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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent allergic disease characterized by symptoms such as itching, redness, swelling, dryness, scaling skin, inflammation, and tissue damage. The underlying pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. Steroid drugs are commonly used in the clinical treatment of AD; however, their long-term use may lead to associated complications. Numerous studies have indicated that probiotics could modulate the immune system, enhance immune function, or suppress excessive immune responses. In this study, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) was orally administered for a duration of 4 weeks, followed by the induction of AD using ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse model. The skin condition of the stimulated site was observed during the induction period. Subsequently, the serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) content, splenocyte T cell typing, and skin histological interpretation were examined to evaluate the efficacy of NTU 101 in alleviating AD symptoms in allergen-exposed animals. The findings indicated that administering NTU 101 beforehand effectively alleviated skin symptoms in animals with AD. It reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in skin tissue sections, and compared to the OVA group, there was a significant reduction in the thickening of the epidermal cell layer (decreased from 89.0 ± 20.2 µM to 48.6 ± 16.0 µM) and dermis layer (decreased from 310.3 ± 69.0 µM to 209.7 ± 55.5 µM). Moreover, the proportion of regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells in splenocytes significantly increased, while the proportions of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells did not differ. It is speculated that the potential mechanism by which NTU 101 prevents AD involves increasing the expression of Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) and promoting Treg cell maturation, thereby alleviating allergic reaction symptoms associated with AD.
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This study assessed the anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) both in vitro and in vivo. Initially, the cytotoxicity and lipid accumulation inhibitory effects of NTU 101 on 3T3-L1 cells were evaluated using the MTT assay and oil red O assay, respectively. Subsequently, the anti-obesity effects of NTU 101 were investigated in high-fat diet-induced obese rat. Moreover, western blotting was performed to measure the obesity-related protein expression of PPARα, PPARß, PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPß, ATGL, p-p38 MAPK, p-ERK1/2, p-AMPK and CPT-1 in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose and liver tissues. Treatment with 16 × 108 CFU/mL NTU 101 reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by more than 50 %. Oral administration of NTU 101 significantly attenuated body weight gain, as well as adipose tissue weight. NTU 101 administration enhanced fatty acid oxidation increasing expression levels of PPARα, CPT-1, and p-AMPK proteins in liver tissue, while simultaneously inhibited adipogenesis by reducing PPARγ and C/EBPα proteins in adipose tissue. Furthermore, NTU 101 supplementation positively modulated the composition of gut microbiota, notably increasing the abundance of Akkermansiaceae. This present study suggests that NTU 101 exerts anti-obesity effects by regulating gut microbiota, fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis and adipogenesis.
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Alcohol metabolism causes an excessive accumulation of liver lipids and inflammation, resulting in liver damage. The yellow pigments monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) of Monascus purpureus-fermented rice were proven to regulate ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells, but the complete anti-inflammatory and anti-fatty liver mechanisms in the animal model are still unclear. This study explored the roles of MS and AK in improving alcoholic liver injury. MS and AK were simultaneously fed to evaluate their effects and mechanisms in C57BL/6J mice fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid alcohol diet for 6 weeks. The results indicated that MS and AK significantly reduced the serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity, as well as the total liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The histopathological results indicated that MS and AK prevented lipid accumulation in the liver. MS and AK effectively enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation; AK was particularly effective and exhibited a superior preventive effect against alcoholic liver injury and fatty liver. In addition to inhibiting the phosphorylation of the MAPK family, MS and AK directly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß levels, thereby reducing NF-κB and its downstream iNOS and COX-2 expressions, as well as increasing PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and HO-1 expressions to prevent liver damage. MS and AK also directly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß expression, thereby reducing the production of NF-κB and its downstream iNOS and COX-2, and increasing PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and HO-1 expressions, preventing alcohol damage to the liver.
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Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Flavinas/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Monascus/química , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Animais , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/toxicidade , Etanol/toxicidade , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/etiologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
The current oral health crisis, whose causes are varied and complex, necessitates timely oral evaluation and early detection and treatment of oral health problems. Dramatic changes in eating habits and lifestyles are associated with the recent decline in oral health. Probiotics are "good" bacteria that support digestion and a healthy immune system and offer various health benefits to the host. Traditionally, probiotics have been used to improve gut health; the most common uses have historically been as a treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal infections and disease. During the last decade, studies have additionally suggested the intake of probiotics for oral health purposes. Probiotic use provides an effective strategy to combat oral disease, including the development of dental caries and periodontal infection. The aim of this review is to describe the beneficial roles of probiotic bacteria in the oral cavity and the potential mechanisms by which these bacteria exert their effects on oral health.
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Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Bactérias , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Humanos , Boca/microbiologia , Saúde BucalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alcoholic hepatitis is a necroinflammatory process that is associated with fibrosis and leads to cirrhosis in 40% of cases. The hepatoprotective effects of red mold dioscorea (RMD) from Monascus purpureus NTU 568 were evaluated in vivo using a mouse model of chronic alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD). RESULTS: ALD mice were orally administered vehicle (ALD group) or vehicle plus 307.5, 615.0 or 1537.5 mg kg-1 (1 ×, 2 × and 5 ×) RMD for 5 weeks. RMD lowered serum leptin, hepatic total cholesterol, free fatty acid and hepatic triglyceride levels and increased serum adiponectin, hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzyme levels. Furthermore, ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS), metabolites of RMD fermented with M. purpureus 568, induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression and the concomitant suppression of ethanol-induced elevation of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1 and TG in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the hepatoprotective effect of Monascus-fermented RMD. Moreover, AK and MS were identified as the active constituents of RMD for the first time and were shown to protect against ethanol-induced liver damage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Dioscorea/microbiologia , Flavinas/administração & dosagem , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/administração & dosagem , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Monascus/metabolismo , PPAR gama/genética , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Animais , Dioscorea/química , Dioscorea/metabolismo , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Fermentação , Flavinas/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/metabolismo , Humanos , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/etiologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/genética , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Tubérculos/química , Tubérculos/metabolismo , Tubérculos/microbiologia , Substâncias Protetoras/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismoRESUMO
Hypercholesterolemia is a common metabolic syndrome in modern human society. Despite that the alteration of host gut microbiota has been linked to hypercholesterolemia in previous studies, the key host-microbiota interaction of hypercholesterolemia remains elusive. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) and deep sea water (DSW) were known for cholesterol-lowering potential. The impact of NTU 101 and DSW on hamster gut microbiota was investigated side-by-side using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and metagenomic analysis in this study. These two cholesterol-lowering substances altered hamster cecal microbiota in a very different way with similar cholesterol-lowering effects. Bacteroidetes was the only bacterial population that significantly correlated to host lipid profile (serum total cholesterol and serum low-density lipoprotein). Allobaculum and Clostridium XIVa were associated with beneficial effect of NTU 101. Parasutterella was only associated with consumption of DSW. The major bacterial taxa Akkermansia is associated with high-cholesterol diet but not host cholesterol level. This phenomenon suggested that cholesterol-lowering effect is not necessarily linked to specific bacteria-host interaction, and the conclusion of causal relationships among bacterial abundance, diet, and host physiology should be more rigorously investigated.
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Disbiose/terapia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hipercolesterolemia/complicações , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Animais , Ceco/microbiologia , Cricetinae , Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MetagenômicaRESUMO
Hypertension and cardiovascular complications are the leading causes of death worldwide. Antihypertensive drugs often cause various side effects, and improper use of antihypertensive medications can result in irreparable damage. Edible fungi of the Monascus species have been used as traditional Chinese medicines in Southeast Asia for several centuries. The fermented products of Monascus purpureus NTU 568 (ANKASCIN 568) possess a number of functional secondary metabolites including the anti-inflammatory pigments monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK). In this study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in which patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomly assigned to receive placebo or two 500-mg capsules of Ankascin 568 for 8 weeks. The effects of this treatment on the regulation of blood pressure (BP) were then examined. The results showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from 141.6 ± 12.0 to 133.9 ± 14.4 mmHg (P < 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased from 91.7 ± 8.1 to 84.8 ± 7.4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Moreover, Ankascin 568 treatment effectively reduced serum triglycerides and total cholesterol (TC), increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, thereby improving the serum lipid profile. Additionally, administration of Ankascin 568 did not cause significant rhabdomyolysis nor impaired the metabolic or physiological functions of the liver or kidney. In conclusion, patients administered Ankascin 568 for 8 weeks exhibited significant in reduction of SBP, serum TC and LDL-C levels, which should contribute to better cardiovascular health.
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Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Fatores Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monascus/química , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
CONTEXT: Numerous etiological studies have established positive clinical association between hypertension and vascular dementia (VaD). Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products have been shown to decrease vascular risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and obesity. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products (NTU101F) in hypertension-induced VaD in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hypertension was promoted by subcutaneous injection of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 25 mg/kg body weight/day, twice a week) and substitution of drinking water with 1.0% NaCl and 0.2% KCl. The NTU101F groups (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0) administered NTU101F at the concentrations 11, 22, and 110 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively, starting from day 51 day of DOCA-salt treatment. Morris water maze (MWM) was used for testing learning and memory. Different biochemical estimations were used to assess oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hippocampus. RESULTS: Oral administration of NTU101F in DOCA-salt hypertension-induced VaD rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure by 18.3-23.2% (p < 0.001), which was regulated by increasing eNOS density (about 3-fold) in the aorta, promoting NO production, and decreasing of matrix metallopeptidase 9 activity (about 2-fold) in the hippocampus, in addition to improve the kidney function and structure, decrease escape latency and increase the times spent in the target quadrant by 23.5-27.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings suggest that NTU101F could exert neuroprotection in the brain and attenuate hypertension-induced VaD.
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Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos Fermentados do Leite , Demência/prevenção & controle , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/terapia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Aorta/efeitos dos fármacos , Aorta/metabolismo , Aorta/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Demência/etiologia , Demência/fisiopatologia , Demência/psicologia , Acetato de Desoxicorticosterona , Suplementos Nutricionais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elastina/metabolismo , Reação de Fuga/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Context Oxidative stress plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Rice fermented with Monascus purpureus Went (Monascaceae) NTU 568 (red mould rice) was found to contain antioxidants, including dimerumic acid (DMA) and deferricoprogen (DFC). Objective The effects of DMA and DFC on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cytotoxicity and potential protective mechanisms in differentiated PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells were investigated. Materials and methods DMA (0-60 µM) or DFC (0-10 µM) was co-treated with 6-OHDA (200 µM, 24 h exposure) in differentiated PC-12 cells. Cell viability and intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to measure the levels of cell protein expression. Results DMA and DFC significantly increased cell viability to 72% and 81% in 6-OHDA-induced differentiated PC-12 cell cultures, respectively. Furthermore, DMA and DFC reduced 6-OHDA-induced formation of extracellular and intercellular ROS by 25% and 20%, respectively, and decreased NADPH oxidase-2 expression in differentiated PC-12 cells. DMA and DFC inhibited 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis and decreased activation of caspase-3 via regulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 protein expression in differentiated PC-12 cells. Conclusion DMA and DFC may protect against 6-OHDA toxicity by inhibiting ROS formation and apoptosis. These results showed that the metabolites from M. purpureus NTU 568 fermentation were potential therapeutic agents for PD induced by oxidative damage and should be encouraged for further research.
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Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Dicetopiperazinas/farmacologia , Fermentação , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Monascus/fisiologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Oryza/microbiologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dicetopiperazinas/isolamento & purificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/isolamento & purificação , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/isolamento & purificação , Oryza/metabolismo , Células PC12 , Fitoterapia , Piperazinas/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The aim of the present work was to assess the genotoxic activity and the potential for toxicity upon repeated dosing of "Vigiis 101" powder, a probiotic consisting of dried bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101. Results of the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 showed that Vigiis 101 (⩽5 mg per plate) was not mutagenic. We used experiments on ICR mice to evaluate the genotoxicity of Vigiis 101. Compared to the control, high-dose Vigiis 101 administration (16.72 g per kg of body weight) did not cause significant changes either in the number of reticulocytes or in the percentage (occurrence) of micronucleated reticulocytes. A mammalian chromosomal aberration test showed that the number of Chinese hamster ovary cells with abnormal chromosomes was <4% after Vigiis 101 treatment (maximal concentration was 5 mg/ml). A 28-day oral toxicity assay in Wistar rats was performed to assess the no-observed-adverse-effect level of Vigiis 101. Compared to the control, high-dose Vigiis 101 administration (5000 mg/kg/day) had no effects on mortality and body weight and did not cause toxicopathological lesions. Taken together, these results show that Vigiis 101 has no significant mutagenic or toxic effects.
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Lactobacillus , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Testes para Micronúcleos/métodos , Pós , Probióticos/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of medium composition and growth conditions on antimicrobial substances produced by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 and Lactobacillus plantarum NTU 102. These strains are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract and in immune modulation. The production of antimicrobial substances was optimized by the Box-Behnken experimental design. An empirical model was developed through RSM to describe the relationship between variables (molasses, soymilk, and incubation temperature). The maximum antimicrobial activity of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 was 12.50 AU/mL with 18.33 g/L molasses and 14.53 g/L soymilk at a temperature of 35.00 °C, whereas in MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) broth, the activity was 14.00 AU/mL. Similarly, the maximum antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum NTU 102 was 15.00 AU/mL with 20.56 g/L molasses and 13.54 g/L soymilk at a temperature of 36.50 °C, whereas in MRS, the activity was 13.50 AU/mL. The antimicrobial activities visualized in response surface plots were 12.26 and 15.59 AU/mL for NTU 101 and 102, respectively. The results derived from RSM regression were close to those obtained with the experimental design treatments. These results revealed that an alternative medium could be used for large-scale commercial production of the antimicrobial substances, with potential prospects for application.
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Edible fungi of the Monascus species have been used as traditional Chinese medicine in eastern Asia for several centuries. Monascus-fermented products possess a number of functional secondary metabolites, including anti-inflammatory pigments (such as monascin and ankaflavin [AK]), monacolins, and dimerumic acid. These secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor activities. We found that AK positively regulates several transcription factors associated with the prevention of metabolic syndrome and other diseases, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, PPAR-alpha, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). AK reduced hyperglycemia and enhanced pancreatic function via PPAR-gamma activation and increased lipid metabolism due to PPAR-alpha activation. The compound also exerted antioxidant effects via activation of Nrf2. These results suggest that AK belongs to the class of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators (SPPARMs), which are associated with a good safety profile when used in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome. Together with our studies to determine how AK production can be increased during Monascus fermentation, these data demonstrate the great potential of AK as a nutraceutical or therapeutic agent.
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Flavinas/isolamento & purificação , Flavinas/uso terapêutico , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Monascus/química , PPAR alfa/agonistas , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Pigmentos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The prevalence of obesity is rapidly becoming endemic in industrialized countries and continues to increase in developing countries worldwide. Obesity predisposes people to an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have described an association between obesity and certain gut microbiota, suggesting that gut microbiota might play a critical role in the development of obesity. Although probiotics have many beneficial health effects in humans and animals, attention has only recently been drawn to manipulating the gut microbiota, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), to influence the development of obesity. In this review, we first describe the causes of obesity, including the genetic and environmental factors. We then describe the relationship between the gut microbiota and obesity, and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influence energy metabolism and inflammation in obesity. Lastly, we focus on the potential role of LAB in mediating the effects of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity.
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Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Lactobacillales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiota , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Animais , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Inflamação , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologiaRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with symptoms appearing in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. amyloid ß peptide (Aß) has been shown to deposit in the brain, causing oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to impaired memory and learning. Lactocaseibacillus fermentation can produce deglycosylated isoflavones with high physiological activity, which can scavenge free radicals, enhance total antioxidant capacity and inhibit oxidative inflammatory responses. Therefore, in this study, Lactocaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU101 (NTU101) fermented soybean milk and its extracts were used as test substances, and AD model rats were established by infusion of Aß40 in the brain for 28 days, and the preventive and ameliorating effects of NTU 101 fermented soymilk were discussed. Effects of soymilk and unfermented soymilk on AD, and explore its effects on AD. Main functional ingredients. The results showed that deglycosylated isoflavones in NTU101 fermented soybean milk improved AD symptoms. Mechanisms of actions include the inhibition of oxidative inflammation; reduction in the expression of risk factors for tau protein and apo E protein production, the deposition of Aß40 around the hippocampus, and the expression of TLR-2 and RAGE proteins in astrocytes and microglia; and improvement in the memory and learning ability.
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Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic-glucose metabolite and a major precursor of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). MG has been reported to result in inflammation by activating receptor for AGEs (RAGE). We recently found that Monascus-fermented metabolite monascin acts as a novel natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist that improves insulin sensitivity. We investigated the metabolic, biochemical, and molecular abnormalities characteristic of type 2 diabetes in MG-treated Wistar rats treated with oral administration of monascin or rosiglitazone. Monascin (a novel PPARγ agonist) activated nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and down-regulated hyperinsulinmia in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Monascin was able to elevate glyoxalase-1 expression via activation of hepatic Nrf2, hence, resulting in MG metabolism to d-lactic acid and protected from AGEs production in MG-treated rats. Rosiglitazone did not activate Nrf2 nor glyoxalase expression to lower serum and hepatic AGEs levels. Monascin acts as a novel natural Nrf2 activator with PPARγ-agonist activity were confirmed by Nrf2 and PPARγ reporter assays in Hep G2 cells. These findings suggest that monascin acts as an anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative stress agent to a greater degree than rosiglitazone and thus may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of diabetes.
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Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , PPAR gama/agonistas , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Aldeído Pirúvico/toxicidade , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Hep G2 , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Aldeído Pirúvico/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Phytoestrogens are a class of bioactive compounds derived from plants and exert various estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Estrogen deficiency osteoporosis has become a serious problem in elderly women. The use of ovariectomized (OVX) rat or mice models to simulate the postmenopausal condition is well established. This review aimed to clarify the sources, biochemistry, absorption, metabolism, and mode of action of phytoestrogens on bone health in intervention studies. In vitro, phytoestrogens promote protein synthesis, osteoprotegerin/receptor activation of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand ratio, and mineralization by osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1). In the OVX murine model, administration of phytoestrogens can inhibit differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and secretion of pyridinoline compound. Phytoestrogens also enhance bone formation and increase bone mineral density and levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and α1(I) collagen. Results of mechanistic studies have indicated that phytoestrogens suppress the rate of bone resorption and enhance the rate of bone formation.
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Bactérias/metabolismo , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Intestinos/microbiologia , Fitoestrógenos/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Metagenoma , Camundongos , Osteogênese , RatosRESUMO
Deep ocean water (DOW) has, in previous studies, been found to be a novel anti-obesity drink and useful in raising Monascus-produced monascin and ankaflavin levels. This may resolve the limited anti-obesity ability of red mold dioscorea (RMD) known as the Monascus purpureus-fermented Disocorea batatas. This study aims to compare the anti-obesity effect of DOW-cultured RMD (DOW-RMD) and ultra-pure water-cultured RMD (UPW-RMD) in rats fed on a high fat diet. Moreover, the effect of ions composition of DOW and DOW-influenced functional metabolites change of RMD on the differentiation and lipogenesis regulation were investigated using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. In the animal test, compared to UPW-RMD, DOW-RMD possessed better ability to inhibit increases in weight gain, and better feed efficiency, body-fat pad and cross-sectional area of adipocytes. In the cell test, the anti-obesity abilities of DOW-RMD in inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPα expression in differentiation and lipoprotein lipase activity in lipogenesis were contributed to by the DOW-increased monascin and ankaflavin levels and the ions of DOW, respectively.
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Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Dioscorea/metabolismo , Fungos/metabolismo , Monascus/metabolismo , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Água/metabolismo , Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Fermentação , Flavinas/metabolismo , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/metabolismo , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Obesidade/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Água do MarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Soy milk is one of the common soy-based foods in Asia. In this study the effects of soy milk fermented with selected probiotics on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vascular relaxation factors in cell model systems were investigated. RESULTS: Soy milk fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 or Streptococcus thermophilus BCRC 14085 for 48 h showed a greater transformation of glucoside isoflavones to aglycone isoflavones (P < 0.05). An increase in aglycone isoflavones in ethanol extracts from fermented soy milk stimulated NO production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It also had a stimulating effect on superoxide anion scavenging and prostaglandin E2 production. In addition, it enhanced mRNA expression of the E-prostanoid 4 receptor in rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells. Moreover, a small amount of O2⻠induced by water extracts from fermented soy milk at low concentration (1 mg mL⻹) increased the content of calcium ions and activated eNOS, thereby promoting NO production and the coupling state of eNOS. CONCLUSION: Soy milk fermented with selected probiotics promotes the relaxation factors of vascular endothelial cells and can be applied in the development of functional foods.
Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Probióticos/metabolismo , Leite de Soja/metabolismo , Vasodilatação , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/enzimologia , Fermentação , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/citologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/enzimologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoflavonas/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/citologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/química , Ratos , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/biossíntese , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/genética , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/metabolismo , Streptococcus thermophilus/metabolismo , Taiwan , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Lactobacillus species confer health benefits by their metabolites, secreted molecules, and population numbers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles released from cells and mediate intercellular communications. EVs-encapsulated cargos are a crucial key to decide involved biological function. However, little is known about the composition of EVs, leaving mechanisms by which Lactobacillus-derived EVs affect recipient cells remaining unresolved. This study examined the composition of EV proteins from Lactobacillus species by using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, including L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and L. gasseri. The major proteins of EVs are associated with biological processes such as catalytic activity, gluco-neogenesis, cell wall organization, and glycolytic processes. Motif enrichment analysis revealed that EVs from L. plantarum and L. fermentum contained proteins with serine-rich motif. This is the first study to report the composition and comparison of EV proteins from Lactobacillus species, providing important information of EVs in functional food products development.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Lactobacillales , Proteômica/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Lactobacillus , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismoRESUMO
Monascus species has been used as the traditional food fungus in Eastern Asia for several centuries. Monascus-fermented products are gradually developed as the popular functional food for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but we know that culture condition affects the hypolipidemic effect of Monascus-fermented product. In the past, the cholesterol-lowering agent--monacolin K--is regarded as the most important hypolipidemic agent. Two natural yellow pigments--monascin and ankaflavin--are also proven as novel hypolipidemic agents in recent years. However, the hypolipidemic effect of Monascus-fermented product should contribute from monacolin K, monascin, ankaflavin, and other unknown functional ingredients. In addition to hypolipidemic effect, the safety concern of Monascus-fermented product is involved in the levels of mycotoxin--citrinin. The hypolipidemic effect and the production of these functional metabolites or mycotoxin are influenced by many factors such as the choice of culture substrates, carbon and nitrogen source, pH value, extra nutrients, and so on. Therefore, this review focused on the effect of various culture conditions and nutrients on the functional metabolites production, hypolipidemic effect as well as citrinin concentration, and further organized the fermentation technologies used by previous studies for the promotion of hypolipidemic effect and safety.