disorder. METHOD: Children/adolescents who were referred for psychiatric assessment (referred group) (n = 418, mean age = 10.82 years, SD = 3.81) and a control group (n = 48, mean age = 10.38 years, SD = 3.77) were evaluated by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid (MINI Kid) and the Erfassung der Lebensqualität Kindern und Jugendlichen (Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents). The referred group was further divided into two subgroups: referred subgroup without MINI Kid diagnosis (n = 61) and referred subgroup with MINI Kid diagnosis (n = 357). Subjects less than 18 years old were included and there was no lower age limit. RESULTS: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms significantly increased the odds for referral as social phobia symptoms significantly decreased the odds for psychiatric referral. Regarding quality of life (QoL), the control group showed significantly less impairment when compared with the referred group; the two referred subgroup with and without diagnosis did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD symptoms, even in a subthreshold level and impaired QoL represent risk factors for psychiatric referral in children. Secondary prevention of children should target to screen subthreshold ADHD symptoms and QoL.

[Quality of life of newly diagnosed, treatment naive children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Figyelemhiányos-hiperaktivitás zavrral frissen diagnosztizált, kezelésben még nem részesülo gyermekek és serdülok életminosége.

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder, it affects around 3-12% of the children. ADHD is associated with numerous social and emotional impairments. Quality of life (QoL) studies of children with ADHD established low QoL in the most cases. Our aim was to examine QoL of children with ADHD according to the following aspects: age, children's self-report and parentproxy report, and we also would like to compare them with healthy control group along several dimensions of QoL. METHODS: The clinical group consist of a treatmant naive group of children with ADHD, who were just diagnosed in the Vadaskert Hospital. The healthy control group consist of children from elementary schools. The children of control group do not have ADHD and do not stand under psychological or psychiatrical treatment. In our study we applied Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid and Intervertat Lebensqualitat Kindern und Jugendlichen questionare. RESULTS: Compared children with ADHD to healthy control group they have significantly lower QoL at many areas (school, peer realtions, generally) due their self report. By parent's proxy report children with ADHD have lower QoL according to all of the QoL domains. Parents of children with ADHD reported significantly lower QoL for their children in the most areas (school, family, peer realtion, mental state, generally) then the affected children. Adolescent with ADHD have lower QoL in 3 domains (school, peer relations, generally) than children with ADHD, while children with ADHD have lower QoL in one dimension (being alone) compared with adolescents with ADHD. CONCLUSION: Based on our results children with ADHD compared to healthy control group have lower QoL in many dimensions and there are age-related differences in the assessment of QoL. Additionally, our study draw the attention to the differences of QoL assessment between children and parents.

The reflective function questionnaire for youth: Hungarian adaptation and evaluation of associations with quality of life and psychopathology.

An important correlate of mental health problems is mentalizing capacity, which appears to be particularly influential during adolescence. However, quality of life has not been studied in relation to mentalizing capacity among adolescents. This study aimed to translate the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY) into Hungarian, present its psychometric properties, and assess its relationship with demographic characteristics, psychopathology and quality of life. A community sample of 384 youths aged 12-18 years completed the RFQY, the Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. First, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation on the RFQY items. Next, we assessed the associations between the RFQY and demographics, quality of life, and psychopathology. The EFA resulted in four factors: Internal-self, Internal-other, Self-other, and Strong emotions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scales were .81, .82, .67, and .80, respectively. The subscales were uniquely associated with psychopathology and quality of life. Our study provides the first psychometric support for the Hungarian version of the RFQY and indicates that adolescents suffering from internalizing, externalizing symptoms or lower levels of quality of life could benefit from interventions aimed at enhancing mentalizing capacity.

An important correlate of mental health problems is mentalizing capacity, which appears to be particularly influential during adolescence. However, quality of life has not been studied in relation to mentalizing capacity among adolescents. This study aimed to translate the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY) into Hungarian, present its psychometric properties, and assess its relationship with demographic characteristics, psychopathology and quality of life. A community sample of 384 youths between the ages of 12 and 18 completed the RFQY, the Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Our study provides the first psychometric support for the Hungarian version of the RFQY and indicates that adolescents suffering from internalizing, externalizing symptoms or lower levels of quality of life could benefit from interventions aimed at enhancing mentalizing capacity.

Psychometric properties of the self-report version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale in a sample of Hungarian adolescents and young adults.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Scale (SWAN) measures the full spectrum of attention and activity symptoms, not just the negative end of the distribution. Previous studies revealed strong psychometric properties of the parent and teacher report versions; however, there is little research on the new self-report form of the SWAN. Therefore, our research aimed to explore the psychometric characteristics of the SWAN self-report. A non-clinical sample of young women (N = 664, mean age: 20.01 years, SD: 3.08 years) completed the SWAN self-report, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). We tested several models using confirmatory factor analyses to assess the factorial validity of the SWAN self-report. Distributional characteristics, convergent, and predictive validity were assessed. A bifactor model with a general factor and a specific inattention factor (bifactor-1) provided the best fit in our data (CFI = 0.977, TLI/NFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.053 [90% CI: 0.047 - 0.059], SRMR = 0.061, ω = 0.90). The reliability of the general ADHD factor was good (ωh = 0.87), and the specific inattention factor was acceptable (ωh = 0.73). The distribution of the SWAN self-report scores did not differ from the normal distribution. A strong correlation between the SWAN and the SDQ Hyperactivity subscale was found. The analyses revealed good predictive validity. Our results suggest that the SWAN self-report is a valuable tool for assessing symptoms of ADHD in adolescents and young adults.

Adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety: psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk.

BACKGROUND: Subthreshold-depression and anxiety have been associated with significant impairments in adults. This study investigates the characteristics of adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety with a focus on suicidality, using both categorical and dimensional diagnostic models. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study, comprising 12,395 adolescents from 11 countries. Based on self-report, including Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Paykel Suicide Scale (PSS) were administered to students. Based on BDI-II, adolescents were divided into three groups: nondepressed, subthreshold-depressed and depressed; based on the SAS, they were divided into nonanxiety, subthreshold-anxiety and anxiety groups. Analyses of Covariance were conducted on SDQ scores to explore psychopathology of the defined groups. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between functional impairments, suicidality and subthreshold and full syndromes. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent of the adolescents were subthreshold-anxious and 5.8% anxious, 29.2% subthreshold-depressed and 10.5% depressed, with high comorbidity. Mean scores of SDQ of subthreshold-depressed/anxious were significantly higher than the mean scores of the nondepressed/nonanxious groups and significantly lower than those of the depressed/anxious groups. Both subthreshold and threshold-anxiety and depression were related to functional impairment and suicidality. CONCLUSIONS: Subthreshold-depression and subthreshold-anxiety are associated with an increased burden of disease and suicide risk. These results highlight the importance of early identification of adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety to minimize suicide. Incorporating these subthreshold disorders into a diagnosis could provide a bridge between categorical and dimensional diagnostic models.

Cognitive emotion regulation strategies moderate the effect of parenting self-efficacy beliefs on parents' anxiety following their child's surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of cognitive emotion regulation (CER) in the association between parenting self-efficacy (PSE) and state anxiety in parents of children undergoing surgery. METHOD: In a prospective design, parents of 114 children admitted to hospital for planned surgical interventions completed self-report questionnaires assessing PSE, CER, and state anxiety. Mediational and moderational analyses were conducted to test competing theoretical models regarding the role of CER in the relationship between PSE and parents' anxiety. RESULTS: The mediational model was rejected, whereas the findings supported a moderational model. The use of nonadaptive CER moderated the effect of PSE on parents' anxiety. Higher PSE only predicted lower postsurgery anxiety when low use of nonadaptive CER was present. CONCLUSIONS: Interacting cognitive factors contribute to parents' anxiety after a child's surgery. Both PSE and CER should be targeted in parent interventions promoting successful adjustments to surgery on children.