Obesity influences the proteome of periodontal ligament tissues following periodontitis induction in rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism involved with periodontitis progression. There has been growing interest in the potential impact of obesity on periodontitis onset and progression, but the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed to determine the impact of obesity on experimentally induced periodontitis in rats and identify novel pathways involved. METHODS: Sixteen Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 8): ligature-induced periodontitis (P) and obesity plus ligature-induced periodontitis (OP). Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for 70 days, whereas periodontitis was induced for 20 days, with a cotton thread placed around the upper first molars bilaterally. Alveolar bone loss was measured by microtomographic analysis and histologically by histometry on the hemimaxillae. The protein composition of the periodontal ligament was evaluated by proteomic analysis. RESULTS: Data analysis (body weight, adipose tissue weight, and blood test) confirmed obesity induction, whereas bone loss was confirmed by micro-CT and histologic analyses. Proteome analysis from the periodontal ligament tissues (PDL) identified 819 proteins, 53 exclusive to the P group, 28 exclusive to the OP group, and 738 commonly expressed. Validation was performed by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins (spondin1, vinculin, and TRAP). CONCLUSION: Histologically, it was found that obesity did not significantly affect bone loss resulting from periodontitis. However, the present study's findings indicated that obesity affects the proteome of PDL submitted to experimental periodontitis, allowing for identifying potential targets for personalized approaches.

Triclosan toothpaste as an adjunct therapy to plaque control in children from periodontitis families: a crossover clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Studies have demonstrated that children from aggressive periodontitis (AgP) parents presented precocious alterations in their periodontal condition, and the use of chemical agents in association to plaque control could be useful to control these alterations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Triclosan toothpaste to modulate the clinical and subgingival condition in children from AgP parents. METHODS: Fifteen children from AgP parents and 15 from periodontally healthy parents were included in this crossover placebo study. Children were randomly allocated into triclosan or placebo therapy, using selected toothpaste for 45 days. After 15 days of wash-out, groups were crossed, changing the used toothpaste. Clinical examination and saliva, crevicular gingival fluid (GCF), and subgingival biofilm collection were performed at baseline and 45 days of each phase. GCF cytokines' levels were analyzed by Luminex/MAGpix platform and subgingival and salivary periodontal pathogens' levels by qPCR. RESULTS: At baseline, AgP group presented higher plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP), higher Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) abundance in saliva and subgingival biofilm, and lower levels of INF-É£, IL-4, and IL-17 in GCF. Placebo therapy only reduced PI in both groups. Triclosan toothpaste reduced PI and GI in both groups. Triclosan promoted reduction of BoP and probing depth (PD), Aa salivary, and IL-1ß levels in AgP group. In health group, triclosan reduced INF-É£ and IL-4 concentration. CONCLUSION: Triclosan toothpaste demonstrated to be more effective than placebo toothpaste to control the periodontal condition in children from AgP parents, by reducing the BoP, PD, salivary Aa, and IL-1ß. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Triclosan toothpaste can improve oral conditions in higher-risk population for AgP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03642353.

Coronally advanced flap with or without porcine collagen matrix for root coverage: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to clinically evaluate the outcomes following treatment of single gingival recessions with either coronally advanced flap technique (CAF) alone or combined with a porcine collagen matrix graft (CM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a randomized parallel design clinical trial, including forty patients with single Miller Class I or II gingival recession, with a depth ≥ 2 mm and located at upper canines or premolars. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either CAF or CAF + CM. The primary outcome variable was gingival recession reduction (Rec Red). RESULTS: Baseline recession depth was 3.14 ± 0.51 mm for CAF group and 3.16 ± 0.65 mm for CAF + CM group (p > 0.05). Both groups showed significant Rec Red (p < 0.05), up to 6 months. Rec Red for CAF + CM was 2.41 ± 0.73 mm and was 2.25 ± 0.50 mm for CAF alone (p > 0.05). Root coverage was 77.2 % in the CAF + CM group and 72.1 % in the CAF group (p > 0.05). Complete root coverage (CRC) was found in 40 % of the cases in the CAF + CM group and in 35 % of the sites treated with CAF. Keratinized tissue thickness (KTT) was 0.26 mm higher in CAF + CM group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that CAF + CM does not provide a superior recession reduction when compared to CAF; however, it may offer a small gain in KTT after 6 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CAF + CM can be suggested as a valid therapeutic option to achieve root coverage and some increase in soft tissue thickness after 6 months.

Gingival recession associated with noncarious cervical lesions: combined periodontal-restorative approach and the treatment of long-term esthetic complications.

Buccal gingival recession is a prevalent problem in populations with a high standard of oral hygiene and is often associated with noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs), leading to the need for a combined periodontal-restorative approach for better esthetic and functional results. In the literature, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restorations associated with periodontal surgery have been shown to achieve significant root coverage and reduction of dentin sensitivity; however, changes to the color of some of those restorations have been observed, which could compromise esthetics. Therefore, the aim of the present case report is to describe and discuss the current understanding of treatment for a gingival recession associated with an NCCL with a periodontal-restorative approach, and to describe treatment of RMGI color alteration problems two years after treatment.

Obesity affects the proteome profile of periodontal ligament submitted to mechanical forces induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

The prevalence of obesity has increased significantly worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of obesity on the proteomic profile of periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues of rat first maxillary molars (1 M) submitted to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Ten Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 5): the M group (OTM), and the OM group (obesity induction plus OTM). Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for the entire experimental periods After that period, the animals were euthanized and the hemimaxillae removed and processed for laser capture microdissection of the PDL tissues of the 1 M. Peptide extracts were obtained and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033647. Out of the 109 proteins with differential abundance, 49 were identified in the OM group, including Vinculin, Cathepsin D, and Osteopontin, which were selected for in situ localization by immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC). Overall, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that enriched proteins were related to the GO component cellular category. IHC validated the trends for selected proteins. Our study highlights the differences in the PDL proteome profiling of healthy and obese subjects undergoing OTM. These findings may provide valuable information needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in tissue remodeling in obese patients submitted to orthodontic treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Emerging findings in the field of dentistry suggest that obesity influences the tissues around the teeth, especially those in the periodontal ligament. Therefore, evaluation of the effect of obesity on periodontal tissues remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement is a relevant research topic. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate proteomic changes in periodontal ligament tissue in response to the association between orthodontic tooth movement and obesity. Our study identified a novel protein profile associated with obesity by using laser microdissection and proteomic analysis, providing new information to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in obese patients undergoing orthodontic treatment which can lead to a more personalized orthodontic treatment approach.

TiO2 nanotube-containing glass ionomer cements display reduced aluminum release rates.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2-nts) were incorporated into a glass ionomer cement (GIC) with improved mechanical properties and antibacterial activity. The aims of the present in vitro study were to define the elemental characterization, aluminum (Al) release rate, and initial working time for GIC reinforced with TiO2-nts, in an experimental caries model. TiO2-nts were incorporated into GIC powder components at 5% by weight, and compared with unblended GIC. Experimental approaches used energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and brightness loss to define surface element properties, Al release rates, and initial working time, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by 2-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, generalized linear models, and Student's t test (a = 0.05). EDS data analysis revealed that TiO2-nts incorporated into GIC had no significant impact on the typical elemental composition of GICs in an in vitro caries model. Regarding the demineralizing solution, GIC with TiO2-nt significantly decreased the Al release rate, compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Moreover, TiO2-nt incorporated into GIC did not alter the initial working time of the material (p > 0.05). These findings add information to our scientific body of knowledge concerning the potential impact of TiO2-nt on the performance of conventional GICs.

Parents with periodontitis impact the subgingival colonization of their offspring.

Early acquisition of a pathogenic microbiota and the presence of dysbiosis in childhood is associated with susceptibility to and the familial aggregation of periodontitis. This longitudinal interventional case-control study aimed to evaluate the impact of parental periodontal disease on the acquisition of oral pathogens in their offspring. Subgingival plaque and clinical periodontal metrics were collected from 18 parents with a history of generalized aggressive periodontitis and their children (6-12 years of age), and 18 periodontally healthy parents and their parents at baseline and following professional oral prophylaxis. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that parents were the primary source of the child's microbiome, affecting their microbial acquisition and diversity. Children of periodontitis parents were preferentially colonized by Filifactor alocis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and several species belonging to the genus Selenomonas even in the absence of periodontitis, and these species controlled inter-bacterial interactions. These pathogens also emerged as robust discriminators of the microbial signatures of children of parents with periodontitis. Plaque control did not modulate this pathogenic pattern, attesting to the microbiome's resistance to change once it has been established. This study highlights the critical role played by parental disease in microbial colonization patterns in their offspring and the early acquisition of periodontitis-related species and underscores the need for greater surveillance and preventive measures in families of periodontitis patients.

Sputtered crystalline TiO2 film drives improved surface properties of titanium-based biomedical implants.

Different crystalline phases in sputtered TiO2 films were tailored to determine their surface and electrochemical properties, protein adsorption and apatite layer formation on titanium-based implant material. Deposition conditions of two TiO2 crystalline phases (anatase and rutile) were established and then grown on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) by magnetron sputtering to obtain the following groups: A-TiO2 (anatase), M-TiO2 (anatase and rutile mixture), R-TiO2 (rutile). Non-treated commercially pure titanium (cpTi) was used as a control. Surfaces characterization included: chemical composition, topography, crystalline phase and surface free energy (SFE). Electrochemical tests were conducted using simulated body fluid (SBF). Albumin adsorption was measured by bicinchoninic acid method. Hydroxyapatite (HA) precipitation was evaluated after 28 days of immersion in SBF. MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, morphology and spreading onto the experimental surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Sputtering treatment modified cpTi topography by increasing its surface roughness. CpTi and M-TiO2 groups presented the greatest SFE. In general, TiO2 films displayed improved electrochemical behavior compared to cpTi, with M-TiO2 featuring the highest polarization resistance. Rutile phase exhibited a greater influence on decreasing the current density and corrosion rate, while the presence of a bi-phasic polycrystalline condition displayed a more stable passive behavior. M-TiO2 featured increased albumin adsorption. HA morphology was dependent on the crystalline phase, being more evident in the bi-phasic group. Furthermore, M-TiO2 displayed normal cell adhesion and morphology. The combination of anatase and rutile structures to generate TiO2 films is a promising strategy to improve biomedical implants properties including greater corrosion protection, higher protein adsorption, bioactivity and non-cytotoxicity effect.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes added to glass ionomer cements affect S. mutans viability and mechanisms of virulence.

This in vitro study evaluated the impact of TiO2 nanotubes (n-TiO2) incorporated into glass ionomer cement (GIC) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) characteristics at cellular and molecular levels. n-TiO2, synthesized by the alkaline method (20 nm in size), was added to Ketac Molar EasyMix® at 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% by weight. S. mutans strains were cultured on GIC disks with addition or not of n-TiO2 for 1, 3, and 7 days and the following parameters were assessed: inhibition halo (mm) (n=3/group); cell viability (live/dead) (n=5/group); cell morphology (SEM) (n=3/group); and gene expression by real-time PCR (vicR, covR, gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) (n=6/group). The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, repeated-measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's and Dunn's post-hoc tests (α=0.05). The agar diffusion test showed a higher antibacterial property for 5% n-TiO2 compared with 3% and 7% (p<0.05) with no effect of time (1, 3, and 7 days). The cell number was significantly affected by all n-TiO2 groups, while viability was mostly affected by 3% and 5% n-TiO2, which also affected cell morphology and organization. Real-time PCR demonstrated that n-TiO2 reduced the expression of covR when compared with GIC with no n-TiO2 (p<0.05), with no effect of time, except for 3% n-TiO2 on vicR expression. Within-group and between-group analyses revealed n-TiO2 did not affect mRNA levels of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD (p>0.05). Incorporation of n-TiO2 at 3% and 5% potentially affected S. mutans viability and the expression of key genes for bacterial survival and growth, improving the anticariogenic properties of GIC.

Transcriptome profile of highly osteoblastic/cementoblastic periodontal ligament cell clones.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous cell populations of osteo/cementoblastic (O/C) or fibroblastic phenotypes constitute the periodontal dental ligament (PDL). A better understanding of these PDL cell subpopulations is essential to propose regenerative approaches based on a sound biological rationale. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to clarify the differential transcriptome profile of PDL cells poised to differentiate into the O/C cell lineage. METHODOLOGY: To characterize periodontal-derived cells with distinct differentiation capacities, single-cell-derived clones were isolated from adult human PDL progenitor cells and their potential to differentiate into osteo/cementoblastic (O/C) phenotype (C-O clones) or fibroblastic phenotype (C-F clones) was assessed in vitro. The transcriptome profile of the clonal cell lines in standard medium cultivation was evaluated using next-generation sequencing technology (RNA-seq). Over 230 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, in which C-O clones showed a higher number of upregulated genes (193) and 42 downregulated genes. RESULTS: The upregulated genes were associated with the Cadherin and Wnt signaling pathways as well as annotated biological processes, including "anatomical structure development" and "cell adhesion." Both transcriptome and RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of WNT2, WNT16, and WIF1 in C-O clones. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive transcriptomic assessment of human PDL progenitor cells revealed that expression of transcripts related to the biological process "anatomical structure development," Cadherin signaling, and Wnt signaling can identify PDL cells with a higher potential to commit to the O/C phenotype. A better understanding of these pathways and their function in O/C differentiation will help to improve protocols for periodontal regenerative therapies.

Connective tissue graft plus resin-modified glass ionomer restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesion: a randomized-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the treatment of gingival recession, associated with non-carious cervical lesions by a connective tissue graft (CTG) alone, or in combination with a resin-modified glass ionomer restoration (CTG+R). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients presenting Miller Class I buccal gingival recessions, associated with non-carious cervical lesions, were selected. The defects were randomly assigned to receive either CTG or CTG+R. Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), relative gingival recession (RGR), clinical attachment level (CAL) and cervical lesion height (CLH) coverage were measured at baseline and 45 days, and 2, 3 and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: Both groups showed statistically significant gains in CAL and soft tissue coverage. The differences between groups were not statistically significant in BOP, PD, RGR and CAL, after 6 months. The percentages of CLH covered were 74.88 +/- 8.66% for CTG and 70.76 +/- 9.81% for CTG+R (p>0.05). The estimated root coverage was 91.91 +/- 17.76% for CTG and 88.64 +/- 11.9% for CTG+R (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that both procedures provide comparable soft tissue coverage. The presence of the glass ionomer restoration may not prevent the root coverage achieved by CTG.

Differential cytokine expressions affect the severity of peri-implant disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of inflammatory- [interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, and IL-10] and osteoclastogenesis-related factors [receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] in sites exhibiting different severities of peri-implant disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Peri-implant soft tissue biopsies (n=48) were harvested from healthy implant (HI), mucositis (MC), initial peri-implantitis (IP) and severe peri-implantitis (SP) sites. RESULTS: IL-12 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were higher in SP, followed by IP and MC (P <0.05). IL-4 was higher in HI, followed by MC, SP and IP (P <0.05). IL-10 was the lowest in HI, while no differences were detected among the diseased groups (P>0.05). OPG mRNA levels were higher in HI, followed by IP, SP and MC, whereas RANKL was increased as the peri-implantitis severity increased (P<0.05). The highest OPG/RANKL ratio was observed in HI and the lowest in SP (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that expressions of inflammatory- and osteoclastogenesis-related factors may play an important role in the onset and severity of the peri-implant diseases.

Isolation and characterization of a human cementocyte-like cell line, HCY-23.

Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the tooth root that functions in tooth attachment and post-eruptive adjustment of tooth position. It has been reported to be highly similar to bone in several respects but remains poorly understood in terms of development and regeneration. Here, we investigate whether cementocytes, the residing cells in cellular cementum, have the potential to be protagonist in cementum homeostasis, responding to endocrine signals and directing local cementum metabolism. Cells from healthy erupted human teeth were isolated using sequential collagenase/EDTA digestions, and maintained in standard cell culture conditions. A cementocyte-like cell line was cloned (HCY-23, for human cementocyte clone 23), which presented a cementocyte compatible gene expression signature, including the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), sclerostin ( SOST ), and E11/gp38/podoplanin ( E11 ). In contrast, these cells did not express the odontoblast/dentin marker dentin sialoprotein ( DSPP ). HCY-23 cells produced mineral-like nodules in vitro under differentiation conditions, and were highly responsive to inorganic phosphate (Pi). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that cementocytes are phosphate-responsive cells, and have the potential do play a key role in periodontal homeostasis and regeneration.

Validation of reported GLT6D1 (rs1537415), IL10 (rs6667202), and ANRIL (rs1333048) single nucleotide polymorphisms for aggressive periodontitis in a Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is influenced by genetic factors. Recently, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1537415 (GLT6D1), rs6667202 (IL10), and rs1333048 (ANRIL) were associated with AgP in different European populations. However, these specific SNPs have not yet been determined in Brazilians. Therefore, this study investigated whether these SNPs previously associated with AgP could be replicated among Brazilians. METHODS: The SNPs rs1537415, rs6667202, and rs1333048 were genotyped using 5'-nuclease allelic discrimination assay in AgP (n = 200), chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 190), and healthy patients (H, n = 196). Differences in allele and genotype frequencies were analyzed using chi-square tests and stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: The minor C allele of rs6667202 was less frequently detected in AgP patients (23.5%) when compared to non-AgP groups (H = 34.2% and CP = 30.3%; p < 0.01), making the SNP protective against AgP occurrence. Moreover, the final logistic model for AgP diagnosis included gender (p = 0.001) and the SNP rs6667202 (p < 0.001) as significant variables. The SNPs rs1537415 and rs1333048 did not show associations with AgP. CONCLUSION: Only the SNP rs6667202 was associated with AgP in a Brazilian population, being the minor C allele protective against AgP. Moreover, SNPs rs1333048 and rs1537415, previously associated with AgP in other population, was not validated to Brazilian population.

Tetracycline gel as an adjunct to surgical root debridement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of tetracycline gel, brushed on tooth surfaces, on periodontal clinical parameters following root debridement. METHODS: 20 subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and presenting a minimum of two proximal sites on anterior teeth (maxillary or mandibular) with probing depth +/- 5 mm, were selected. Following oral hygiene instructions and ultrasonic supragingival instrumentation, subjects were assigned to one of the following groups: RDS--root debridement with Gracey curettes and root brushing with saline solution; and RDT--root debridement with Gracey curettes and root brushing with 40% tetracycline gel. Full-thickness flaps were reflected and instrumentation was performed using a clinical microscope to optimize calculus detection. Probing depth (PD), relative gingival margin level (RGML) and relative attachment level (RAL) measures were registered at five visits: baseline and days 30, 60, 90 and 120 postoperative. RESULTS: Both approaches were able to markedly reduce the PD values from baseline in all periods (P < 0.0001). No differences were found for RAL values in any of the groups. No differences were found between groups. In conclusion, the application of tetracycline gel does not seem to provide any additional improvement on clinical periodontal parameters after root debridement.

Clinical attachment level measurements with and without the use of a stent by a computerized electronic probe.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a stent should be used when assessing attachment level (AL) by an electronic probe (Florida Probe). METHODS: Twenty patients were recruited and individual stents were obtained to measure relative AL (RAL) with the Florida stent probe. Conventional AL (CAL) measurements were obtained by adding pocket depth and gingival recession recorded by the Florida pocket probe. Duplicate RAL and CAL measurements were taken one hour apart from each other on anterior teeth, at six sites per tooth, by one examiner. Patients were treated and reassessed with both probes after 45 days so that the gain in RAL and CAL could also be compared. RESULTS: Pearson's correlation test showed that correlation was moderate (r = 0.57) and significant (p < 0.001) for duplicate CAL measurements. As for RAL values, correlation was higher (0.91) and significant (p < 0.001). The difference between RAL and CAL gain after 45 days was 0.04 mm (p = 0.85). CONCLUSION: Since the correlation was higher for duplicate RAL measurements than for CAL measurements, the use of a stent should be considered in clinical trials to ensure better reproducibility of measurement of attachment level gains.

Novel Nanotechnology of TiO2 Improves Physical-Chemical and Biological Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement.

The aim of this study was to assess the performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) added with TiO2 nanotubes. TiO2 nanotubes [3%, 5%, and 7% (w/w)] were incorporated into GIC's (Ketac Molar EasyMix™) powder component, whereas unblended powder was used as control. Physical-chemical-biological analysis included energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), surface roughness (SR), Knoop hardness (SH), fluoride-releasing analysis, cytotoxicity, cell morphology, and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. Parametric or nonparametric ANOVA were used for statistical comparisons (α ≤ 0.05). Data analysis revealed that EDS only detected Ti at the 5% and 7% groups and that GIC's physical-chemical properties were significantly improved by the addition of 5% TiO2 as compared to 3% and GIC alone. Furthermore, regardless of TiO2 concentration, no significant effect was found on SR, whereas GIC-containing 7% TiO2 presented decreased SH values. Fluoride release lasted longer for the 5% and 7% TiO2 groups, and cell morphology/spreading and ECM composition were found to be positively affected by TiO2 at 5%. In conclusion, in the current study, nanotechnology incorporated in GIC affected ECM composition and was important for the superior microhardness and fluoride release, suggesting its potential for higher stress-bearing site restorations.

TiO2 nanotube-containing glass ionomer cements display reduced aluminum release rates

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2-nts) were incorporated into a glass ionomer cement (GIC) with improved mechanical properties and antibacterial activity. The aims of the present in vitro study were to define the elemental characterization, aluminum (Al) release rate, and initial working time for GIC reinforced with TiO2-nts, in an experimental caries model. TiO2-nts were incorporated into GIC powder components at 5% by weight, and compared with unblended GIC. Experimental approaches used energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and brightness loss to define surface element properties, Al release rates, and initial working time, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by 2-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, generalized linear models, and Student's t test (a = 0.05). EDS data analysis revealed that TiO2-nts incorporated into GIC had no significant impact on the typical elemental composition of GICs in an in vitro caries model. Regarding the demineralizing solution, GIC with TiO2-nt significantly decreased the Al release rate, compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Moreover, TiO2-nt incorporated into GIC did not alter the initial working time of the material (p > 0.05). These findings add information to our scientific body of knowledge concerning the potential impact of TiO2-nt on the performance of conventional GICs.

Amoxicillin/metronidazole associated with nonsurgical therapy did not promote additional benefits in immunologic parameters in generalized aggressive periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial compared the levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) patients treated with nonsurgical therapy associated or not with amoxicillin/metronidazole adjunctive. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-nine GAgP patients were followed during 6 months. The patients were randomly allocated to one of the groups: experimental (scaling and root planing plus 375 mg amoxicillin and 250 mg metronidazole for 7 days) and control (scaling and root planing + placebo). Probing pocket depth (PPD), relative clinical attachment level (rCAL), gingival margin position (GMP), and IL-6, IFN-γ, and PGE2 levels in GCF were evaluated at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: Both therapies promoted PPD reductions, rCAL gains, and recession in GMP at the end of the study, with the experimental group presenting an additional PPD reduction in fullmouth analysis and deep pockets at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups (P < .05). During the period of the study, only the experimental group promoted a reduction in PGE2 levels in deep pockets at 3 and 6 months, while IFN-γ and IL-6 levels remained unchanged. However, the differences in the immunologic parameters were not statistically significant among the groups. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that amoxicillin/ metronidazole associated with nonsurgical therapy promotes an additional PPD reduction in the treatment of GAgP; however, this therapy did not promote additional benefits in the evaluated immunologic parameters.

Influence of rs6667202 SNP on Interleukin-10 levels in the gingival fluid of patients with periodontitis grade C

Grade C periodontitis in youngers is characterized by a severe form of periodontitis, and IL10 rs6667202 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been described as an important feature in this disease etiology. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate, in vivo, the functionality of IL10 rs6667202 SNP on IL-10 gingival fluid levels. Methods: Thirty patients with Perio4C were selected, 15 with the IL10 AA genotype (rs6667202) and 15 with AC/CC genotypes. The gingival fluid was collected from two sites with probing depth ≥ 7 mm and bleeding on probing, and two healthy sites. The IL-10 concentration was determined by Luminex/MAGpix platform. Results: In deep pockets, the IL10 AA genotype presented a lower concentration of IL-10 when compared with AC or CC genotypes (p<0.05). In shallow pockets, no difference between groups was seen (p>0.05). Conclusion: IL10 rs6667202 SNP decreases the production of IL-10 in crevicular fluid, potentially affecting this disease progression