Standardization and quality profile of sattu mix.

Wheat (T1) and maize (T2) based sattu were formulated using chick pea, barley and other food adjuncts. Results revealed that, no significant difference was observed in the protein and ash content between control (chickpea basede sattu mix) and T1. However, significant difference was observed between the control and T2 sample between moisture, fat, insoluble and total fiber, with the exception of protein, soluble fiber and ash. In case of T1 and T2, significant difference was observed in fat and total fiber content. Coming on to the mineral composition, significant difference was observed between the mineral content in control and T1, with respect to calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese and copper. In case of control and T2, significant difference was observed with respect to calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron and copper, with the exception of manganese. Coming on to the mineral content of both the formulations, significant difference was observed with respect to all the minerals estimated. Significant difference was observed in the total amylose content between control and formulated samples on 0, 30 and 60 days. Microstructural studies of raw and roasted sattu and its ingredients by observation under scanning electron microscope revealed that substantial structural changes occurred during processing. The raw grains were tightly packed and contained no air spaces. However, a large number of air spaces are formed in the cotyledon of the roasted grain sample. It was observed that, T1and T2 had medium GI value (56 and 58% respectively), Whereas for control it was 60%. The formulated samples were found to be shelf stable for 60 days at RT, with an increase in moisture content of 4-6%. All the samples were sensorial acceptable and there was no perceptible off odor or off taste.

Piracetam Facilitates the Anti-Amnesic but not Anti-Diabetic Activity of Metformin in Experimentally Induced Type-2 Diabetic Encephalopathic Rats.

Piracetam exhibits anti-amnesic activity in several animal models of dementia. However, its anti-amnesic potential has yet to be evaluated in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced encephalopathy. Therefore, in the present study, piracetam (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was screened for anti-amnesic and anti-diabetic activity in T2DM-induced encephalopathic male rats. Subsequently, anti-amnesic and anti-diabetic activities were evaluated for piracetam, metformin and their combination in T2DM-induced encephalopathic animals. Rats received streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) injections on day-1 (D-1) of the experimental schedule and were kept undisturbed for 35 days to exhibit T2DM-induced encephalopathy. All drug treatments were continued from D-7 to D-35 in both experiments. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) attenuated loss in learning and memory in terms of increase in escape latency on D-4 (D-34) and decrease in time spent in the target quadrant on D-5 (D-35) of Morris water maze test protocol, and spatial memory in terms of reduced spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-maze test of encephalopathic rats. Additionally, piracetam attenuated altered levels of fasting plasma glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-B in encephalopathic animals, comparatively lesser than metformin. In the next experiment, combination of piracetam and metformin exhibited better anti-amnesic but not anti-diabetic activity than respective monotherapies in encephalopathic rats. Further, the combination attenuated reduced acetylcholine level and increased acetylcholinesterase activity, increased glycogen synthase kinase-3ß level and decreased brain-derived neurotropic factor level in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex of encephalopathic animals. Thus, piracetam could be used as an adjuvant to metformin in the management of dementia in T2DM-induced encephalopathy.

Changes in physical, cooking, textural properties and crystallinity upon iron fortification of red rice (Jyothi).

The present study is an investigation, into one of the varieties of paddy (Jyothi) its fortification with sodium iron EDTA salt, its physical properties, cooking characteristics, color, texture and characterization studies. Fortification was done at two concentrations 1.88 g/kg (T1 corresponding Iron content 0.25 g/Kg) and 3.39 g/kg (T2 corresponding Iron content 0.45 g/Kg). It was found that the iron content increased 2.5 folds after fortification, as compared to control sample. The results revealed that, there was significant difference between the physical properties of rice in the control, fortified brown and milled rice. The cooking parameters for control and fortified brown rice viz. cooking time, volume expansion water uptake were quite close to the control sample. The cooking time for fortified rice was 1-2 min high as compared to control, other parameters remained same. In case of milled rice, the cooking time and volume expansion for control milled rice and fortified was almost same; however the water uptake was higher for fortified milled rice as compared to control milled rice. The texture of fortified brown rice was hard as compared to fortified milled rice, although the taste was found satisfactory. The colour was significantly different in brown and milled rice. X-ray diffraction results revealed the polycrystalline nature of the fortified sample, was somewhat less crystalline as compared to control sample.

Mobile and Computer-Based Applications for Rehabilitation Monitoring and Self-Management After Knee Arthroplasty: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Successful post-knee replacement rehabilitation requires adequate access to health information, social support, and periodic monitoring by a health professional. Mobile health (mHealth) and computer-based technologies are used for rehabilitation and remote monitoring. The extent of technology use and its function in post-knee replacement rehabilitation care in low and middle-income settings are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To inform future mHealth intervention development, we conducted a scoping review to map the features and functionality of existing technologies and determine users' perspectives on telerehabilitation and technology for self-management. METHODS: We followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. We searched the Embase, Medline, PsycINFO via OVID, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for manuscripts published from 2001 onward. We included original research articles reporting the use of mobile or computer-based technologies by patients, health care providers, researchers, or family members. Studies were divided into the following 3 categories based on the purpose: validation studies, clinical evaluation, and end user feedback. We extracted general information on study design, technology features, proposed function, and perspectives of health care providers and patients. The protocol for this review is accessible in the Open Science Framework. RESULTS: Of the 5960 articles, 158 that reported from high-income settings contributed to the qualitative summary (64 studies on mHealth or telerehabilitation programs, 28 validation studies, 38 studies describing users' perceptions). The highest numbers of studies were from Europe or the United Kingdom and North America regarding the use of a mobile app with or without wearables and reported mainly in the last decade. No studies were from low and middle-income settings. The primary functions of technology for remote rehabilitation were education to aid recovery and enable regular, appropriate exercises; monitoring progress of pain (n=19), activity (n=20), and exercise adherence (n=30); 1 or 2-way communication with health care professionals to facilitate the continuum of care (n=51); and goal setting (n=23). Assessment of range of motion (n=16) and gait analysis (n=10) were the commonly validated technologies developed to incorporate into a future rehabilitation program. Few studies (n=14) reported end user involvement during the development stage. We summarized the reasons for satisfaction and dissatisfaction among users across various technologies. CONCLUSIONS: Several existing mobile and computer-based technologies facilitate post-knee replacement rehabilitation care for patients and health care providers. However, they are limited to high-income settings and may not be extrapolated to low-income settings. A systematic needs assessment of patients undergoing knee replacement and health care providers involved in rehabilitation, involving end users at all stages of development and evaluation, with clear reporting of the development and clinical evaluation can make post-knee replacement rehabilitation care in resource-poor settings accessible and cost-effective.

Comprehensive Molecular Interaction Studies to Construe the Repellent/Kill Activity of Geraniol During Binding Event Against Aedes aegypti Proteins.

Aedes aegypti is an etiological agent for dengue, chikungunya, zika, and yellow fever viruses. With the advent of the use of natural alternatives as repellents, their precise mode of action during the event of binding is still unclear. Geraniol is one such bioactive natural that has been previously shown to have some insecticide properties. Thus, the present study aimed to understand the mechanism of the binding event of geraniol with the whole proteome of A. aegypti. Twenty protein target categories were shortlisted for the mosquito, wherein the proteins were downloaded with respect to the reference proteome. Conserved domain analysis was performed for the same using the CDD search tool to find the proteins that have common domains. 309 proteins were modeled using RaptorX standalone tool, and validated using Ramachandran plots from SAVES v6.0 from ProCheck. These modeled and validated proteins were then docked against geraniol, using POAP software, for understanding the binding energies. The top 3 best-docked complexes were then analyzed for their stabilities and event of binding via 100 ns simulation studies using DESMOND's Maestro environment. The docking results showed that the geraniol-voltage-gated sodium channel had the best energy of - 7.1 kcal/mol, followed by geraniol-glutathione-S-transferase (- 6.8 kcal/mol) and geraniol-alpha esterase (- 6.8 kcal/mol). The simulations for these 3 complexes revealed that several residues of the proteins interacted well with geraniol at a molecular level, and all three docked complexes were found to be stable when simulated (RMSD: 16-18 Å, 3.6-4.8 Å, 4.8-5.6 Å, respectively). Thus, the present study provides insights into the mechanism of the binding event of geraniol with the major A. aegypti targets, thereby, assisting the use of geraniol as a natural repellent.

Challenges in rehabilitation and continuum of care provision after knee replacement: a mixed-methods study from a low- and middle-income country.

PURPOSE: Continuum-of-care is crucial following knee replacement. This is an understudied area in the context of low- and middle-income countries. We report findings of a mixed-methods study conducted to understand patient's postoperative experiences in following unsupervised home-based physiotherapy protocols and healthcare provider's experiences in providing rehabilitation care. METHODS: Consecutive adults (n = 79) scheduled or had undergone knee replacement, attending an urban tertiary care hospital in India completed a 22-item questionnaire to gauge attitude towards physical rehabilitation. We conducted in-depth interviews with nine patients, ten physiotherapists, and three surgeons using a phenomenology approach. Data were interpreted using the capability, opportunity, and motivation-behaviour (COM-B) framework. RESULTS: Patients were motivated to do exercises and valued family support during the recovery period. However, they desired physiotherapy support, especially during the early recovery period due to post-operative pain. Healthcare providers reported poor adherence with the exercise regimen and desired a mechanism to monitor patient progress after discharge. Patients and health care providers identified accessibility to rehabilitation centre as a major barrier in availing affordable and reliable physiotherapy services. CONCLUSION: There is a need for a continuum of care to improve patient experience during recovery and for health care providers to monitor progress and provide personalised progressive exercise therapy.

In India, regular monitoring following knee replacement is essential in home-based rehabilitation protocols necessitating clinic visits.Barriers to rehabilitation included post-surgical pain and difficulty in accessing physiotherapy services, while patient motivation and family support were facilitators to rehabilitation adherence.There is a need for remote monitoring mechanisms to facilitate health care providers in India, to monitor progress and reduce out of pocket expenditure for patients.

The value of treatment for infertility: A systematic literature review of willingness-to-pay thresholds and approaches for determining the cost effectiveness of fertility therapies.

Willingness to pay (WTP) for an infertility treatment is the maximum amount of money a patient is willing to pay per treatment, or to achieve a live birth or pregnancy. Such thresholds are important to determine the cost effectiveness of a treatment. A systematic review was conducted to identify and explore the studies that attempt to ascertain WTP for infertility and compare them with the cost-effectiveness studies that claimed to use WTP thresholds. For comparison, all the costs were converted and inflated to 2021 euros. The results demonstrated that there were no standard outcomes or WTP thresholds for an outcome/treatment, and the methodologies used vary. Cost-effectiveness studies either used the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio to imply a WTP threshold, or used thresholds that were previously accepted for a quality-adjusted life year outcome converted, inappropriately, to an infertility outcome. There is a need for further research by health economists to develop a consensus for the meaningful assessment of WTP for ART.

Curcumin loaded core-shell biopolymers colloid and its incorporation in Indian Basmati rice: An enhanced stability, anti-oxidant activity and sensory attributes of fortified rice.

Curcumin, a major bioactive in curcuminoids and food colorant, possess therapeutic properties, however, its low water solubility, instability during processing limit its industrial applications. The nanoencapsulated curcumin (NEC) in sodium caseinate (SC) and Maillard conjugate (MC) showed >90% water solubility. Encapsulation in MC reduced particle size (150 to 120 nm) zeta potential (-34 to -45 mV) and improved encapsulation efficiency (74 to 94%) compared to SC under optimized Tween20 and salt-ions. The in-vitro bioaccessibility of NEC was 300% more than curcumin (pH 7.4). The curcumin (0.092 mmol) and spray-dried NEC (0-0.092 mmol) were incorporated in Indian Basmati rice. The UV-VIS revealed 14, 10% higher stability of NEC (0.069 mmol) incorporated rice under dark and light at 27 ± 2 °C and 43, 39% more in thermally processed limited and excess water conditions, respectively, than curcumin. The high visual appeal and anti-oxidant activity (60%) of NEC Basmati rice demonstrated application in fortified product development.

Juice blends--a way of utilization of under-utilized fruits, vegetables, and spices: a review.

The post-harvest shelf life of maximum of fruits and vegetables is very limited due to their perishable nature. In India more then 20-25 percent of fruits and vegetables are spoiled before utilization. Despite being the world's second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, in India only 1.5 percent of the total fruits and vegetables produced are processed. Maximum amounts of fruit and vegetable juices turn bitter after extraction due to conversion of chemical compounds. In spite of being under utilized, the utilization of highly nutritive fruits and vegetables is very limited due to high acidity, astringency, bitterness, and some other factors. While improving flavor, palatability, and nutritive and medicinal value of various fruit juices such as aonla, mango, papaya, pineapple, citrus, ber, pear, apple, watermelon, and vegetables including bottle gourd, carrot, beet root, bitter gourd, medicinal plants like aloe vera and spices can also be used for juice blending. All these natural products are valued very highly for their refreshing juice, nutritional value, pleasant flavor, and medicinal properties. Fruits and vegetables are also a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and minerals. However, some fruits and vegetables have an off flavor and bitterness although they are an excellent source of vitamins, enzymes, and minerals. Therefore, blending of two or more fruit and vegetable juices with spices extract for the preparation of nutritive ready-to-serve (RTS), beverages is thought to be a convenient and economic alternative for utilization of these fruits and vegetables. Moreover, one could think of a new product development through blending in the form of a natural health drink, which may also serve as an appetizer. The present review focuses on the blending of fruits, under-utilized fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants, and spices in appropriate proportions for the preparation of natural fruit and vegetable based nutritive beverages.

In silico 3D structure prediction and hydrogen peroxide binding study of wheat catalase.

Catalase (CAT) is one of the most active enzyme catalysts found in plants, animals and in all aerobic microorganisms. The major function of the enzyme is to decompose H2O2, produced by cellular metabolic activities under normal and stressful conditions to water and oxygen. The present study involves 3D structure modeling of wheat catalase from Triticum aestivum by MODELLER9v7 and its binding study with H2O2. The Evaluation of the model was based on Discrete Optimized Protein Energy Score (DOPE). The structure was also validated using PROCHECK comprising of 95.0% amino acid residues in favored regions of Ramachandran plot, Verify3D and ProsA which confirm that the model is reliable. The 3D model of the molecule was found to consist of ten strands and seventeen helices having a common fold characterised by ß-pleated sheet flanked either side by helices. The docking study with H2O2 indicates that Gln352 and Arg353 are two important determinant residues in binding H2O2 as these residues have strong hydrogen bonding contacts with the substrate. These hydrogen-bonding interactions play a significant role in the stability of the complex.