Restoration of cognitive and motor functions by ciliary neurotrophic factor in a primate model of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disorder characterized by cognitive impairments, motor deficits, and progressive dementia. These symptoms result from progressive neurodegenerative changes mainly affecting the neostriatum. This pathology is fatal in 10 to 20 years and there is currently no treatment for HD. Early in the course of the disease, initial clinical manifestations are due to striatal neuronal dysfunction, which is later followed by massive neuronal death. A major therapeutic objective is therefore to reverse striatal dysfunction prior to cell death. Using a primate model reproducing the clinical features and the progressive neuronal degeneration typical of HD, we tested the therapeutic effects of direct intrastriatal infusion of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). To achieve a continuous delivery of CNTF over the full period of evaluation, we took advantage of the macroencapsulation technique. Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells previously engineered to produce human CNTF were encapsulated into semipermeable membranes and implanted bilaterally into striata. We show here that intracerebral delivery of low doses of CNTF at the onset of symptoms not only protects neurons from degeneration but also restores neostriatal functions. CNTF-treated primates recovered, in particular, cognitive and motor functions dependent on the anatomofunctional integrity of frontostriatal pathways that were distinctively altered in this HD model. These results support the hypothesis that CNTF infusion into the striatum of HD patients not only could block the degeneration of neurons but also alleviated motor and cognitive symptoms associated with persistent neuronal dysfunction.

Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats: implications for neuroprotection studies.

Chronic systemic treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid in rats produces persistent dystonia and bradykinesia, and striatal lesions reminiscent of Huntington's disease. However, the interpretation of results obtained with this model are complicated by a heterogeneous distribution of the response to a given toxic dose of 3-nitropropionic acid: approximately half of the animals develop selective striatal lesions, which in certain cases are associated with extrastriatal lesions, and the other half are apparently spared. Thus, the chronic 3-nitropropionic acid lesion model can be difficult for neuroprotection studies in which a consistent response to neurotoxic treatment is prerequisite. We hypothesized that some of the variability in the model was related to the use of Sprague-Dawley rats, since inter-individual variability in response to various stressful conditions has been described previously in this rat strain. We therefore compared 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity in rat strains known to be highly (Fisher 344) or poorly (Lewis) responsive to stress and compared the distribution of responses to that of Sprague-Dawley rats. In a protocol of intraperitoneal injection, toxicity of 3-nitropropionic acid was highest in Fisher rats, intermediate in Sprague-Dawley rats and lowest in Lewis rats. In addition, survival curves showed a more heterogeneous response to 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats than that observed in Lewis and Fisher rats. These differences between Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats were confirmed in a protocol of subcutaneous 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication using osmotic minipumps, where doses up to 36-45mg/kg per day for five days were necessary to induce striatal lesions in Lewis rats as compared to 12-14mg/kg per day for five days in Sprague-Dawley rats. The selectivity of the striatum to lesions, and homogeneous progression of symptoms and neurodegeneration, were more consistently observed in Lewis as compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. These results suggest that vulnerability to 3-nitropropionic acid may depend on genetic factors, which could also influence the physiological response to stress. The present findings also establish an improved model of progressive striatal degeneration in the rat adapted for the testing of new neuroprotective strategies.

Perseverative behavior underlying attentional set-shifting deficits in rats chronically treated with the neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid.

Huntington's disease (HD) is generally considered a prototypic motor disorder, but cognitive deficits are also prominent features of the disease. Systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) has been proposed to be a phenotypic model of HD in rats and nonhuman primates. In this study, we investigated the effect of 5 days continuous subcutaneous infusion of 3NP on motor and cognitive abilities in Lewis rats. Intoxicated animals developed a motor syndrome consisting of bradykinesia as well as gait abnormalities and dystonic hindlimbs. Results from learning tasks showed that these rats: (1) did not exhibit learning deficits per se in our discrimination task but showed impairments in inhibiting behavioral responses when a transfer of learning (to new stimuli) or a transfer of response (new position of the lever) was required; (2) showed a marked tendency to persevere in choosing the compartment they previously visited in a T maze, thus leading to a clear retardation in learning a reinforced alternation task; and (3) did not show any memory deficit when a delay was introduced. Six months later, histological analyses showed severe neurodegeneration within the lateral striatum accompanied by apparent cell loss in the ventral pallidum and entopedoncular nucleus. We suggest that the 3NP rat model of basal ganglia neurodegeneration may provide a useful model for studying certain fundamental aspects of the physiopathology of HD and for evaluating the functional efficacy of new therapeutic strategies.