The Effects of Gluten-free Diet on Body Mass Indexes in Adults with Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.

GOALS AND BACKGROUND: Gluten-free diet (GFD) includes a higher intake of sugars and fats. Previous studies have investigated its effect on body mass index (BMI) in celiac disease (CD) patients but had contradictive conclusions. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of GFD on BMI in CD patients. STUDY: Systematically, we conducted literature research using Medline, Scopus, and Embase, and we identified 1565 potential studies/abstracts. Only studies of patients with CD under a GFD with recorded BMI before and after dietary intervention were included. Subgroup analyses based on study design and BMI categories were performed. We calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) for the number of patients in each BMI group according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions after GFD using fixed and random effect meta-analysis. RESULTS: The analysis included 10 studies and 38 sub-studies/data sets, which encompassed 2450 patients from 5 countries. We found nonsignificant odds for changing the BMI group (pooled OR 0.972, 95% CI: 0.858-1.101, P=0.65) after GFD. However, looking specifically at BMI subgroups, we found higher odds for BMI category change after GFD in underweight patients (OR 0.588, 95% CI: 0.479-0.723, P <0.001), and overweight patients,25

Incidence, Management, and Outcomes of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Infantile-Onset Disease: An Epi-IIRN Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In this nationwide study from the Israeli Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Nucleus, we aimed to describe the incidence of very early onset inflammatory bowel diseases (VEOIBDs) with a focus on infantile-onset disease and to compare management and disease course with older children. METHODS: Data were retrieved from the 4 Israeli Health Maintenance Organizations covering 98% of the population. Pediatric-onset IBD was categorized as follows: adolescent onset (10 to <18 y), early onset (6 to <10 y), VEOIBD (0 to <6 y), toddler onset (2 to <6 y), and infantile onset (<2 y). RESULTS: A total of 5243 children with 35,469 person-years of follow-up evaluation, were diagnosed with IBD during 2005 to 2020: 4444 (85%) with adolescent onset, 548 (10%) with early onset, and 251 (4.8%) with VEOIBD, of whom 81 (1.5%) had infantile onset. The incidence of pediatric-onset IBD increased from 10.8 per 100,000 in 2005 to 15.3 per 100,000 in 2019 (average annual percentage change, 2.8%; 95% CI, 2.2%-3.4%), but that of VEOIBD remained stable (average annual percentage change, 0%; 95% CI, -2.5% to 2.6%). The infantile-onset and toddler-onset groups were treated less often with biologics (36% and 35%, respectively) vs the early onset (57%) and adolescent-onset groups (53%; P < .001). The time to steroid dependency was shorter in infantile-onset (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-2.9) and toddler-onset disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0) vs early onset and adolescent-onset disease, but time to hospitalizations, time to surgery, and growth delay were worse only in infantile-onset disease. In a multivariable model, infantile-onset patients had a higher risk for surgery (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and hospitalization (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4) than the toddler-onset group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of VEOIBD remained stable. Infantile-onset IBD had worse outcomes than older children, while toddler onset had mostly similar outcomes, despite less frequent use of biologics.

Lower Serologic Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Treated With Anti-TNFα.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), specifically those treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α biologics, are at high risk for vaccine-preventable infections. Their ability to mount adequate vaccine responses is unclear. The aim of the study was to assess serologic responses to messenger RNA-Coronavirus Disease 2019 vaccine, and safety profile, in patients with IBD stratified according to therapy, compared with healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: Prospective, controlled, multicenter Israeli study. Subjects enrolled received 2 BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) doses. Anti-spike antibody levels and functional activity, anti-TNFα levels and adverse events (AEs) were detected longitudinally. RESULTS: Overall, 258 subjects: 185 IBD (67 treated with anti-TNFα, 118 non-anti-TNFα), and 73 HCs. After the first vaccine dose, all HCs were seropositive, whereas ∼7% of patients with IBD, regardless of treatment, remained seronegative. After the second dose, all subjects were seropositive, however anti-spike levels were significantly lower in anti-TNFα treated compared with non-anti-TNFα treated patients, and HCs (both P < .001). Neutralizing and inhibitory functions were both lower in anti-TNFα treated compared with non-anti-TNFα treated patients, and HCs (P < .03; P < .0001, respectively). Anti-TNFα drug levels and vaccine responses did not affect anti-spike levels. Infection rate (∼2%) and AEs were comparable in all groups. IBD activity was unaffected by BNT162b2. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study in patients with IBD stratified according to treatment, all patients mounted serologic response to 2 doses of BNT162b2; however, its magnitude was significantly lower in patients treated with anti-TNFα, regardless of administration timing and drug levels. Vaccine was safe. As vaccine serologic response longevity in this group may be limited, vaccine booster dose should be considered.

Fecal Calprotectin and Quality of Life Questionnaires Are Responsive to Change in Pouch Disease Activity After Antibiotic Therapy: Results From a Prospective Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Whether fecal calprotectin (FC) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires reflect change in disease activity in patients with a J-pouch is unknown. METHODS: Patients with acute pouchitis were prospectively treated with a 2-week course of antibiotics. The full Pouchitis Disease Activity Index, FC, and QoL questionnaires were measured at baseline and after antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: Twenty patients were prospectively enrolled. After 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment, the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index decreased from a median of 9 to 5 ( P = 0.007). FC decreased from a median of 661 ug/g to 294 ug/g ( P = 0.02), and QoL questionnaires improved significantly. DISCUSSION: FC and QoL questionnaires reflect real-time changes in inflammatory pouch activity.

Fecal Calprotectin Is Increased in Pouchitis and Progressively Increases With More Severe Endoscopic and Histologic Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Data regarding fecal calprotectin (FC), commonly used for noninvasive monitoring in inflammatory bowel diseases, are scarce in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). We aimed to assess the association between FC levels and pouch inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent IPAA. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of adults with ulcerative colitis who underwent IPAA with J-pouch formation prospectively followed in a dedicated pouch clinic. Patients had clinical, endoscopic, and histologic assessments within 90 days of FC sampling. Each patient encounter was evaluated separately. Pouchitis was defined as a Pouchitis Disease Activity Score of ≥7 (maximum score: 18). RESULTS: Overall, 156 patients had 296 encounters that met inclusion criteria. A total of 52% of patients were male, median age at evaluation was 43 (IQR, 35-58) years, and median pouch age was 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 2.5-15) years. Median FC values were significantly lower in patients without compared with those with pouchitis (208 [IQR, 96-478] µg/g vs 550 [IQR, 250-1051] µg/g; P < .0001). Mean FC values increased among patients with higher endoscopic and histologic scores. FC performed better than C-reactive protein as a predictor of pouchitis. FC of >460 µg/g had >80% specificity for predicting significant endoscopic disease (Pouchitis Disease Activity Score endoscopic subscore ≥5), while an FC of <125 µg/g had over 80% specificity in predicting endoscopic remission. CONCLUSIONS: FC levels are increased in patients with endoscopic and histologic inflammation of the pouch. FC may be a useful tool in the management of patients following IPAA.

Endoscopic Phenotype of the J Pouch in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A New Classification for Pouch Outcomes.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pouchitis is a common complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in patients with ulcerative colitis who have undergone colectomy. Pouchitis has been considered a single entity despite a broad array of clinical and endoscopic patterns. We developed a novel classification system based on the pattern of inflammation observed in pouches and evaluated the contributing factors and prognosis of each phenotype. METHODS: We identified 426 patients (384 with ulcerative colitis) treated with proctocolectomy and IPAA who subsequently underwent pouchoscopies at the University of Chicago between June 1997 and December 2019. We retrospectively reviewed 1359 pouchoscopies and classified them into 7 main pouch phenotypes: (1) normal, (2) afferent limb involvement, (3) inlet involvement, (4) diffuse, (5) focal inflammation of the pouch body, (6) cuffitis, and (7) pouch with fistulas noted 6 months after ileostomy takedown. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors contributing to each phenotype. Pouch survival was estimated by the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Significant contributing factors for afferent limb involvement were a body mass index of 25 or higher and hand-sewn anastomosis, for inlet involvement the significant contributing factor was male sex; for diffuse inflammation the significant contributing factors were extensive colitis and preoperative use of anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs, for cuffitis the significant contributing factors were stapled anastomosis and preoperative Clostridioides difficile infection. Inlet stenosis, diffuse inflammation, and cuffitis significantly increased the risk of pouch excision. Diffuse inflammation was associated independently with pouch excision (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.34-5.41; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: We describe 7 unique IPAA phenotypes with different contributing factors and outcomes, and propose a new classification system for pouch management and future interventional studies.

Association of Celiac Serology Normalization With the Risk of Hypothyroidism: A Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated whether persistent-positive celiac serology is associated with the risk of hypothyroidism. METHODS: We extracted a cohort of subjects aged 1-80 years with a positive IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012, and a repeat anti-tissue transglutaminase test within 6-36 months from a large population-based electronic medical record database. Based on serology tests, we categorized the pediatric (age <21 years) and adult cohorts into normalized or persistent-positive serology groups. All subjects were followed up for incident diagnosis of hypothyroidism from the last serology date up to December 31, 2017. Hazard ratio (HR) along 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were prepared to evaluate the association of celiac serology group with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, crude, and adjusted for age, sex, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Among the pediatric cohort (n = 2,687), during a median follow-up of 64 months (interquartile range 48-80), 2.3% (16/681) of the persistent-positive serology group and 1.0% (20/2,006) of the normalized serology group developed hypothyroidism (HR 2.07 [95% CI 1.07-4.44], adjHR 1.77 [95% CI 0.91-3.46]). The rate among the pediatric cohort with an established diagnosis of celiac disease was 3.4% (10/486) vs 1.0% (5/481), HR 2.83 (0.96-8.32). In the adult cohort (n = 1,286), 4.5% (20/442) of the persistent-positive group and 3.9% (33/811) of the normalized serology group developed hypothyroidism (HR 1.13 [95% CI 0.65-1.97]). DISCUSSION: In this retrospective, age-stratified analysis, we report that persistent-positive serology may be associated with the risk of hypothyroidism among the pediatric population. Prospective cohorts are needed to validate our findings.

Venous Thromboembolism Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases is Not Related to Increased Thrombophilia: A Case-Control Study.

GOAL: The aim was to assess whether thrombophilia significantly contributes to the risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). BACKGROUND: Patients with IBD have a high risk of VTE. The underlying mechanism has been only partially defined. METHODS: A case-control study in adults with IBD and an episode of VTE (IBD-VTE) were matched and compared with non-IBD patients with a VTE (non-IBD-VTE). The study population was comprised of patients seen in 2 tertiary medical centers in Israel between 2000 and 2013. Characteristics of IBD and risk factors for VTE were retrieved from medical charts, and a comprehensive thrombophilia panel was completed in all patients. RESULTS: Forty-four IBD-VTE cases (27 Crohn's disease) were matched with 127 non-IBD-VTE controls. The majority of VTE had a clear etiology and were considered provoked events. Provoked and unprovoked VTE rates were not different between the 2 groups. Likewise, thrombophilia rates were similar among patients with IBD-VTE and controls (40.9% vs. 53.5%, respectively, P=0.14). However, among patients with unprovoked VTE, thrombophilia rates were significantly lower in the IBD-VTE group compared with controls (42.1% vs. 70.7%, respectively, P=0.03). Among patients with IBD-VTE, an unprovoked event, and negative thrombophilia, 77% had active inflammation at the time of VTE. CONCLUSION: Thrombophilia rates are similar among patients with IBD-VTE and controls but are less common among patients with unprovoked IBD-VTE. This finding suggests that either inflammation or other novel pathways drive VTE in patients with IBD.

Exploring Popular Social Media Networks for Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights for Better Care.

GOAL: The aim was to assess topics of interest and concerns among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) who are active online. BACKGROUND: Social media (SM) networks are a major communication tool for patients with IBD and health care professionals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an anonymized investigation of SM networks for IBD patients; I-a thematic analysis of patients' posts, II-an online survey advertised through Facebook and other popular SM networks throughout November 2019. RESULTS: Analyzing 2133 posts (2014 to 2019) revealed 18 topics of interest. The online survey was completed by 534 respondents [63%-Crohn's disease, 56%-female, median age-38 years (interquartile range: 28.7 to 51.0)]. Most respondents (70%) were followed in referral centers, and 45% were receiving biological therapy. Respondents reported high satisfaction with IBD care and health care provider professionalism. The top 5 topics of interest were diet, lifestyle, complementary and alternative medicine, diagnostic test interpretation, and specialist referrals and reviews. Cluster analysis demonstrated that gender, income, and education level were associated with specific interest and concerns. CONCLUSION: Patients' activity on SM is independent of their satisfaction with formal IBD care and rather reflects an ongoing need for information and support. These needs may be addressed both in clinical settings and through online tools.

Histopathology of Colectomy Specimens Predicts Endoscopic Pouch Phenotype in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: The endoscopic appearance in patients with "pouchitis" after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC) can be quite heterogenous. Patients with an endoscopic phenotype resembling Crohn's disease (CD) are at high risk of pouch loss. AIMS: We aimed to assess how the histopathology of colectomy specimens predicts endoscopic pouch phenotypes in UC. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed pouchoscopies from patients with UC who underwent IPAA and classified pouch findings into 7 main phenotypes: (1) normal, (2) afferent limb involvement, (3) inlet involvement, (4) diffuse, (5) focal inflammation of the pouch body, (6) cuffitis, and (7) pouch with fistulas noted ≥ 6 months from ileostomy takedown. We assessed the clinical and pathological data including deep, focal inflammation, granulomas, and terminal ileal involvement in the colectomy specimens. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify contributing factors to each phenotype. RESULTS: This study included 1,203 pouchoscopies from 382 patients with UC. On multivariable analysis, deep inflammation was significantly associated with pouch fistulas (Odds ratio 3.27; 95% confidence interval 1.65-6.47; P = 0.0007). Of the 75 patients with deep inflammation, only two patients (2.7%) were diagnosed with CD based on pathology review. Terminal ileal involvement significantly increased the risk of afferent limb involvement (Odds ratio 2.96; 95% confidence interval 1.04-8.47; P = 0.04). There were no significant associations between other microscopic features and phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: We identify histologic features of colectomy specimens in UC that predict subsequent pouch phenotypes. Particularly, deep inflammation in the resected colon was significantly associated with pouch fistulas, a pouch phenotype with poor prognosis.

Effectiveness of Ustekinumab Dose Escalation in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A subset of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) do not respond to ustekinumab at the standard dose of 90 mg every 8 weeks. Little is known about the efficacy of shortening the interval between doses. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study to determine the effectiveness of ustekinumab dose interval shortening, collecting data from 506 patients with CD who received subcutaneous ustekinumab 90 mg every 8 weeks at a single center. We obtained data from 110 patients who initially received subcutaneous ustekinumab 90 mg every 8 weeks and then had their interval shortened to every 4 weeks. Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) scores before and after the dose interval shortening was available for 78 patients in the cohort (71%), levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) for 60 patients (55%), and levels of fecal calprotectin for 8 patients (7%). RESULTS: Following dose interval shortening, the patients' median HBI decreased from 4.5 to 3 (P = .002), the median level of CRP decreased from 8 mg/L to 3 mg/L (P = .031), and median level of fecal calprotectin decreased from 378 µg/g to 157 µg/g (P = .57). Among patients who had an HBI >4, a level of CRP ≥5mg/dL, a level of fecal calprotectin >250ug/g, or endoscopic evidence for disease activity before dose interval shortening, after the dose interval was shortened, 28% achieved clinical remission (an HBI score ≤4), 22% had a normal level of CRP (<5 mg/dL), 50% had reduced levels of fecal calprotectin, and 36% achieved endoscopic remission. CONCLUSIONS: Shortening the ustekinumab 90 mg dose interval to 4 weeks for patients with CD who did not respond to doses every 8 weeks improved clinical and biological indices of disease activity. Patients who lose response to the standard dose of ustekinumab might benefit from dose interval shortening, which was effective and safe.

Effective Treatment of Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis in Pregnancy Is Associated With Good Maternal and Fetal Outcomes.

Data regarding the management and outcomes of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) in pregnant patients is sparse, consisting mainly of case reports.1-3 We report on the largest cohort of pregnant patients hospitalized with ASUC and performed a systematic review of the medical literature.

Predictability of simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease for postoperative outcomes in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Approximately half of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) who have surgery will experience clinical recurrence within 10 years of their surgery. This study aimed to assess the postoperative outcomes according to disease location and validated the simple endoscopic score for CD (SES-CD) to predict disease-related outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed medical records of CD patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy within 12 months after surgery at the University of Chicago between 2005 and 2016. We defined patients with postoperative colonic inflammation at the first postoperative ileocolonoscopy or had Montreal classification L2 as colon-dominant disease and patients without colonic involvement or who had L1 as small intestine (SI)-dominant disease. The outcomes included clinical and surgical recurrence. RESULTS: Among 207 CD patients, 51 (24.6%) and 156 (75.4%) patients had colon-dominant and SI-dominant disease, respectively. Patients with colon-dominant disease had a greater risk of postoperative clinical recurrence compared with those with SI-dominant disease (P = 0.018). Colon-dominant disease was a risk of earlier surgical recurrence compared with SI-dominant disease, although there were no significant differences in the recurrence-free survivals. SES-CD > 2 at the first postoperative ileocolonoscopy was a significant risk of clinical recurrence on log-rank test (P < 0.001) and Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio = 2.25; 95% confidence interval = 1.14-4.47; P = 0.020). An SES-CD of 1 was an appropriate cut-off to predict the clinical recurrence of SI-dominant disease, but a higher SES-CD cut-off value of 5 was required for colon-dominant disease. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that SES-CD predicts postoperative clinical recurrence of CD, regardless of disease location.

Follow-Up of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Histological Normalization.

The natural history of ulcerative colitis (UC) follows a relapsing and remitting course of inflammation and is accompanied by associated mucosal injury and historically, microscopic features of chronicity that were the sine qua non for the diagnosis.1 As goals for the management of UC have evolved to include objectively measured endoscopic improvement of the mucosa, there also has been a move to include histological endpoints in assessment of disease activity.2,3 However, there remain a number of unanswered questions about histology in UC and this is not yet a specific treatment goal.4.

Efficacy of biosimilar infliximab CT-P13 among inpatients with severe steroid-refractory colitis.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of the biosimilar infliximab, CT-P13, in the treatment of inpatients with severe steroid-refractory colitis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of adult colitis patients (UC or isolated Crohn's colitis) admitted to the University of Chicago inflammatory bowel disease inpatient service between January 2018 and December 2018 for management of severe colitis refractory to IV steroids who received CT-P13 were included in the study. Patients diagnosed with active small bowel Crohn's disease were excluded. CT-P13 was given as a single infusion of 5 to 10 mg/kg. A comprehensive review of their electronic medical records was performed, and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic data were extracted. The primary endpoint was colectomy-free survival. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with severe steroid-resistant colitis were included. Twelve patients had ulcerative colitis, seven patients had a diagnosis of indeterminate colitis, and two patients had a diagnosis of Crohn's colitis. The median age was 32.2 years. The median disease duration was 4.3 years, and the median follow-up time was 5.9 months. Patients had a median CRP of 23. All patients had moderate to severe disease on endoscopy. Colectomy-free survival was 76% at 3 months and 70% at 6 months. No severe adverse events were reported in this patient cohort. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients with severe colitis failing IV steroids responded to induction therapy with CT-P13. Colectomy-free survival rates were similar to previous randomized trials using originator infliximab as induction therapy in severe steroid-refractory colitis.

Efficacy and Follow-up of Segmental or Subtotal Colectomy in Patients With Colitis-Associated Neoplasia.

The historical approach to neoplasia in the setting of chronic colitis was to perform a total proctocolectomy. Recent consensus and society guidelines1-3 suggest that when dysplastic lesions can be removed endoscopically, continued surveillance is appropriate. This is based on improvements in optical technologies and the low risk of metachronous colorectal carcinoma in these patients.4-6 We hypothesized that if a lesion was completely removed surgically and followed up endoscopically, metachronous colorectal carcinoma would be a rare occurrence. Thus, segmental resection may be offered as a definitive surgery in patients with chronic colitis and localized colorectal neoplasia in whom endoscopic resection is not feasible. Retention of the distal colon/rectum is expected to result in an overall improved quality of life compared with permanent ileostomy or an ileoanal J-pouch. Here, we report our experience and follow-up evaluation of segmental resections for preoperative neoplasia in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC).

Long-Duration Oral Vancomycin to Treat Clostridioides difficile in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated With a Low Rate of Recurrence.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are susceptible to Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), suffering from greater morbidity and mortality than the general population. Previous studies have proven the efficacy of oral vancomycin therapy in CDI, but there are no definitive guidelines to treat patients with IBD. We assessed the relationship between the length of vancomycin therapy and rates of CDI recurrence and reinfection in patients with IBD. METHODS: We compared rates of CDI recurrence and reinfection in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients receiving long-duration (LD) and short-duration (SD) oral vancomycin therapy, defined as 21-42 days and 10-14 days, respectively. Recurrence and reinfection were defined as positive C. difficile toxin assay by polymerase chain reaction within 8 weeks of the end of antibiotic therapy and after 8 weeks of the end of antibiotic therapy, respectively. The Fisher exact test was used to test for significance, and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to control for other covariables. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four patients with IBD (57 ulcerative colitis and 77 Crohn's disease) met inclusion criteria. LD vancomycin had a 1.8% incidence of CDI recurrence, compared with 11.7% in the SD vancomycin group (odds ratio = 0.13, P = 0.043). CDI reinfection rates and time to reinfection were not significantly different (LD 14.0% vs SD 16.9%, P = NS). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that treatment with LD vancomycin had lower odds for recurrence than SD vancomycin (odds ratio = 0.03, P = 0.021). DISCUSSION: LD vancomycin is associated with lower rates of CDI recurrence compared with SD vancomycin therapy. These results will help guide clinical decisions and the development of a prospective trial.

Differential risk of disease progression between isolated anastomotic ulcers and mild ileal recurrence after ileocolonic resection in patients with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is standard of care to perform ileocolonoscopy within a year of ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease (CD) and to guide management decisions based on the Rutgeert score (RS). The modified RS subdivides i2 into lesions confined to the anastomosis (i2a) or >5 aphthous lesions in the neoterminal ileum (i2b). There is uncertainty, however, if i2a lesions incur an increased risk of disease recurrence. The primary aim of this study was to compare the rates of endoscopic progression between i2a and i2b when compared with i0-i1. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study including patients with CD who had an ileocolonoscopy ≤12 months after ileocolonic resection with primary anastomosis and who had >1 year of documented clinical follow-up after the index endoscopic evaluation. All consecutive eligible patients between 2004 and 2014 were included in the study. Demographic, disease, and treatment data were collected. Patients with i3 or i4 at index colonoscopy were excluded from further analyses. Outcomes included endoscopic progression and recurrent surgery. For patients with RS of i0 to i2, endoscopic progression was predefined as progression of the RS in subsequent colonoscopies to i3 or i4. Recurrent surgical interventions were defined as re-resection or stricturoplasty of the previous ileocolonic anastomosis. RESULTS: Two hundred seven CD patients (median age, 36 years [interquartile range, 26-48]) had an ileocolonoscopy ≤12 months after ileocolonic resection. At index colonoscopy, 95 patients (45.9%) had an RS of i0, 31 (14.9%) i1, 40 (19.3%) i2a, 25 (12.1%) i2b, 10 (4.8%) i3, and 6 (2.9%) i4. One hundred ninety-one patients had an RS of i0 to i2 and were included in the analyses for recurrent surgery. One hundred forty-nine patients had a second endoscopic evaluation and were included in the analysis for the primary outcome of endoscopic disease progression. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed and found the hazard ratio (HR) of endoscopic progression to be significantly higher with i2b lesions when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 6.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38-16.2; P = .0008). Patients with i2a did not have significantly higher rates of endoscopic progression when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, .80-6.66; P = .12). Likewise, patients with i2b lesions had higher risk of needing recurrent surgery when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.10-12.1; P = .034), whereas patients with i2a lesions were not found to have a significantly elevated risk of recurrent surgery (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, .35-5.77; P = .62). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic lesions limited to the ileocolonic anastomosis (RS i2a) in patients with CD undergoing colonoscopy within 1 year of their resection were not associated with a significantly higher rate of progression to more severe disease, whereas those in the neoileum (RS i2b) were. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Outcome of elective switching to vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease patients under tumor necrosis factor antagonist-maintained clinical remission.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vedolizumab (VDZ) has been used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who failed anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. This study was to examine long-term outcome of IBD patients switching to VDZ from anti-TNF agents for reasons other than failure of therapy. METHODS: Inflammatory bowel disease patients at the University of Chicago IBD center who were in clinical remission with anti-TNF therapy and then electively changed to VDZ due to reasons other than loss of response were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was the durability of clinical remission maintained by VDZ as assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The proportion of patients in clinical and endoscopic remission at 6-12 months after switching to VDZ therapy was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients (36 with Crohn's disease and 5 with ulcerative colitis) met the inclusion criteria and were in clinical remission at the time of switch. The majority of patients switched therapy due to adverse effects (56.1%) or infections (14.6%). During a median duration of 30 months (range 7-52) of VDZ therapy, 34 (82.9%) were in VDZ-maintained clinical remission. One (2.4%) and four (9.8%) patients discontinued VDZ due to flare and adverse effects, respectively. Endoscopic remission was present in 25 of 30 patients (83.3%) who had a follow-up colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Vedolizumab was effective and safe in maintaining remission in IBD patients who switched from anti-TNF agents due to reasons other than failure of therapy. Our results suggest that switching anti-TNF remitters to VDZ treatment is a safe practice in specific patient populations.

Real-World Experience with Tofacitinib in IBD at a Tertiary Center.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients do not respond to medical therapy. Tofacitinib is a first-in-class, partially selective inhibitor of Janus kinase, recently approved for treating patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We describe our experience with the use of tofacitinib for treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe IBD. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study of the use of tofacitinib in IBD. Patients with medically resistant IBD were treated orally with 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. Clinical response and adverse events were assessed at 8, 26, and 52 weeks. Objective response was assessed endoscopically, radiologically, and biochemically. RESULTS: 58 patients (53 UC, 4 Crohn's, 1 pouchitis) completed at least 8 weeks of treatment with tofacitinib. 93% of the patients previously failed treatment with anti-TNF. At 8 weeks of treatment, 21 patients (36%) achieved a clinical response, and 19 (33%) achieved clinical remission. Steroid-free remission at 8 weeks was achieved in 15 patients (26%). Of the 48 patients followed for 26 weeks, 21% had clinical, steroid-free remission. Of the 26 patients followed for 12 months, 27% were in clinical, steroid-free remission. Twelve episodes of systemic infections were noted, mostly while on concomitant steroids. One episode of herpes zoster infection was noted during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe, anti-TNF resistant IBD, tofacitinib induced clinical response in 69% of the patients. 27% were in clinical, steroid-free remission by 1 year of treatment. Tofacitinib is an effective therapeutic option for this challenging patient population.