Correction to: Prospective pediatric study comparing glomerular filtration rate estimates based on motion-robust dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and serum creatinine (eGFR) to 99mTc DTPA.

The originally published version of this article contained a typographical error. In the text under the subheading "Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI method, post-processing, and MR-GFR calculation" and in Table 1 the intravenous injection rate of gadobutrol was incorrectly listed as 0.2 mL/s.

Prospective pediatric study comparing glomerular filtration rate estimates based on motion-robust dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and serum creatinine (eGFR) to 99mTc DTPA.

BACKGROUND: Current methods to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have shortcomings. Estimates based on serum creatinine are known to be inaccurate in the chronically ill and during acute changes in renal function. Gold standard methods such as inulin and 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) require blood or urine sampling and thus can be difficult to perform in children. Motion-robust radial volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI represents a novel tool for estimating GFR that has not been validated in children. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of GFR measured by motion-robust radial VIBE dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI compared to estimates by serum creatinine (eGFR) and 99mTc DTPA in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled children, 0-18 years of age, who were undergoing both a contrast-enhanced MRI and nuclear medicine 99mTc DTPA glomerular filtration rate (NM-GFR) within 2 weeks of each other. Enrolled children consented to an additional 6-min dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI scan using the motion-robust high spatiotemporal resolution prototype dynamic radial VIBE sequence (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) at 3 tesla (T). The images were reconstructed offline with high temporal resolution (~3 s/volume) using compressed sensing image reconstruction including regularization in temporal dimension to improve image quality and reduce streaking artifacts. Images were then automatically post-processed using in-house-developed software. Post-processing steps included automatic segmentation of kidney parenchyma and aorta using convolutional neural network techniques and tracer kinetic model fitting using the Sourbron two-compartment model to calculate the MR-based GFR (MR-GFR). The NM-GFR was compared to MR-GFR and estimated GFR based on serum creatinine (eGFR) using Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-one children (7 female, 14 male) were enrolled between February 2017 and May 2018. Data from six of these children were not further analyzed because of deviations from the MRI protocol. Fifteen patients were analyzed (5 female, 10 male; average age 5.9 years); the method was technically feasible in all children. The results showed that the MR-GFR correlated with NM-GFR with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r-value) of 0.98. Bland-Altman analysis (i.e. difference of MR-GFR and NM-GFR versus mean of NM-GFR and MR-GFR) showed a mean difference of -0.32 and reproducibility coefficient of 18 with 95% confidence interval, and the coefficient of variation of 6.7% with values between -19 (-1.96 standard deviation) and 18 (+1.96 standard deviation). In contrast, serum creatinine compared with NM-GFR yielded an r-value of 0.73. Bland-Altman analysis (i.e. difference of eGFR and NM-GFR versus mean of NM-GFR and eGFR) showed a mean difference of 2.9 and reproducibility coefficient of 70 with 95% confidence interval, and the coefficient of variation of 25% with values between -67 (-1.96 standard deviation) and 73 (+1.96 standard deviation). CONCLUSION: MR-GFR is a technically feasible and reliable method of measuring GFR when compared to the reference standard, NM-GFR by serum 99mTc DTPA, and MR-GFR is more reliable than estimates based on serum creatinine.

Free-Breathing High-Resolution, Swap-Free, and Motion-Corrected Water/Fat Separation in Pediatric Abdominal MRI.

OBJECTIVES: The T1-weighted GRE (gradient recalled echo) sequence with the Dixon technique for water/fat separation is an essential component of abdominal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), useful in detecting tumors and characterizing hemorrhage/fat content. Unfortunately, the current implementation of this sequence suffers from several problems: (1) low resolution to maintain high pixel bandwidth and minimize chemical shift; (2) image blurring due to respiratory motion; (3) water/fat swapping due to the natural ambiguity between fat and water peaks; and (4) off-resonance fat blurring due to the multipeak nature of the fat spectrum. The goal of this study was to evaluate the image quality of water/fat separation using a high-resolution 3-point Dixon golden angle radial acquisition with retrospective motion compensation and multipeak fat modeling in children undergoing abdominal MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two pediatric patients (4.2 ± 2.3 years) underwent abdominal MRI on a 3 T scanner with routine abdominal protocol and with a 3-point Dixon radial-VIBE (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination) sequence. Field maps were calculated using 3D graph-cut optimization followed by fat and water calculation from k-space data by iteratively solving an optimization problem. A 6-peak fat model was used to model chemical shifts in k-space. Residual respiratory motion was corrected through soft-gating by weighting each projection based on the estimated respiratory motion from the center of the k-space. Reconstructed images were reviewed by 3 pediatric radiologists on a PACS (picture archiving and communication systems) workstation. Subjective image quality and water/fat swapping artifact were scored by each pediatric radiologist using a 5-point Likert scale. The VoL (variance of Laplacian) of the reconstructed images was used to objectively quantify image sharpness. RESULTS: Based on the overall Likert scores, the images generated using the described method were significantly superior to those reconstructed by the conventional 2-point Dixon technique (P < 0.05). Water/fat swapping artifact was observed in 14 of 22 patients using 2-point Dixon, and this artifact was not present when using the proposed method. Image sharpness was significantly improved using the proposed framework. CONCLUSIONS: In smaller patients, a high-quality water/fat separation with sharp visualization of fine details is critical for diagnostic accuracy. High-resolution golden angle radial-VIBE 3-point Dixon acquisition with 6-peak fat model and soft-gated motion correction offers improved image quality at the expense of an additional ~1-minute acquisition time. Thus, this technique offers the potential to replace the conventional 2-point Dixon technique.

Feed and wrap magnetic resonance urography provides anatomic and functional imaging in infants without anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique for performing magnetic resonance urogram (MRU) in infants without sedation or anesthesia. METHODS: Eighteen infants underwent MRU in the absence of sedating medications using a 'feed and wrap' technique (FW-MRU). Dynamic contrast enhanced images were obtained. Dynamic radial VIBE and compressed sensing image reconstruction were used to correct for motion artifact. RESULTS: Seventeen of the 18 patients had successful FW-MRU. Feed and wrap' magnetic resonance urogram provided high-quality anatomic and functional renal data. CONCLUSION: Initial experience with FW-MRU demonstrates it to be a promising anesthesia-free modality for obtaining anatomic and functional imaging of the urinary tract in infants.