Discovery of TCP-(MP)-caffeic acid analogs as a new class of agents for treatment of osteoclastic bone loss.

Inhibition of LSD1 was proposed as promising and attractive therapies for treating osteoporosis. Here, we synthesized a series of novel TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs as potential LSD1 inhibitors to assess their inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis by using TRAP-staining assay and try to explore the preliminary SAR. Among them, TCP-MP-CA (11a) demonstrated osteoclastic bone loss both in vitro and in vivo, showing a significant improvement in the in vivo effects compared to the LSD1 inhibitor GSK-LSD1. Additionally, we elucidated a mechanism that 11a and its precursor that 11e directly bind to LSD1/CoREST complex through FAD to inhibit LSD1 demethylation activity and influence its downstream IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus regulate osteoclastic bone loss. These findings suggested 11a or 11e as potential novel candidates for treating osteoclastic bone loss, and a concept for further development of TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs for therapeutic use in osteoporosis clinics.

Factors related to central nervous system involvement of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma.

PURPOSE: This single center retrospective study aimed to investigate the factors associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL). METHODS: Clinical features of patients with PVRL (Group 1), those diagnosed with vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) after primary CNS lymphoma diagnosis (Group 2), and those concurrently diagnosed with CNS lymphoma and VRL (Group 3), were compared. The main outcomes included sex, age, types of treatment, survival, visual acuity, diagnostic methods, VRL recurrence, ocular manifestations, and interleukin levels in the aqueous humor. RESULTS: Groups 1, 2, and 3 included 66 eyes in 38 patients, 29 eyes in 18 patients, and 14 eyes in 8 patients, respectively. Group 3 had shorter overall survival (OS) than Groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.042 and P = 0.009, respectively). The three groups did not differ in progression-free survival (P = 0.060). The 5-year survival rates of Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 56.5%, 44.0%, and 25.0%, respectively (P = 0.001). Patients with CNS involvement in Group 1 exhibited VRL recurrence (P < 0.001), high interleukin-10 (P = 0.024), and sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) infiltration (P = 0.009). Patients experiencing VRL recurrence in Group 1 tended to show CNS involvement (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients concurrently diagnosed with CNS lymphoma and VRL had a shorter OS and a lower 5-year survival rate. In patients with PVRL, the recurrence of VRL, high interleukin-10, and sub-RPE infiltration were associated with CNS involvement.

Analysis of retinal and choroidal microvascular changes using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with acute leukemia.

PURPOSE: Although leukemic retinopathy accounts for 80% of ocular complications in acute leukemia, its pathogenesis remains unclear. To evaluate changes in retinal and choroicapillaris and structural parameters in patients with acute leukemia, we analyzed the correlation between vascular perfusion metrics and laboratory parameters and assessed the changes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: Herein, 104 eyes of 52 patients aged 18 and above with acute leukemia were enrolled. 80 eyes of 40 healthy patients were recruited as control participants. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) at baseline. RESULTS: Patients with acute leukemia had a significantly thicker ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and lower circularity index than the control participants. Post-HSCT perfusion metrics did not differ significantly, but parafoveal thickness decreased significantly. During the active phase of acute leukemia, lower platelet levels were associated with significant GCIPL thickening and increased foveal avascular zone and perimeter. D-dimer levels positively correlated with GCIPL thickness. CONCLUSION: Patients with acute leukemia had subclinical retinal microvascular deficits on OCTA and GCIPL thickening on OCT, possibly associated with bone marrow function. GCIPL thickness may indicate acute ischemia in such patients. Further studies must elucidate their clinical and prognostic significance.

Quantitative analysis of choroidal blood flow parameters in optical coherence tomography and angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the choriocapillaris (CC) flow in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and determine the relationship between CC flow void with the choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 20 patients with CSC (40 eyes, including unaffected fellow eyes) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. After compensation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) en-face structural image, the CC flow void (%) was measured using the phansalkar threshold with a window radius of 3 and 15 pixels. The mean CC flow voids of acute CSC, recovered-acute CSC, unaffected fellow, and control eyes were compared by matched data analysis. A regression analysis was performed on the choroidal parameters (CT and CVI) and CC flow voids. RESULTS: The CC flow void had an increasing tendency in the following order: control, fellow, recovered-acute CSC, and acute CSC eyes. Acute/recovered comparison showed a significant P value (0.008) in the foveal lesion. Recovered/fellow and fellow/control presented significant P values regardless of location to fovea (all <0.05). There were significant positive correlations between CT and CC flow void (P < 0.05) in the acute CSC, recovered-acute CSC eyes. CONCLUSION: The CC flow on OCT angiography decreased in acute CSC eyes, especially in the foveal lesion, with a published compensation method. The findings suggest that unmodulated choroidal blood flow contributed to partially reversible diminished CC flow.

C-reactive protein/albumin ratio as an indicator of disease activity in Behçet's disease and human leukocyte antigen-B27-associated uveitis.

PURPOSE: To explore the role of systemic inflammatory markers as indicators of acute exacerbation of chronic diseases and disease activity in uveitis. METHODS: This study included 50 patients with Behçet's disease (BD)-associated uveitis and 52 patients with human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27)-associated uveitis. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) during the uveitis phase and after resolution. The results measured during the two phases were assessed and compared. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 41.4 ± 10.8 years; 68.6% of the patients were male. In both groups, ESR, CRP, and CAR were significantly higher during the uveitic phase (P < .001). However, the white blood cell count, albumin, NLR, and PLR measured during the uveitic phase and after resolution did not vary significantly (P > .05). ESR and CAR were correlated with the severity of intraocular inflammation. The area under the curve (AUC) of CAR, which was used to predict the presence of uveitis, was 0.801 (95% CI, 0.741-0.861); this value is strong compared with those of other inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: CAR is correlated with the severity of intraocular inflammation in BD- and HLA-B27-associated uveitis. Furthermore, CAR appears to be a useful marker of disease activity for uveitis and is the most sensitive marker for discriminating the presence of acute uveitis in patients who have chronic uveitis as a symptom of BD- and HLA-B27-associated diseases.

Angulation of the inner nuclear layer as an indicator of the severity of macular pseudohole.

PURPOSE: To investigate foveal morphologic parameters related to visual acuity and the stages classified in this study reflect the severity of the macular pseudohole (MPH). METHODS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 consecutive patients diagnosed with MPH were studied. Quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters including central foveal thickness, parafoveal thickness, parafoveal inner and outer retinal thickness (PIRT and PORT), pseudohole depth, pseudohole diameter, and inner nuclear layer (INL) angulation were measured and the morphologic features of the inner retina (disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL)) and the photoreceptor layer (external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone (EZ), interdigitation zone (IZ), and cotton ball sign) were determined. Associations between OCT parameters and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed. Based on the location of the inner margin of INL, all patients were divided into three stages and the mean comparison between the three stages was analyzed. RESULTS: PIRT (r = 0.6489; p < 0.0001) and pseudohole depth (r = 0.5266; p < 0.0001) had a statistically significant correlation with BCVA. Statistically significant visual acuity differences were found in eyes with DRIL (p < 0.001) and IZ disruption (p = 0.018), but not in ELM disruption (p = 0.916), EZ disruption (p = 0.581), and cotton ball sign (p = 0.075). According to the univariate and multivariate regression analyses, PIRT was associated with BCVA in both univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.002) regression analyses. Defect diameters of both ELM (p = 0.025) and IZ (p = 0.006) were associated with BCVA in univariate regression analysis, but not in multivariate regression analysis. INL angulation and the ratio of the IZ disruption was significantly different in the three groups. Stage 3 (95.8%) had significantly higher disrupted IZ ratio than stage 1 (40%) and stage 2 (65.5%). The BCVA of stages 1, 2, and 3 were identified as 0.06 ± 0.07 (20/23 Snellen equivalent), 0.23 ± 0.17 (20/34 Snellen equivalent), and 0.48 ± 0.23 (20/60 Snellen equivalent), respectively, and the differences in BCVA between the three groups were significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The parameters related to visual acuity were PIRT, pseudohole depth, DRIL, and IZ. The stage classification proposed in this study included morphologic changes of the inner retina and photoreceptor layer and is likely to be clinically useful for showing the severity of the MPH.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY BIOMARKERS FOR REDUCTION OF DRUSENOID PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: To identify the optical coherence tomography biomarkers that can collectively predict the probability of collapse or reduction of drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment (PED). METHODS: This consecutive observational case series reviewed the clinical data of 24 eyes with non-neovascular drusenoid PED. Among the study population, 17 eyes showed collapse or reduction of drusenoid PED. The mean follow-up duration was 44.8 ± 24.6 months. Optical coherence tomography-derived parameters were analyzed at baseline, at the last available visit before reduction of PED, at the first available visit after reduction of PED, and at the final visit. RESULTS: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness showed a significant decrease after PED reduction and at the most recent visit (P = 0.015). Migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells was detected in 15 (88.2%) after PED reduction; however, there was no significance in the frequency of migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells at each time point (P = 0.392). Non-neovascular subretinal fluid was detected in 7 (41.2%) before PED reduction, 2 (11.8%) after PED reduction, and 2 (11.8%) at the final visit. Interestingly, subretinal fluid appeared more frequently just before reduction of PED (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: We found evidence of non-neovascular subretinal fluid and choroidal thinning before reduction in PED. This finding might be useful for detection and prediction of the progression of drusenoid PED.

Characteristics of retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: To examine the characteristics of rhegmatous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with atopic dermatitis. METHOD: Medical records of 2257 patients who underwent RD surgery at this clinic between 2008 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 61 patients who were diagnosed as AD were assigned into the experimental group and 100 patients who did not have AD were randomly selected and assigned into the control group. Demographics, characteristics of detachment, initial operative method, and prognosis after surgery were investigated as main outcomes. Additionally, in pseudophakic RD patients, the period between the cataract surgery and onset of RD was measured. RESULT: Postoperative VA and prognosis were significantly worse and bilateral involvement of RD was more common in the atopy group than in the control group. (P value = 0.005, 0.001 each) Characteristics of retinal breaks were different between the two groups. Additionally, the risk of developing RD within 1 year after cataract surgery was significantly higher in pseudophakic patients of the atopic group than in the control group. (P value = 0.013) However, there was no significant difference in mean preoperative VA or refractive index between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our results show that in atopic patients, RD occurs at a young age with different characteristics compared to non-atopic patients. Atopic RD has a poor visual prognosis. Thus, it requires careful management. Furthermore, the risk of developing RD within 1 year after cataract surgery is higher in atopic patients. Therefore, it is important to perform regular and extensive check-up after cataract surgery for atopic patients.

Pelargonidin suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells through inhibition of PPAR-γ signaling pathway.

Pelargonidin is a natural compound that exists widely in fruits, and exerts antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-diabetic activities. However, there have not been any studies concerning its anti-obesity potential to date. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-obesity potential of pelargonidin via inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The cellular oil droplet content was decreased to 68.14%, 56.75%, and 48.39% and triglyceride accumulation decreased to 74.53%, 61.54%, and 47.86% after incubation with 5 µM, 10 µM, and 20 µM pelargonidin, respectively, when compared with DMSO group. Furthermore, pelargonidin treatment led to decrease in glucose consumption. Western blot assay illustrated that the expression of PPAR-γ was suppressed to 63.25%, 47.52%, and 21.23% after incubation with 5 µM, 10 µM, and 20 µM pelargonidin when compared with DMSO group. Then, we measured the expression of some target proteins of PPAR-γ, and found that pelargonidin decreased the expressions of HMGCR, LPL, Glut4, and A-FABP. Besides, the result of Luciferase Reporter Assay indicated that pelargonidin inhibited PPAR-γ transcription activity. These results indicated that pelargonidin exerts anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells through inhibition of PPAR-γ signaling pathway, and pelargonidin could be used as a potential anti-obesity agent.

Analysis of choroidal thickness and vascularity in patients with unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze the choroidal characteristics in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV, affected eyes) and unaffected fellow eyes, and investigated the longitudinal changes in the choroidal structure of fellow eyes in patients with unilateral PCV. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 55 treatment-naïve patients with unilateral PCV. The choroidal thickness and vascularity between PCV affected eyes, unaffected fellow eyes, and normal control eyes were compared. Structural changes in the choroid of the fellow eyes were reviewed during follow-up. RESULTS: PCV eyes had thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) (p < 0.001), greater ratio of Haller layer to SFCT (p < 0.001), and lower choroidal vascularity index (p = 0.023), compared to controls. In unaffected fellow eyes, the ratio of the Haller layer to SFCT was greater (p < 0.001) than in controls. During a 58.91-month mean follow-up, nine (16%) fellow eyes developed new PCV. These eyes showed a greater ratio of Haller layer to SFCT at baseline (p < 0.001) compared to the other fellow eyes. We also observed a numerical change in the choroidal vascularity index during follow-up of fellow eyes that developed new PCV. CONCLUSION: The dilation of the Haller layer was prominent in PCV eyes and fellow eyes, compared to normal controls. In the fellow eyes that developed new PCV lesions, there were changes in the choroidal vascularity during follow-up.

VISUAL PROGNOSIS AFTER PNEUMATIC DISPLACEMENT OF SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGE ACCORDING TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION SUBTYPES.

PURPOSE: This study compared the visual outcome after pneumatic displacement of submacular hemorrhage among patients with different subtypes of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 67 patients (67 eyes) who underwent treatment for submacular hemorrhage associated with AMD. All the patients underwent pneumatic displacement. Demographic parameters, visual acuity, and anatomical features were analyzed among AMD subtypes: typical AMD, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). RESULTS: Among the eyes with submacular hemorrhage, 24, 30, and 13 eyes had typical AMD, PCV, and RAP, respectively. Post-treatment best-corrected visual acuity was best in the PCV group and worst in the RAP group (P < 0.001). The proportion of eyes with improved visual acuity was highest in the PCV subtype and lowest in the RAP subtype (P = 0.044). Logistic regression analysis showed that AMD subtype (P = 0.016) and time to treatment (<7 days) (P = 0.037) are associated with the final visual outcome. CONCLUSION: The final post-treatment visual outcome after the incidence of submacular hemorrhage was best in the PCV group and worst in the RAP group. Age-related macular degeneration subtype is a significant factor associated with the visual prognosis of submacular hemorrhage.

USE OF CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX FOR CHOROIDAL STRUCTURAL EVALUATION IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY WITH CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION.

PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal vascular structure in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by assessing the choroidal vascular index (CVI). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 117 eyes with CSC. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to clinical characteristics: 1) acute CSC (N = 29), 2) non-neovascularized chronic CSC without flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (N = 49), 3) non-neovascularized chronic CSC with flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (N = 21), and 4) chronic CSC with choroidal neovascularization (N = 18). Subfoveal choroidal area (1,500 mm) of swept source optical coherence tomography scans were divided into luminal and stromal areas by the image binarization technique. The CVI was defined as the ratio of the luminal to the total subfoveal choroidal area. RESULTS: The CVI was significantly lower in eyes of Group 4 than those of other groups (all P < 0.05). The subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly lower in Group 4 than in Groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05), but regression analysis showed no association with the CVI. CONCLUSION: Decreased CVI may reflect choroidal vascular structure changes in eyes with choroidal neovascularization complicating CSC. These findings suggest that the CVI could be useful for evaluating choroidal vascular changes in eyes with CSC.

In vivo Oxygen Condition of Human Nasal Inferior Turbinate-Derived Stem Cells in Human Nose.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Human nasal inferior turbinate-derived stem cells (hNTSCs) have been considered as a potent and useful source for regenerative medicine. To most effectively mimic the native environment of inferior turbinate could be very effective to hNTSCs biology. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) and temperature in inferior turbinate. METHODS: Ten patients were enrolled who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal skull base tumor surgery between January 2014 and December 2015. The commercially available OxyLab pO2 monitor gauges the ppO2 and temperature using a fluorescence quenching technique. Also, hNTSCs were isolated from 10 patients and cultivated under hypercapnic condition (5, 10, and 15%) to mimic hypoxic intranasal conditions. RESULTS: The measured oxygen concentration in submucosa tissue was higher than that at the surface of the inferior turbinate and the temperature in submucosa tissue was higher than the value at the surface of inferior turbinate. The patterns of proliferation were significantly different according to hypercapnic cultivation conditions and there were statistically significant decreased proliferation rates after the exposure of higher CO2 over a period of 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal turbinate tissue showed the hypoxia state in concordance with the result of the other tissues or organs. However, indirectly induced hypoxia influenced the influence on the hNTSCs proliferation negatively. Further study is needed to mimic the real hypoxic state, but our results could be used to optimize the culture environment of hNTSCs, thereby producing the stem cells for regenerative therapies.

Comparing effects of photodynamic therapy in central serous chorioretinopathy: full-dose versus half-dose versus half-dose-half-fluence.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of full-dose, half-dose, and half-dose-half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients with CSC who received full-dose (verteporfin 6 mg/m2), half-dose (verteporfin 3 mg/m2), and half-dose-half-fluence (verteporfin 3 mg/m2 and light energy reduced to 25 J/cm2) PDT. We measured visual acuity, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), subretinal fluid (SRF) thickness, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) before and 3 months after PDT. RESULTS: Forty-three eyes (42 patients) were analyzed. Full-dose and half-dose groups showed improved vision (P = 0.023, 0.004, respectively), but half-dose-half-power group was not significantly improved (P = 0.254). SFCT in all three groups were significantly decreased (P = 0.005, 0.004, 0.002, respectively). SRF thicknesses in full-dose and half-dose groups showed significant decreases (P = 0.005, < 0.001, respectively). Half-dose-half-fluence group demonstrated the decrease but it was not statistically significant (P = 0.084). CVI were decreased in full-dose and half-dose groups (all P = 0.005). However, in the half-dose-half-fluence group, CVI was increased (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Full-dose and half-dose PDT were both effective in CSC treatment. Half-dose PDT can be considered to reduce complications. The effect of half-dose-half-fluence PDT was less clear than the other two protocols.

Potential predictors for frequent relapse in human leukocyte antigen-B27-associated uveitis.

PURPOSE: To identify potential predictors for frequent relapse in a cohort of patients with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated uveitis in a tertiary referral center at the initial visit. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study comprised 130 patients diagnosed with HLA-B27-associated uveitis. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the frequency of uveitis attacks (number/year): frequent relapse (FR) (who relapsed more than twice a year, 38) and infrequent relapse (IR) group (who relapsed twice or less than twice a year, 92). RESULTS: The FR group presented more often with hypopyon or posterior synechiae at the initial presentation. Interestingly, posterior segment involvements including vitritis, vasculitis, or cystoid macular edema were not significantly different between the groups. In terms of laboratory findings, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was higher in the FR group. Multivariate Cox hazards analysis showed male sex, the presence of hypopyon, and ESR to be potential predictive factors for frequent relapse. CONCLUSION: We found that male sex, hypopyon at presentation, and high ESR are potential predictors for frequent relapse in HLA-B27-associated uveitis. Identifying patients at higher risk of relapse could provide important information for patients, allowing patients to understand their condition and increase their acceptance of strict management.

Prognostic Value of the Pretreatment Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index (ALI) in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with R-CHOP Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index (ALI, body mass index × albumin/neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor of survival in some solid cancers. We retrospectively investigated the usefulness of the ALI to predict chemotherapy response and survival in 212 patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) chemotherapy. METHODS: Patients were allocated to a low ALI group (n = 82, 38.7%) or a high ALI group (n = 130, 61.3%) according to an optimal pretreatment ALI cut-off value of 15.5 as determined by receiver operating curve analysis. RESULTS: The low ALI group displayed more adverse clinical characteristics, lower rates of complete remission (54.9 vs. 75.4%, p = 0.008), and poorer 5-year progression-free (PFS, 58.1 vs. 77.3%, p = 0.006) and overall (OS, 64.2 vs. 80.2%, p = 0.008) survival. Multivariate analysis showed that low ALI was found to independently predict shorter PFS and OS. Interestingly, a low ALI reverted to a high ALI during treatment in 58 patients (27.4%), and the 5-year OS of these patients was better than that of patients whose ALI remained low (n = 24, 72.5 vs. 24%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ALI might be an easily available marker for predicting clinical outcomes in DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy.

Comparison of outcomes of scleral fixation with and without pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of dislocated intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To investigate the surgical outcomes of scleral fixation with either pars plana vitrectomy (ppV) or anterior vitrectomy (AV) for the treatment of dislocated intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: By retrospective review of electronic medical records, patients with in-the-bag spontaneous IOL dislocation who underwent IOL exchange with scleral fixation were included and grouped according to the vitrectomy method: ppV (group 1) and AV (group 2). Post-operative surgical outcomes including visual acuity (log MAR), spherical equivalent, and surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and complications were investigated and analyzed. RESULTS: After 6 months, post-operative measurements showed an average visual acuity of 0.16 ± 0.20, spherical equivalent of -1.48 ± 1.53D (diopters), and refractive shift of -0.19 ± 0.44D in group 1 (n = 19). There was no statistically significant difference between the measurements of group 1 and group 2 (n = 20) (0.10 ± 0.12, -2.00 ± 1.71D, -0.39 ± 0.57D, respectively) (p = 0.51, p = 0.29, p = 0.16, respectively). When analyzed by the algebraic and vector methods, group 1 did show a higher magnitude of surgically induced astigmatisms (1.61 ± 1.50D, 2.10 ± 1.03D, respectively) than did group 2 (0.49 ± 1.02D, 1.31 ± 0.83D respectively) (both p's = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications except for vitreoretinal complications, which were higher in group 2 (25%), compared with group 1 (0%) (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Both ppV and AV are appropriate options in patients who need IOL exchange with scleral fixation based on visual outcomes, refractive shifts, and complication rates. In terms of managing astigmatism, the AV procedure may be the better option.

POSTERIOR EYE SEGMENT COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

PURPOSE: To identify complications in the posterior eye segment in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 747 patients with hematologic disease who had undergone allogeneic HSCT at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from January 2009 to December 2012. The posterior eye segment complications were evaluated by reviewing information in medical records at the Department of Hematology and Ophthalmology, including the types, onset times, locations, and resolution times of the complications according to the treatment periods for HSCT; in addition, a subgroup analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among the 635 included patients, 48 (7.6%) experienced complications related to HSCT in the posterior eye segment. Twenty patients were diagnosed with retinal hemorrhage, 16 with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and 5 with uveitis. Six patients (37.5%) with retinal hemorrhage had a lesion in Zone 1 and took more time to recover from this complication. Retinal tear (1/16, 6.3%) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (2/16, 12.5%) were observed in the patients with CMV retinitis. Among the 20 patients with retinal hemorrhage, 18 (90.0%) had thrombocytopenia, 14 (70.0%) had pancytopenia, and 7 (35.0%) had profound cytopenia. Cytomegalovirus viremia was detected in 16 (72.7%) of the 22 patients with inflammation-associated complications. CONCLUSION: Understanding of each patient's general condition, which is affected by the specific procedures used for HSCT, is important for the diagnosis and management of transplantation-related complications in the posterior eye segment.

Analysis of choroidal and central foveal thicknesses in acute anterior uveitis by enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are a limited number of reports of structural changes in the retina and choroid in acute anterior uveitis (AAU). The aim of this study was to evaluate choroidal and central foveal thicknesses during episodes of AAU. METHODS: The medical records of 120 patients with AAU and 120 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and spherical equivalent of refractive error were reviewed. Subjects were divided into group 1 (AAU-affected eyes), 2 (unaffected fellow eyes), and 3 (healthy control eyes). RESULTS: In the uveitis group, etiologic diagnoses included human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated (n = 71) and idiopathic (n = 49) AAU. The mean subfoveal choroidal thicknesses (SFCTs) in groups 1-3 were 326.7 ± 64.2, 296.1 ± 66.6, and 294.9 ± 41.7 µm, respectively. The corresponding mean central foveal thicknesses (CFTs) were 273.5 ± 29.3, 264.4 ± 24.6, and 263.0 ± 30.8 µm, respectively. The AAU group exhibited a significantly greater SFCT than the control groups (P < .001). Relative to the control group, while eyes with idiopathic AAU exhibited a significantly greater CFT, those with HLA-B27-associated AAU exhibited no such significant difference. Anterior chamber cell grade was not associated with SFCT or CFT. CONCLUSIONS: The SFCT increased significantly during AAU. This indicates the importance of OCT examination for detection of subclinical choroidal and retinal changes in all types of AAU.