Microbiota composition modulates inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia after arterial angioplasty.

BACKGROUND: Neointimal hyperplasia is a major contributor to restenosis after arterial interventions, but the genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying the variable propensity for neointimal hyperplasia between individuals, including the role of commensal microbiota, are not well understood. We sought to characterize how shifting the microbiome using cage sharing and bedding mixing between rats with differing restenosis phenotypes after carotid artery balloon angioplasty could alter arterial remodeling. METHODS: We co-housed and mixed bedding between genetically distinct rats (Lewis [LE] and Sprague-Dawley [SD]) that harbor different commensal microbes and that are known to have different neointimal hyperplasia responses to carotid artery balloon angioplasty. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to monitor changes in the gut microbiome. RESULTS: There were significant differences in neointimal hyperplasia between non-co-housed LE and SD rats 14 days after carotid artery angioplasty (mean intima + media [I + M] area, 0.117 ± 0.014 mm2 LE vs 0.275 ± 0.021 mm2 SD; P < .001) that were diminished by co-housing. Co-housing also altered local adventitial Ki67 immunoreactivity, local accumulation of leukocytes and macrophages (total and M2), and interleukin 17A concentration 3 days after surgery in each strain. Non-co-housed SD and LE rats had microbiomes distinguished by both weighted (P = .012) and unweighted (P < .001) UniFrac beta diversity distances, although without significant differences in alpha diversity. The difference in unweighted beta diversity between the fecal microbiota of SD and LE rats was significantly reduced by co-housing. Operational taxonomic units that significantly correlated with average I + M area include Parabacteroides distasonis, Desulfovibrio, Methanosphaera, Peptococcus, and Prevotella. Finally, serum concentrations of microbe-derived metabolites hydroxyanthranilic acid and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were significantly associated with I + M area in both rat strains independent of co-housing. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel mechanism for how microbiome manipulations affect arterial remodeling and the inflammatory response after arterial injury. A greater understanding of the host inflammatory-microbe axis could uncover novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of restenosis.

Surgical approach, management, and oncologic outcomes of primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava: An institutional case series.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare tumor arising from the smooth muscle of vessel walls. Surgery is the only potential curative treatment. Given its rarity, optimal surgical, and oncologic management is not well described. We review our institutional series of primary leiomyosarcomas treated with resection and IVC reconstruction over the last decade. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent surgical resection of primary leiomyosarcoma of the IVC from November 2009 to March 2020 at a single tertiary care center was performed. RESULTS: Among the eight patients treated, the majority were female (87.5%) with a median age of 52 years (range, 44-63). Tumor was located in the infrarenal IVC in five patients (62.5%). IVC was reconstructed using a ring-enforced PTFE graft in six patients (75%). All but one patient had an intermediate (grade 2) or high grade (grade 3) tumor, and all resections achieved grossly negative margins. The 1- and 3-year disease-free survival was 85.7% and 64.3%, respectively. There were no disease-specific deaths during a median follow-up of 36 months (interquartile range, 10-51 months). CONCLUSIONS: With a well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach, primary leiomyosarcoma of the IVC can be safely resected with good long-term survival.

Successful Resection of a Retrohepatic Inferior Vena Cava Primary Leiomyosarcoma with Atrial Thrombus Extension in a 30-Week Pregnant Woman.

Leiomyosarcomas are an uncommon malignant subset of tumors accounting for approximately 20% of soft tissue sarcomas. Primary vascular leiomyosarcomas (PVLs) are a rare subset of leiomyosarcomas that may originate in the arterial or venous circulation but most commonly affect the inferior vena cava (IVC). PVLs more commonly affect women to men in a 2:1 ratio and most frequently occur in the fourth to sixth decades of life. Few reports have described this infrequent pathologic state in the setting of advanced pregnancy. Presented is a case of a 44-year-old 30-week pregnant woman who presented with a PVL of the retrohepatic IVC, which was complicated by occlusion of the IVC and tumor thrombus extension into the hepatic veins and right atrium. Herein, we describe our multidisciplinary management of this rare problem with successful surgical resection of her tumor and IVC reconstruction.

Early Carotid Endarterectomy after Acute Stroke Yields Excellent Outcomes: An Analysis of the Procedure-Targeted ACS-NSQIP.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent ischemic events have been associated with delayed carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients who present with acute strokes. As such, earlier intervention has been advocated to preserve cerebral function and expedient rehabilitation. We sought to determine the differences in 30-day postoperative major adverse clinical events (MACEs) for patients who undergo early (≤7 days) and delayed (>7 days) CEA after acute stroke. METHODS: Our sample consisted of patients captured in the CEA-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative MACEs (death, stroke, or myocardial infarction [MI]). Differences in postoperative MACEs were determined between early and delayed CEA treatment. In addition, multivariable analyses were done to determine the association between various patient factors and postoperative complications after CEA for patients who presented with acute strokes. RESULTS: A total of 3,427 patients were identified who underwent CEA for acute stroke in the CEA-targeted files between 2011 and 2015. Overall, perioperative rates of 30-day death, stroke, or MI were 1.30% (n = 43), 2.74% (n = 94), and 0.96% (n = 33), respectively. There were no differences in 30-day postoperative death, stroke, or MI for early or delayed CEA after acute strokes. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors for postoperative MACEs in patients with acute stroke were age ≥80 years (OR 2.41; 95% CI [1.15-5.06]), preoperative beta-blocker use (OR 2.11; 95% CI [1.13-3.93]), and operative time > 150 min (OR 2.39; 95% CI [0.82-4.98]). CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences in postoperative 30-day death, stroke, or MI in early and delayed CEA after an acute stroke. These results substantiate the recommendation for early (<7 days) CEA after acute strokes.

Management of hemothorax after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for ruptured aneurysms.

Background Thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture is often a fatal condition. Emergent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has emerged as a suitable treatment option. Unfortunately, respiratory complications from hemothorax continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality even after successful management of the aortic rupture. We hypothesize that early hemothorax decompression after TEVAR for ruptured aneurysms decreases the rate of postoperative respiratory complications. Methods Single-center, retrospective eight-year review of ruptured thoracic aneurysms treated with TEVAR. Results Seventeen patients presented with ruptured degenerative thoracic aortic aneurysms, all of which were successfully treated emergently with TEVAR. The mean age was 74 years among the 12 (70.6%) men and 5 (29.4%) women treated. Inpatient and 30-day mortality rates for the entire cohort were both 17.6% (three patients). The 90-day mortality rate was 47.1% (eight patients). Thirty-day morbidities of the entire cohort included stroke ( n = 1, 5.9%), spinal cord ischemia ( n = 3, 17.6%; only one was temporary), cardiac arrest ( n = 4, 23.5%; 3 were fatal), respiratory failure ( n = 5, 29.4%), and renal failure ( n = 5, 29.4%). A large hemothorax was identified in the majority of patients ( n = 14, 82.4%). While six (42.9% of 14) patients had immediate chest tube decompression on the day of index procedure, three (21.4% of 14) patients had decompression on postoperative day 1, 4, and 7, respectively. Although not statistically significant, there were trends toward higher rates of respiratory failure (50.0% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.198) and 90-day mortality (62.5% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.280) for patients with delayed or no hemothorax decompression when compared to patients with immediate hemothorax decompression. Conclusions The morbidity and mortality of ruptured degenerative thoracic aortic aneurysms remains high despite the introduction of TEVAR. In this single-center experience, there was a trend toward decreased respiratory complications and increased survival with early chest decompression of hemothorax after TEVAR.

Technical considerations in robotic aberrant right subclavian artery resection for dysphagia lusoria.

Dysphagia lusoria occurs due to compression of the esophagus as an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) crosses the mediastinum. Surgical management includes open, hybrid, and endovascular techniques, with no consensus gold standard. There are few reports of robotic-assisted ARSA resection. We describe the innovative technique and outcomes for two patients who successfully underwent robotic-assisted transthoracic resection of an ARSA after right carotid-subclavian bypass for dysphagia lusoria. Both patients experienced improvement or resolution of their dysphagia and no major complications. In select patients with a noncalcified origin of the ARSA without aneurysmal degeneration, the robotic-assisted approach represents a viable option.

Surgical resection of an isolated superficial temporal artery aneurysm.

In the present report, we describes a case of surgical resection of an isolated superficial temporal artery aneurysm without underlying systemic pathology. Although aneurysms of this sort most commonly occur in the setting of recent trauma, this case demonstrates an uncommon presentation. We hope to further contribute to the literature regarding this condition.

Penumbra aspiration thrombectomy of the superior mesenteric artery for mesenteric ischemia.

Acute mesenteric ischemia from thromboembolic occlusion is a life-threatening emergency associated with a high mortality rate. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are vital to preserve viable bowel and prevent mortality. In the past decade, a shift has occurred toward minimally invasive alternatives such as endovascular therapies. We present a case of acute mesenteric ischemia from superior mesenteric artery thrombosis treated promptly with the Penumbra suction thrombectomy device (Penumbra Inc).

External iliac vein aneurysm treated via balloon-assisted aneurysmorrhaphy with a contemporary review of the literature.

Isolated external iliac vein aneurysm is exceedingly rare, not well-described in the literature, and presents several potential surgical approaches. Herein, we describe the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with incidentally found 4.3 cm × 3.4 cm × 5.6 cm right external iliac vein aneurysm after undergoing magnetic resonance imaging for orthopedic work-up. She was treated via parallel supra- and infra-inguinal incisions and novel combination of primary aneurysmorrhaphy with intraluminal balloon mandrel-assisted closure. The patient was discharged on postoperative day two, and 6-month follow-up ultrasound showed a normal caliber vessel with normal compressibility, suggesting this technique is safe and effective for appropriately selected patients.

Acute occlusion of aortic endovascular aneurysm repair stent graft with bilateral limb ischemia.

Endovascular aneurysm repair has dramatically changed the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms as an alternative to open repair. However, complications can occur, including stent graft migration, kinking, and occlusion, leading to compromise of the excluded aneurysm walls and acute limb ischemia. In the present report, we have described a case of migration and kinking of an abdominal aortic stent graft in the main body that led to occlusion of the abdominal aorta and bilateral acute limb ischemia. The patient required emergent explantation of the stent graft and open repair of the abdominal aneurysm with a rifampin-soaked Dacron graft, which achieved a favorable outcome.

Outcomes of Sarcoma Resections Requiring Vascular Surgical Assistance: A Single-Center Experience.

Objective: To describe the types of intervention and determine patency and survival after arterial and venous reconstruction after surgical excision of sarcomas. Methods: Between November 2001 and July 2015, 42 patients with sarcomas and vascular involvement underwent surgical oncologic resection followed by arterial or venous reconstruction or preservation of the native vascular bundle. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed on abstracted data, which included demographics, risk factors, oncologic and vascular treatment modalities, postoperative complications, graft patency, and survival outcomes. Results: A total of 42 sarcomas required vascular assistance for oncologic removal. The majority of sarcomas were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (23.8%), and the most common anatomic location was the retroperitoneum (48%). A total of 12 revascularizations procedures were performed, including 5 arterial, 3 venous, and 2 concomitant arterial and venous. In 32 cases, a vascular surgeon was needed for vessel ligation, repair, or mobilization. The overall 2- and 5-year survival was 77.7% and 26.2%, respectively, with no significant survival difference between patients who underwent revascularization compared to those without revascularization. There was a 100% patency rate in all cases at last follow-up, regardless of the type of vascular reconstruction (median 18 months, range 1-29 months). On multivariate analysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P = .002) and positive surgical margins (P = .003) were associated with decreased survival. Most cases were performed in the last 5 years of the study (n = 27, 64.3%). Conclusions: Vascular reconstruction is feasible after surgical oncologic resection of sarcomas with good mid-term patency and limb preservation. Factors independently associated with mortality included COPD and positive surgical margins.

Microbial Colonization of Germ-Free Mice Restores Neointimal Hyperplasia Development After Arterial Injury.

Background The potential role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases is increasingly evident. Arterial restenosis attributable to neointimal hyperplasia after cardiovascular procedures such as balloon angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery is a common cause of treatment failure, yet whether gut microbiota participate in the development of neointimal hyperplasia remains largely unknown. Methods and Results We performed fecal microbial transplantation from conventionally raised male C57BL/6 mice to age-, sex-, and strain-matched germ-free mice. Five weeks after inoculation, all mice underwent unilateral carotid ligation. Neointimal hyperplasia development was quantified after 4 weeks. Conventionally raised and germ-free cohorts served as comparison groups. Conclusions Germ-free mice have significantly attenuated neointimal hyperplasia development compared with conventionally raised mice. The arterial remodeling response is restored by fecal transplantation. Our results describe a causative role of gut microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia.

The relationship of preoperative versus postoperative hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes after elective colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between preoperative hyperglycemia and complications after surgery is not well defined. We compared the relationship of preoperative versus postoperative hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes and assessed if preoperative hyperglycemia was a predictor for postoperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of an institutional database for patients who underwent elective colorectal resection between July 2015 and June 2017. Data regarding patient characteristics, history of diabetes, preoperative and postoperative hyperglycemic events, and postoperative complications were collected. Bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to assess relationships. RESULTS: Of 755 surgical operations reviewed, preoperative hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL was not significantly associated with adverse outcomes in an adjusted model. Only postoperative hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL was significantly associated with complications, including acute kidney injury (odds ratio 2.58, P < 0.001), anastomotic leak (odds ratio 2.64, P = 0.01), arrhythmia (odds ratio 2.40, P = 0.009), and sepsis (odds ratio 3.86, P < 0.001). Preoperative hyperglycemia remained a significant predictor of postoperative hyperglycemia (odds ratio 4.91, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Postoperative hyperglycemia was more significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes after elective colorectal surgery than was preoperative hyperglycemia. However, preoperative hyperglycemia was associated with postoperative hyperglycemia, suggesting that improved glycemic management preoperatively may help reduce hyperglycemic events after surgery.

Surgical interns: Preparedness for opioid prescribing before and after a training intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to pain management curriculum in medical school is currently variable. This paper reports on formal prescribing education, self-perceived prescribing readiness, and prescribing practices among incoming surgical residents before and after a pain management training session. METHODS: Pre-residency survey of thirty surgical interns at a single urban medical center, followed by a repeat survey after an educational session on prescription writing and opioid abuse. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of respondents had formal education on prescription writing in medical school. Median subjective preparedness to write an opioid prescription was 1.5 (range 1-10) on a 1-10 Likert scale. Ranges of morphine milligram equivalents (MME) prescribed varied from 420-2700 MME for 8 mock surgical scenarios. Post-training, median subjective preparedness increased to 3.5 (range 1-6) and prescription accuracy (the inclusion of a medication, dose, frequency, and duration) improved from 75% to 97% (p < 0.001). Overall, 90% of interns found the training session useful. CONCLUSION: Most surgical interns were not trained in prescribing narcotics in medical school. Improved pain management curriculum is necessary to assure safe and consistent opioid prescriptions.

Variation in post-discharge opioid prescriptions among members of a surgical team.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons play a pivotal role in the opioid epidemic but it is unknown how different members of a surgical team vary in the way they prescribe opioids after surgical episodes. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all inpatient discharges for 5 common surgeries. Total number of tablets and total milligram equivalents (MME) prescribed were calculated and differences in prescription patterns were determined for attending surgeons, surgical residents and advanced practice providers. Using a generalized ordered logistic regression, we examined factors associated with ordering a higher number of tablets or MME. RESULTS: The median number of tablets (range) prescribed by rank were attending surgeon 30 (6-72), surgical resident 20 (6-189) and advanced care practitioner 40 (5-1000); p < 0.001.The median total MME prescribed by rank were attending surgeon 140 (30-600), surgical resident 200 (30-1600) and advanced practice provider 240 (25-1000); p < 0.001. There was no statistically significant difference by resident postgraduate year (PGY) for both total tablets and total MME prescribed. General surgery residents on average ordered a narrower range of total MME compared to surgical residents in other surgical specialties [20 (50-600) vs 20 (30-1600); p = 0.03]. On regression analysis, residents were less likely to order a higher number of tablets compared to attending surgeons (OR 0.29, p = 0.01). However, surgical residents and advanced care providers were more likely to prescribe a higher total MME compared to attending surgeons (OR 7.12, p < 0.001; OR 3.39, p = 0.01 for surgical resident and OR 6.46, p = 0.01) for advanced practice providers). CONCLUSION: There is wide variation in opioid prescription patterns by surgical providers. More studies are needed to clearly define the ideal number of tablets or MMEs to prescribe for common surgical procedures.

Discharge prescription patterns of opioid and nonopioid analgesics after common surgical procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Recent literature has shown a wide variation in the prescribing patterns of opioids after elective surgery. We conducted an evaluation of discharge opioid prescribing after elective surgical procedures to determine whether opioid-prescribing patterns varied at our institution. METHOD: A single academic medical center retrospective review of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy, open umbilical hernia repair, simple mastectomy, or thyroidectomy between July 2015 and July 2016. RESULTS: Among a total of 615 unique surgical cases, we found a wide variation in the number of pills and morphine milligram equivalents prescribed for each procedure evaluated. In addition, 94.8% of all patients discharged received a prescription for opioids, whereas only 15.6% of patients received a prescription for a nonopioid analgesic. CONCLUSION: The number and strength of opioids prescribed after surgery can vary widely at a single institution. Further research is needed to elucidate variations in prescribing.

Fifteen-year experience with renal cell carcinoma with associated venous tumor thrombus.

BACKGROUND: For patients with renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus (VTT), the importance of the extent of the VTT on survival has inconsistent published results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the VTT on morbidity and mortality of our patients with renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: This was a single institution review of all patients who underwent resection of renal cell carcinoma with VTT over a 15-year period. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (26 men, 11 women) with a mean age of 61 years were analyzed. The majority of the cohort were of Neves level II (n = 19), while 8 were of Neves 0 (only renal vein) or I, and 10 were of Neves III (extending into retrohepatic cava) or IV (extending supradiaphragmatically). When compared with Neves 0-II patients, there were more Neves III-IV patients with operative time >3 hours (70% vs 30%), blood loss >2,000 mL (70% vs 33%), and intensive care unit stay longer than one day (60% vs 30%) (P ≤ .05 each). Mean follow-up was 58 months. The overall 5-year survival was 71%, and all 10 patients with Neves III-IV had survived since the operation. CONCLUSION: We found advanced tumor thrombus involvement did not impact long-term survival; however, cases with suprahepatic VTT had increased operative time, blood loss, and duration of hospital stay.