Genetic damage in patients with chronic kidney disease, peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis: a comparative study.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have signs of genomic instability and, as a consequence, extensive genetic damage, possibly due to accumulation of uraemic toxins, oxidative stress mediators and other endogenous substances with genotoxic properties. We explored factors associated with the presence and background levels of genetic damage in CKD. A cross-sectional study was performed in 91 CKD patients including pre-dialysis (CKD patients; n = 23) and patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD; n = 33) or haemodialysis (HD; n = 35) and with 61 healthy subjects, divided into two subgroups with the older group being in the age range of the patients, serving as controls. Alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes were used to determine DNA and chromosome damage, respectively, present in CKD. Markers of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), thiols, advanced oxidation protein products and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine] and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) were also measured. Micronucleus (MN) frequency was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the CKD group (46±4‰) when compared with the older control (oC) group (27.7±14). A significant increase in MN frequency (P < 0.05) was also seen in PD patients (41.9±14‰) versus the oC group. There was no statistically significant difference for the HD group (29.7±15.6‰; P = NS) versus the oC group. Comet assay data showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) of tail DNA intensity in cells of patients with CKD (15.6±7%) with respect to the total control (TC) group (11±1%). PD patients (14.8±7%) also have a significant increase (P < 0.001) versus the TC group. Again, there was no statistically significant difference for the HD group (12.5±3%) compared with the TC group. Patients with MN values in the upper quartile had increased cholesterol, triglycerides, AGEs and MDA levels and lower albumin levels. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, diabetes and treatment modality were independently associated with higher levels of DNA damage. Our results suggest that oxidative stress, diabetes, gender and dialysis modality in CKD patients increased DNA and chromosome damage. To confirm these data, prospective clinical trials need to be performed.

[Hematological changes induced by erythrocytapheresis]. / Cambios hematológicos inducidos por la eritroféresis.

BACKGROUND: Although automated cell separators (apheresis) have undergone a lot of technical refinements, the effect of the procedure on hematological indices of donors is rarely taken into account. The purpose of this study is to identify potential hematologic changes in donors undergoing erythrocytapheresis. METHODS: 30 apparently healthy adult donors were evaluated. Erythrocytapheresis procedure was performed using automated equipment. Hematologic measurements (hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells counts and platelets) were analyzed before and after erythrocytapheresis in all donors. RESULTS: We observed a significant decrease in the donors in hemoglobin (p <0.0001), hematocrit (p <0.0001), leukocytes (p <0.0001), lymphocytes (p = 0.0267), and platelets (p <0.0001). On the other hand, we found no changes in segmented, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils post erythrocytapheresis. CONCLUSION: In this study we found a significant drop in complete blood count in blood donation procedure by erythrocytapheresis; there are hematological changes in both red and white cells in all donors; however, none of donors manifested symptoms of thrombocytopenia or anemia. This study demonstrates hematological changes post-donation and therefore requires larger multicenter studies, in order to establish guidelines for donors' safety in apheresis and also help in assessing donor suitability, especially given the present trend of double product apheresis collections.

Introducción: El efecto del procedimiento en los índices hematológicos del donador rara vez se determina al finalizar una sesión de donación. El propósito de este estudio es identificar las posibles alteraciones hematológicas en los donadores sometidos a eritroféresis. Métodos: Se evaluaron 30 donadores adultos, aparentemente sanos. El procedimiento de eritroféresis se realizó utilizando un equipo automatizado. Las mediciones hematológicas (hemoglobina, hematocrito, células blancas y plaquetas) se realizaron antes y después de la eritroféresis. Resultados: Existe disminución significativa en hemoglobina (p < 0.0001), hematocrito (p < 0.0001), leucocitos totales (p < 0.0001), linfocitos (p = 0.0267), y plaquetas (p < 0.0001) tras el procedimiento de donación. Por otro lado, los segmentados tienen un ligero aumento. No se encontraron cambios en monocitos, eosinófilos ni en basófilos poseritroféresis. Conclusiones: durante el procedimiento de donación sanguínea mediante eritroféresis se producen cambios hematológicos tanto en la formula roja como blanca en los donadores estudiados, a pesar de ello, ninguno de los donadores manifestaron signos de trombocitopenia o anemia. Este trabajo demuestra que existen cambios hematológicos postdonación y por ello se requiere de estudios amplios y multicéntricos, con el fin de establecer directrices para establecer un procedimiento seguro para el donador y mejorar la evaluación de idoneidad de los donadores.