Phylogenetic relationships of the Boana pulchella Group (Anura: Hylidae).

In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; and (3) exploring the relationships of the several species not included in previous analyses. The analyses included>300 specimens of 37 of the 38 species currently included in the group, plus 36 outgroups, exemplars of the diversity of Boana and the other genera of the hylid tribe Cophomantini. The dataset included eight mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, CytB, COI, ND1, tRNAIle, tRNALeu, and tRNAVal) and five nuclear genes (RHO, TYR, RAG-1, CXCR4, SIAH1). The phylogenetic analyses recover the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group with lower support than previous studies, as a result of the inclusion of the B. claresignata Group, which is recovered as its sister taxon. Within the B. pulchella Group, the inclusion of almost all species of the group had little impact on previous notions of its phylogeny, except for the rejection of the hypothesized B. polytaenia Clade (B. goiana and B. phaeopleura are nested in the clade here called the B. prasina Clade), which is redefined. Phylogenetic support is strong for five major clades, which collectively include all but three of the species sampled: the B. balzani Clade (B. aguilari, B. balzani, B. gladiator, B. melanopleura, B. palaestes), the redefined B. polytaenia Clade (B. botumirim, B. buriti, B. cipoensis, B. jaguariaivensis, B. leptolineata, B. polytaenia, B. stenocephala, and two undescribed species), the B. prasina Clade (B. bischoffi, B. caingua, B. cordobae, B. goiana, B. guentheri, B. marginata, B. phaeopleura, B. prasina, B. pulchella, and one undescribed species), the B. riojana Clade (B. callipleura, B. marianitae, B. riojana), and the B. semiguttata Clade (B. caipora, B. curupi, B. joaquini, B. poaju, B. semiguttata, B. stellae, and two undescribed species). The monophyly of the B. prasina + B. riojana Clades, and that of the B. polytaenia + B. semiguttata Clades are well-supported. The relationships among these two clades, the B. balzani Clade, B. ericae + B. freicanecae, and B. cambui (representing the deepest phylogenetic splits within the B. pulchella Group) are recovered with weak support. We discuss the phenotypic evidence supporting the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group, and the taxonomy of several species, identifying three new synonyms of Boana polytaenia, one new synonym of Boana goiana, and one new synonym of B. riojana.

Origin, functional role, and clinical impact of Fanconi anemia FANCA mutations.

Fanconi anemia is characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. To investigate the origin, functional role, and clinical impact of FANCA mutations, we determined a FANCA mutational spectrum with 130 pathogenic alleles. Some of these mutations were further characterized for their distribution in populations, mode of emergence, or functional consequences at cellular and clinical level. The world most frequent FANCA mutation is not the result of a mutational "hot-spot" but results from worldwide dissemination of an ancestral Indo-European mutation. We provide molecular evidence that total absence of FANCA in humans does not reduce embryonic viability, as the observed frequency of mutation carriers in the Gypsy population equals the expected by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We also prove that long distance Alu-Alu recombination can cause Fanconi anemia by originating large interstitial deletions involving FANCA and 2 adjacent genes. Finally, we show that all missense mutations studied lead to an altered FANCA protein that is unable to relocate to the nucleus and activate the FA/BRCA pathway. This may explain the observed lack of correlation between type of FANCA mutation and cellular phenotype or clinical severity in terms of age of onset of hematologic disease or number of malformations.

Chromosome fragility in patients with Fanconi anaemia: diagnostic implications and clinical impact.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure, malformations and cancer predisposition. Chromosome fragility induced by DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL)-inducing agents such as diepoxybutane (DEB) or mitomycin C (MMC) is the 'gold standard' test for the diagnosis of FA. OBJECTIVE: To study the variability, the diagnostic implications and the clinical impact of chromosome fragility in FA. METHODS: Data are presented from 198 DEB-induced chromosome fragility tests in patients with and without FA where information on genetic subtype, cell sensitivity to MMC and clinical data were available. RESULTS: This large series allowed quantification of the variability and the level of overlap in ICL sensitivity among patients with FA and the normal population. A new chromosome fragility index is proposed that provides a cut-off diagnostic level to unambiguously distinguish patients with FA, including mosaics, from non-FA individuals. Spontaneous chromosome fragility and its correlation with DEB-induced fragility was also analysed, indicating that although both variables are correlated, 54% of patients with FA do not have spontaneous fragility. The data reveal a correlation between malformations and sensitivity to ICL-inducing agents. This correlation was also statistically significant when the analysis was restricted to patients from the FA-A complementation group. Finally, chromosome fragility does not correlate with the age of onset of haematological disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a new chromosome fragility index and suggests that genome instability during embryo development may be related to malformations in FA, while DEB-induced chromosome breaks in T cells have no prognostic value for the haematological disease.

Sleep loss and addiction.

Reducing sleep hours is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that reduction in sleep time is a factor that favors relapse in addicted patients. Additionally, animal models have demonstrated that both sleep restriction and sleep deprivation increase the preference for alcohol, methylphenidate, and the self-administration of cocaine. Therefore, the present review discusses current knowledge about the influence of sleep hours reduction on addictivebehaviors; likewise, we discuss the neuronal basis underlying the sleep reduction-addiction relationship, like the role of the orexin and dopaminergic system and neuronal plasticity (i.e., delta FosB expression). Potentially, chronic sleep restriction could increase brain vulnerability and promote addictive behavior.

The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence.

The effects of family of origin violence and intimate partner violence have been extensively documented; however, very few studies have examined the interaction with emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze whether different types of emotion regulation strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive, mediate the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence in the Mexican population. A total of 838 participants (45.9% men and 54.1% women) responded to instruments addressing family of origin violence, emotion regulation strategies, and intimate partner violence. The results revealed that both structural models were significant. For women, the model showed an adequate fit X2 (11, N = 838) = 22.75, p = .288, GFI = .95, AGFI = .91, NFI = .98, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .05. Likewise, we found similar indexes for men X2 (11, N = 838) = 28.20, p = .348, GFI = .97, AGFI = .93, NFI = .97, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .04. Specifically, the direct effects of adaptive strategies on intimate partner violence were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the direct effects of family of origin violence on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were significant, as were the direct effects of maladaptive strategies on intimate partner violence. In turn, the indirect effects of family of-origin violence were significantly related to intimate partner violence via maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the results clearly showed that men reported higher levels of aggression against women. Finally, regarding the selection of emotion regulation strategies, while women employed more adaptive emotion regulation, men showed a more definite tendency to use maladaptive emotion regulation.

Lower ΔFosB expression in the dopaminergic system after stevia consumption in rats housed under environmental enrichment conditions.

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been proven to reduce drug seeking and the development of addiction-related behaviors in rodent models, but the effects of EE on natural reward acquisition in the form of sweet beverages are poorly understood. Accumulating evidence shows that the intake of sugar, the main ingredient of sweet beverages, alters the dopaminergic system, leading to addiction-related physiological and molecular changes. Sugar in sweet beverages has been replaced with natural sweeteners, such as stevia extract, which has greater sweetener potential but no energy content. Our research group found that sucralose consumption increased the expression of ΔFosB in reward-related nuclei, suggesting activation of the dopaminergic system. The present study assessed the effects of EE on stevia consumption and the expression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and prefrontal cortex. Sixteen male Wistar rats, 21 days old, were randomly assigned to an EE group (n = 8) or standard environment (SE) group (n = 8) and reared for 30 days. On postnatal day 52 (PND52), the brains of four animals in each housing condition were extracted to determine basal ΔFosB levels. Stevia consumption with intermittent access and ΔFosB immunoreactivity were measured for 21 days in the remainder of the rats. Compared with SE animals, EE animals exhibited a reduction of stevia consumption and alterations of ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the reward system. These results indicate that EE reduces stevia consumption and the stevia-induced ΔFosB expression, suggesting addiction-related changes in dopaminergic nuclei, which may be interpreted as a neuroprotective effect.

Maternal Separation Modifies the Activity of Social Processing Brain Nuclei Upon Social Novelty Exposure.

Maternal separation has been shown to disrupt proper brain development and maturation, having profound consequences on the neuroendocrine systems in charge of the stress response, and has been shown to induce behavioral and cognitive abnormalities. At the behavioral level, maternal separation has been shown to increase offensive play-fighting in juvenile individuals and reduce social interest in adulthood. Since most of the studies that have evaluated the consequences of maternal separation on social behavior have focused on behavioral analysis, there is a need for a further understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying the changes in social behavior induced by maternal separation. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to assess the long-term effects of maternal separation on social interaction behavior and to assess the activity of several brain regions involved in the processing of social cues and reward upon social novelty exposure, using c-Fos immunohistochemistry as a marker of neuronal activity. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 4 h maternal separation during the neonatal period, 9:00 h-13:00 h from postnatal day 1 to 21, and exposed to social novelty during adulthood. After social novelty exposure, brains were fixed and coronal sections of the medial amygdala, lateral septum (LS), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex were obtained for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Maternally separated rats spent less time investigating the novel peer, suggesting that maternal separation reduces social approach motivation. Furthermore, maternal separation reduced the number of c-Fos positive cells of the medial amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, LS, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex upon social novelty exposure. These findings suggest that maternal separation can reduce the plastic capacity of several brain nuclei, which constitute a physiological basis for the emergence of behavioral disorders presented later in life reported to be linked to early life adversity.

[The third dimension tomography versus cranial X-ray cephalometry to predict maxilla advance by distraction in hypoplastic maxilla]. / Cefalometría tomográfica en 3D y radiografía craneal para predecir avance maxilar en hipoplasia maxilar.

BACKGROUND: the osteogenic distraction is the treatment for the correction of the hypoplastic maxilla secondary to the repair of a cleft lip-palate. Its planning is based on articulated models. Our objective was to describe the accuracy of three-dimensional Cephalometry (CT3D) for projecting jaw displacement. METHODS: three patients with hypoplastic maxilla. Interventions estimation of the advance required of lateral maxilla through Cephalometry of skull (CLC), CT3D and an articulated model (gold standard). Two months after distraction finalized the advance predicted was compared. RESULTS: the error of the advance projection in each patient was smaller with the CT3D versus CLC (+1, +1 and +1 mm versus -10, -14 and -9mm). Corrections post-distraction were of +25 %, +26 % and +38.4 % on the programmed one. CT3D predicted better the correction (+19 %, +10.8 %, +33.4 % versus CLC: -50 %; -60.8 % and -34.6 %). Chewing alterations were not seen in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: the planning of the necessary advance for distraction in patients with hypoplastic maxilla by CT3D can shorten the time of studies and should be consider as next to the projection of articulated model.

Anandamide and sucralose change ΔFosB expression in the reward system.

Food reward has been studied with highly palatable stimuli that come from natural additives such as sucrose. The most common food additive is sucralose, a noncaloric sweetener present in many food products of daily intake. The role of anandamide [N-arachidonylethanolamide (AEA)], an endogenous cannabinoid, has been widely studied in food behavior. Studies have shown that cannabinoids, such as AEA, 2-Arachidonilglycerol, and Tetrahydrocannabinol, can provoke hyperphagia, because they enhance the preference and intake of sweet and high-fat food. Taste perception is mediated by receptors taste type 1 receptor 3 (T1R3); therefore, there could be a synergistic effect between receptors CB1 and T1R3. This could explain why cannabinoids could change sweet taste perception and therefore the activity of neural nuclei involved in taste and reward. In this study, we evaluated the activity of dopaminergic nuclei implicated in food reward after the chronic administration of AEA (0.5 mg/kg bw) and sucralose intake (0.02%). We analyzed the expression of ΔFosB by immunohistochemistry. Our results show that the chronic administration of AEA and sucralose intake induces an overexpression of ΔFosB in the infralimbic cortex (Cx), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, shell, and central nucleus of amygdala (Amy). These results suggest that the possible interaction between receptors CB1 and T1R3 has consequences not only in taste perception but also that AEA intervenes in the activity of dopaminergic nuclei such as the NAc, and that the chronic administration AEA and sucralose intake induce long-term changes in the reward system.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes in children: a report from the Spanish Working Party for Blood and Marrow Transplantation in Children (GETMON).

INTRODUCTION: Experience with the use of allogeneic hemopoietic stem transplantation (AHSCT) in pediatric myelodisplastic syndrome (MDS) in Spain is reviewed. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Twenty-four children with MDS were analyzed retrospectively. Median age of the patients was 10 years. Twenty patients received a bone marrow graft and 4 an unrelated cord blood (UCB) transplant; 12 bone marrow grafts were from a matched related donor (MRD) and 8 from a matched unrelated donor (MUD). Conditioning regimen consisted of chemotherapy alone in 17 patients (busulfan and cyclophosphamide +/- melfalan) Seven patients received TBI and cyclophosphamide. RESULTS: Ten patients died from transplant-related toxicity and 4 had relapse or disease progression post-AHSCT. Nine patients are alive and event-free with a median follow-up of 120 months. EFS rate in the MRD group was 0.48 (SE 0.13) versus 0.25 (SE 0.12) in the MUD/UCB group (p = .07). Lansky score in survivors is >or=90%. CONCLUSIONS: In this historical series of children with MDS, in spite of severe transplant-related toxicity, encouraging EFS outcomes have been achieved after AHSCT with good quality of life.

Prevalencia de endometritis crónica en mujeres infértiles establecida mediante histeroscopia y biopsia endometrial con CD138 / Prevalence of chronic endometritis in infertile women by hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with CD138

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar, mediante histeroscopia de evaluación y biopsia de endometrio, con análisis histológico endometrial e identificación de células plasmáticas con inmunohisdtoquímica con CD138 positiva, la prevalencia de endometritis crónica en pacientes infértiles. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, efectuado de marzo de 2016 a noviembre del 2021 en el Centro de Reproducción Asistida de Saltillo (CREAS), Coahuila, México, en pacientes que consultaron por infertilidad. El diagnóstico de endometritis crónica se estableció mediante histeroscopia y biopsia de endometrio con inmunohistoquímica CD138. Se analizaron la prevalencia y precisión diagnóstica de la histeroscopia y la biopsia de endometrio. Además, la relación entre las características histeroscópicas específicas y la endometritis crónica confirmada por biopsia con CD138 positiva. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de endometritis crónica por biopsia de endometrio CD138 positiva en las 170 pacientes estudiadas fue de 36% (n = 62) y por histeroscopia del 48.8% (n = 83), esta última con una sensibilidad del 48.3%, especificidad del 50.9%, valor predictivo positivo y negativo del 36.1 y 63.2%, respectivamente. En relación con las características histeroscópicas, la hiperemia endometrial tuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa con la prevalencia de endometritis crónica (p-value = 0.008; RM = 0.357; IC95%: 0.14-0.81) y con ≥ 2 características sugerentes de endometritis crónica (p-value = 0.015; RM = 3.63; IC95%: 1.15-12.69). CONCLUSIONES: En el procedimiento diagnóstico de la paciente infértil es importante descartar la endometritis crónica. Para ello es decisivo recurrir a herramientas diagnósticas, como la histeroscopia y confirmar el diagnóstico con una biopsia de endometrio con inmunohistoquímica CD138 positiva para que de esta manera pueda dirigirse el tratamiento.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of chronic endometritis in infertile patients by evaluating hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with endometrial histologic analysis and identification of plasma cells by CD138-positive immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective study performed from March 2016 to November 2021 at the Center for Assisted Reproduction of Saltillo (CREAS), Coahuila, Mexico, in patients who consulted for infertility. Chronic endometritis was diagnosed by hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with CD138 immunohistochemistry. The prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were analysed. The association between specific hysteroscopic features and chronic endometritis confirmed by CD138-positive endometrial biopsy was also investigated. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic endometritis by CD138-positive endometrial biopsy in the 170 patients studied was 36% (n = 62) and by hysteroscopy 48.8% (n = 83), the latter with a sensitivity of 48.3%, specificity of 50.9%, positive and negative predictive values of 36.1 and 63.2%, respectively. In relation to hysteroscopic features, endometrial hyperemia had a statistically significant relationship with the prevalence of chronic endometritis (p-value = 0.008; RM = 0.357; 95%CI: 0.14-0.81) and with ≥ 2 features suggestive of chronic endometritis (p-value = 0.015; RM = 3.63; 95%CI: 1.15-12.69). CONCLUSIONS: In the diagnostic process of infertile patients, it is important to exclude chronic endometritis. It is crucial to use diagnostic tools such as hysteroscopy and to confirm the diagnosis by endometrial biopsy with positive CD138 immunohistochemistry in order to guide treatment.

Pharmacological Regulation in the USA and Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Firocoxib, a Highly Selective Cox-2, by Pain Management in Horses.

The objective of the study was to conduct a review of the pharmacological regulation and pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered orally or intravenously in horses. A search for literature was done in SCOPUS and PubMed for studies that had to evaluate the pharmacological regulation as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered in horses. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretics, and antiendotoxic effects. The newly developed is selective to COX2 characterized by less adverse effects in veterinary patients when administered at the recommended doses and do not exceed the established prescribed time. Firocoxib is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pain in horses, whereas for humans, there is still no approval. Controversy has arisen because the administration of the same pharmaceutical presentation in horses and dogs has pharmacokinetic differences between animal species. However, special attention must be paid to pharmacokinetic differences between species like in horses and dogs. In the case of the horse, the dosage is 0.1 mg/kg in single dose or up to 14 days in oral paste formulation and can keep maintained on the same concentration for a period of 7-14 days in oral tablet formulation. Thorough knowledge of pharmacological regulations and pharmacokinetic parameters, it allows the posology and effective application of firocoxib in pathologies associated with chronic pain, avoiding the indiscriminate use by owners and in some cases veterinarians, thus reducing the negative impacts on horse's health.

c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and reward system of young rats after social novelty exposure.

Socialization is an adaptive behavior during the early stages of life because it helps young animals become independent and determines healthy adult social behavior. Therefore, it is probable that the brain areas involved in the processing of social stimuli are more sensitive to social novelty during early life stages. To test this hypothesis, four groups of young male rats were exposed to different socioenvironmental stimuli; nonsocial physical novelty, social familiarity, social novelty, and a control group which received no stimulation. After stimuli exposure, brains were fixed and cut in coronal sections for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The number of c-Fos-immunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, the main producers of oxytocin and vasopressin, was compared, as well as in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, the main areas involved in reinforced behavior. A significantly higher number of c-Fos-ir neurons were found in animals exposed to social novelty in all areas, except in the supraoptic nucleus. In particular, the increase in c-Fos-ir in the paraventricular nucleus seems to be selective in response to social novelty, while the increase of c-Fos-ir in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum suggests that social novelty during youth is a highly rewarding stimulus compared with social familiarity and nonsocial physical novelty.

A comprehensive strategy for the subtyping of patients with Fanconi anaemia: conclusions from the Spanish Fanconi Anemia Research Network.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi anaemia is a heterogeneous genetic disease, where 12 complementation groups have been already described. Identifying the complementation group in patients with Fanconi anaemia constitutes a direct procedure to confirm the diagnosis of the disease and is required for the recruitment of these patients in gene therapy trials. OBJECTIVE: To determine the subtype of Fanconi anaemia patients in Spain, a Mediterranean country with a relatively high population (23%) of Fanconi anaemia patients belonging to the gypsy race. METHODS: Most patients could be subtyped by retroviral complementation approaches in peripheral blood T cells, although some mosaic patients were subtyped in cultured skin fibroblasts. Other approaches, mainly based on western blot analysis and generation of nuclear RAD51 and FANCJ foci, were required for the subtyping of a minor number of patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: From a total of 125 patients included in the Registry of Fanconi Anaemia, samples from 102 patients were available for subtyping analyses. In 89 cases the subtype could be determined and in 8 cases exclusions of common complementation groups were made. Compared with other international studies, a skewed distribution of complementation groups was observed in Spain, where 80% of the families belonged to the Fanconi anaemia group A (FA-A) complementation group. The high proportion of gypsy patients, all of them FA-A, and the absence of patients with FA-C account for this characteristic distribution of complementation groups.

Long-term results of two consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia performed by the Spanish Cooperative Group for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Group (SHOP) from 1989 to 1998.

INTRODUCTION: The first multi-centric protocol for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment in Spain started in 1989 and was conducted by the Spanish Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Societies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 673 patients were included in two consecutive trials, SHOP-89 (1989-1993) and SHOP- 94 (1994-1998). Approximately 67% of the children diagnosed with ALL in Spain during this period were enrolled in these trials. The 250 eligible patients enrolled in the SHOP- 89 study were stratified to either a standard or a high-risk group. Therapy schedule was based on the central nervous system (CNS) therapy designed by St Jude CRH and the Children's Cancer Group, and the post-induction intensification developed by the BFM group. In the SHOP-94 study, a further high-risk group was included in the stratification of the 423 enrolled patients. The therapeutic protocol was characterised by intensification of systemic chemotherapy and the administration of cranial radiotherapy only to patients at high risk of relapse or with CNS involvement at diagnosis. RESULTS: Event-free survival (EFS) increased from 0.57+/- 0.03 at 15 years in SHOP-89, to 0.68+/-0.03 at 11 years in SHOP-94 (p=0.01). Relapse rate decreased from SHOP-89 to SHOP-94: 0.38 vs. 0.25 (p=0.01). CNS relapse rate was 9.1% in SHOP-89 and 4.6% in SHOP-94 (p=0.001). EFS in patients with T-immunophenotype was 0.40+/-0.08 in SHOP-89 and 0.44+/-0.06 in SHOP-94 (p=ns). CONCLUSIONS: Our therapeutic results evidence a significant improvement in EFS and systemic and CNS relapse rates among the two consecutive trials after modification of patient stratification and intensification of systemic chemotherapy.

Análisis de trayectoria de las creencias patriarcales y sexistas, actitudes favorables a la violencia y violencia en el noviazgo / [Trajectory analysis of patriarchal and sexist beliefs, attitudes favorable to violence and dating violence]

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las relaciones entre las creencias patriarcales y sexistas, las actitudes favorables a la violencia física, psicológica y sexual hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres, y la presencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Participaron 774 universitarios mexicanos (52,33% mujeres). Los resultados mostraron que los hombres han desarrollado más actitudes favoreciendo el uso de la violencia física, psicológica y sexual en contra de las mujeres a partir de la influencia de las creencias patriarcales y sexistas. Las mujeres con mayor adhesión a las creencias patriarcales y sexistas presentaron más actitudes favorables a la violencia física, psicológica y sexual hacia ellas mismas. Las mujeres que tuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las actitudes que favorecen la violencia hacia ellas tuvieron un mayor nivel de victimización. En conclusión, los cuatro modelos de análisis de trayectorias revelaron el impacto que tienen las creencias patriarcales y sexistas en la violencia en el noviazgo por medio de las actitudes que favorecen la violencia hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres.

Dating violence research needs to examine the perspective and experience that women and men have of this type of violence and the cognitive factors associated with it. In order to fill this gap, the objective of this research was to analyze the relations between patriarchal and sexist beliefs, attitudes favorable to physical, psychological, and sexual violence towards women and men, and the prevalence of dating violence. A total of 774 Mexican university students (52.33% women and 47.67% men) participated answering five instruments. In order to examine the data obtained, four path analysis models were created. The results showed that men have developed more attitudes supporting the use of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women from the influence of patriarchal and sexist beliefs. Likewise, women who reported greater adherence to patriarchal and sexist beliefs presented more favorable attitudes towards physical, psychological, and sexual violence towards themselves. In turn, it was found that female participants who reported higher scores in the attitudes supporting sexual, psychological, and sexual violence towards themselves had a higher level of victimization. In conclusion, the four models revealed the impact that patriarchal and sexist beliefs have on dating violence through attitudes supporting violence towards women and men.

Cross-Situational Self-Consistency in Nine Cultures: The Importance of Separating Influences of Social Norms and Distinctive Dispositions.

We assessed self-consistency (expressing similar traits in different situations) by having undergraduates in the United States ( n = 230), Australia ( n = 220), Canada ( n = 240), Ecuador ( n = 101), Mexico ( n = 209), Venezuela ( n = 209), Japan ( n = 178), Malaysia ( n = 254), and the Philippines ( n = 241) report the traits they expressed in four different social situations. Self-consistency was positively associated with age, well-being, living in Latin America, and not living in Japan; however, each of these variables showed a unique pattern of associations with various psychologically distinct sources of raw self-consistency, including cross-situationally consistent social norms and injunctions. For example, low consistency between injunctive norms and trait expressions fully explained the low self-consistency in Japan. In accord with trait theory, after removing normative and injunctive sources of consistency, there remained robust distinctive noninjunctive self-consistency (reflecting individuating personality dispositions) in every country, including Japan. The results highlight how clarifying the determinants and implications of self-consistency requires differentiating its distinctive, injunctive, and noninjunctive components.

Un modelo multidimensional de la violencia escolar en México: factores familiares y psicológicos / A multidimensional model of school violence in Mexico: family and psychological factors

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre las disfunciones familiares, la violencia escolar y algunos trastornos psicológicos, particularmente la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés. Participaron 388 adolescentes mexicanos de entre 14 y 19 años de edad. Con la finalidad de examinar los efectos que tienen los factores familiares en la violencia escolar, así como las consecuencias de esta violencia en la salud mental de los adolescentes, se construyó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Debido a que el modelo original no se ajustó de forma adecuada a los datos, se reespecificó mostrando de esta manera un ajuste global adecuado con los datos. Los resultados indican que los problemas en la comunicación y la falta de apoyo por parte de los padres fueron los dos predictores más significativos en la violencia escolar y la experiencia de victimización. Además, la depresión, el estrés y la ansiedad presentaron, de mayor a menor magnitud, una relación positiva con la variable latente de trastornos psicológicos (AU)

The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between family dysfunctions, bullying, and some psychological disorders, particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 388 Mexican adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age participated in this study. In order to examine the effects that family factors have on bullying, as well as the consequences of this violence on the mental health of adolescents, a structural equation model was constructed. Since the original model did not fit the data adequately, it was re-specified. Consequently, this new model shows an adequate global fit with the data. Results indicate that communication problems and lack of parental support were the two most significant predictors of bullying and the experience of victimization. In addition, depression, stress, and anxiety presented, from greater to lesser magnitude, a positive relation with the latent variable of psychological disorders (AU)

The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence

Abstract The effects of family of origin violence and intimate partner violence have been extensively documented; however, very few studies have examined the interaction with emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze whether different types of emotion regulation strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive, mediate the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence in the Mexican population. A total of 838 participants (45.9% men and 54.1% women) responded to instruments addressing family of origin violence, emotion regulation strategies, and intimate partner violence. The results revealed that both structural models were significant. For women, the model showed an adequate fit X 2 (11, N = 838) = 22.75, p = .288, GFI = .95, AGFI = .91, NFI = .98, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .05. Likewise, we found similar indexes for men X2 (11, N = 838) = 28.20, p = .348, GFI = .97, AGFI = .93, NFI = .97, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .04. Specifically, the direct effects of adaptive strategies on intimate partner violence were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the direct effects of family of origin violence on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were significant, as were the direct effects of maladaptive strategies on intimate partner violence. In turn, the indirect effects of family of-origin violence were significantly related to intimate partner violence via maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the results clearly showed that men reported higher levels of aggression against women. Finally, regarding the selection of emotion regulation strategies, while women employed more adaptive emotion regulation, men showed a more definite tendency to use maladaptive emotion regulation.

Creencias sobre la violencia y sus efectos en la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo / Beliefs about violence and its effects on the prevalence of dating violence

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo es un fenómeno multifactorial que requiere de estudios que profundicen respecto a los efectos que tienen las creencias culturales en el comportamiento tanto del agresor como de la víctima. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre las creencias acerca de la violencia y la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 420 estudiantes de dos universidades públicas mexicanas que respondieron el Inventario de creencias acerca de la violencia hacia la esposa, el Inventario de conflictos en las relaciones de noviazgo, y un cuestionario de información sociodemográfica. Los datos recolectados fueron examinados por medio de un análisis de correlación canónica, y los resultados mostraron que el modelo en general fue estadísticamente significativo (Wilks X = .654, F(20, 677.54) = 4.626,p < .05); que el tamaño del efecto del modelo general fue de .346, lo que indica que este explicó el 34.6 % de la varianza compartida por los dos conjuntos de variables; y que, específicamente en la primera función, el coeficiente de mayor magnitud fue el de la variable de justificación de la violencia (r2 s = 76.2; h 2 = 90.0), seguido por la del apoyo que se le puede brindar a la víctima (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

Abstract Dating violence is a multifactorial phenomenon that requires in-depth studies regarding the effects that cultural beliefs have on the behavior of both the aggressor and the victim. With this in mind, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between beliefs about violence and the prevalence of dating violence. To this end, a sample of 420 students from two Mexican public universities answered the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Violence, the Inventory of Conflicts in Dating Relationships, and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. The data collected were examined through a canonical correlation analysis, and the results showed that the overall model was statistically significant (Wilks X = .654, F (20, 677.54) = 4.626, p < .05); that the effect size of the overall model was .346, indicating that it explained 34. 6 % of the variance shared by the two sets of variables; and that, specifically in the first function, the coefficient of greatest magnitude was that of the variable of justification of the violence (r2 s = 76.2; h2 = 90.0), followed by that of the support that can be given to the victim (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).