Influence of salinity, germination, malting and fermentation on quinoa nutritional and bioactive profile.

The depletion of freshwater resources, as well as climate change and population growth, are threatening the livelihoods of thousands of people around the world. The introduction of underutilized crops such as quinoa may be important in countries with limited productivity and/or limited access to water due to its resistance to different abiotic stresses and its high nutritional value. The aim of this review is to assess whether techniques such as germination, malting and fermentation would improve the nutritional and bioactive profile of quinoa. The use of nitrogen oxide-donating, oxygen-reactive and calcium-source substances increases germination. The ecotype used, temperature, humidity and germination time are determining factors in germination. The presence of lactic acid bacteria of the rust-type phenotype can improve the volume and texture during baking of the doughs, increase the fiber content and act as a prebiotic. These techniques produce a significant increase in the content of proteins, amino acids and bioactive compounds, as well as a decrease in anti-nutritional compounds. Further studies are needed to determine which conditions are the most suitable to achieve the best nutritional, functional, technological, and organoleptic quinoa properties.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index.

BACKGROUND: Research related to sustainable diets is is highly relevant to provide better understanding of the impact of dietary intake on the health and the environment. AIM: To assess the association between the adherence to an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and the amount of CO2 emitted in an older adult population. DESIGN AND POPULATION: Using a cross-sectional design, the association between the adherence to an energy-reduced Mediterranean Diet (erMedDiet) score and dietary CO2 emissions in 6646 participants was assessed. METHODS: Food intake and adherence to the erMedDiet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaire and 17-item Mediterranean questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics were documented. Environmental impact was calculated through greenhouse gas emissions estimations, specifically CO2 emissions of each participant diet per day, using a European database. Participants were distributed in quartiles according to their estimated CO2 emissions expressed in kg/day: Q1 (≤2.01 kg CO2), Q2 (2.02-2.34 kg CO2), Q3 (2.35-2.79 kg CO2) and Q4 (≥2.80 kg CO2). RESULTS: More men than women induced higher dietary levels of CO2 emissions. Participants reporting higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole cereals, preferring white meat, and having less consumption of red meat were mostly emitting less kg of CO2 through diet. Participants with higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet showed lower odds for dietary CO2 emissions: Q2 (OR 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-1.00), Q3 (OR 0.69; 95%CI: 0.69-0.79) and Q4 (OR 0.48; 95%CI: 0.42-0.55) vs Q1 (reference). CONCLUSIONS: The Mediterranean diet can be environmentally protective since the higher the adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the lower total dietary CO2 emissions. Mediterranean Diet index may be used as a pollution level index.

Metabolic syndrome criteria and severity and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in an adult population.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a growing risk factor of some non-communicable diseases. Increase of greenhouse gas emissions affects the planet. AIMS: To assess the association between MetS severity and amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in an adult population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study (n = 6646; 55-76-year-old-men; 60-75-year-old-women with MetS). METHODS: Dietary habits were assessed using a pre-validated semi quantitative 143-item food frequency questionnaire. The amount of CO2 emitted due to the production of food consumed by person and day was calculated using a European database, and the severity of the MetS was calculated with the MetS Severity Score. RESULTS: Higher glycaemia levels were found in people with higher CO2 emissions. The risk of having high severe MetS was related to high CO2 emissions. CONCLUSIONS: Low CO2 emissions diet would help to reduce MetS severity. Advantages for both health and the environment were found following a more sustainable diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870 . Registered 05 September 2013.

Comparison between Original and Reviewed Consensus of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People: A Probabilistic Cross-Sectional Survey among Community-Dwelling Older People.

INTRODUCTION: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a consensus on sarcopenia in 2010 and updated it in 2019 (EWGSOP2) which included the use of specific cut-off points. The aim was to assess how much prevalence of sarcopenia differed between EWGSOP2 and EWGSOP, as well as the use of specific cut-off points to assess differences in presarcopenia versus probable sarcopenia. METHODS: Observational, transversal, and comparative study (n = 1,283 older adults; 57% women). Anthropometrics and handgrip strength were measured, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass equation was defined. Conceptual and methodological definitions of EWGSOP and EWGSOP2 consensus were applied to calculate prevalence of presarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, and sarcopenia. RESULTS: Using cut-off points recommended for European population, prevalence of sarcopenia with EWGSOP2 was lower (-6.6%; p < 0.001) than EWGSOP. The prevalence of probable sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) was higher (+7.8%; p < 0.001) than EWGSOP presarcopenia. The agreement between EGWGSOP and EWGSOP2 was moderated (K = 0.45; IC = 0.40-0.51). Using specific-population cut-off points for muscle strength and appendicular muscle mass, the prevalence of probable sarcopenia with EWGSOP2 was higher (46.5%; p < 0.001) than EWGSOP (1.8%). The agreement between EGWGSOP and EWGSOP2 was moderated (K = 0.48; IC = 0.42-0.52). CONCLUSION: The new EWGSOP2 consensus underestimates the prevalence of sarcopenia, compared with EWGSOP using conventional cut-off points. The prevalence of presarcopenia with EWGSOP (low muscle mass) was lower than probable sarcopenia (low muscle strength) with the new EWGSOP2. In both cases, agreements between EWGSOP2 and EWGSOP were moderated. Discrepancies between the original and new consensus have implications on the primary health setting for identifying old and new cases for prevention and treatment.

Nutritional composition and technological properties determining the quality of different cuts of organic and conventional Turkey meat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and technological properties of meat from turkeys produced under organic conditions and compare them with those of turkeys produced under conventional conditions. Twenty carcasses of female B.U.T. Premium turkeys (Aviagen Turkeys) were obtained directly from the abattoir ten h after slaughter time of animals. Ten carcasses originated from female turkeys reared under conventional intensive husbandry conditions for meat-type turkeys (on average, 5611.8 ± 196.2 g of carcass weight) and the other ten carcasses corresponded to female turkeys raised under certified organic free-range conditions (PavosBio, Ávila, Spain) (on average, 5528.5 ± 354.4 g of carcass weight). Breast, thigh and wing meat samples were analyzed from each turkey: Chemical composition, fatty acid profile, free amino acids, mineral and vitamins content, color, and texture. Meat from female turkeys reared under organic conditions presented higher fat content in breast (1.90 vs. 1.01%, P = 0.032), thigh (3.79 vs. 2.68%, P = 0.022) and wing (12.0 vs. 8.91%, P = 0.012) than meat of female turkeys reared under intensive conventional conditions. The proportion of saturated fatty acids was higher in the meat of intensively reared female turkeys than in those reared under organic conditions (42.8 vs. 38.1%, P = 0.017 in breast; 38.8 vs. 33.6%, P = 0.0053 in thigh and 40.2 vs. 33.9%, P < 0.001 in wing). On the contrary, the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was higher in meat of organic turkeys (41.4 vs. 35.6%, P = 0.012 in breast; 42.3 vs. 35.6%, P < 0.001 in thigh and 46.9 vs. 39.3%, P = 0.011 in wing). Concentration of riboflavin and pyridoxine was higher by 21.1% (P = 0.010) and by 154% (P = 0.006), respectively, in meat from organically raised female turkeys than in that of female turkeys reared under intensive conditions. The organic turkey meat analyzed contained a higher proportion B2 and B6, lipids and monounsaturated fatty acids, and a lower content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Comparative effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors agonists, 4-dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, and metformin on metabolic syndrome.

AIMS: To assess the comparative effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), 4-dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (DPP-4I), and metformin treatment during one year on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and severity in MetS patients. METHODS: Prospective study (n = 6165 adults) within the frame of PREDIMED-Plus trial. The major end-point was changes on MetS components and severity after one- year treatment of GLP-1RA, DPP-4I, and metformin. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference), body mass index (BM), and blood pressure were registered. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting. Plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were measured. Dietary intakes as well as physical activity were assessed through validated questionnaires. RESULTS: MetS parameters improved through time. The treated groups improved glycaemia compared with untreated (glycaemia ∆ untreated: -1.7 mg/dL(± 13.5); ∆ metformin: - 2.5(± 23.9) mg/dL; ∆ DPP-4I: - 4.5(± 42.6); mg/dL ∆ GLP-1RA: - 4.3(± 50.9) mg/dL; and HbA1c: ∆ untreated: 0.0(± 0.3) %; ∆ metformin: - 0.1(± 0.7) %; ∆ DPP-4I: - 0.1(± 1.0) %; ∆ GLP-1RA: - 0.2(± 1.2) %. Participants decreased BMI and waist circumference. GLP-1RA and DPP-4I participants registered the lowest decrease in BMI (∆ untreated: -0.8(± 1.6) kg/m2; ∆ metformin: - 0.8(± 1.5) kg/m2; ∆ DPP-4I: - 0.6(± 1.3) kg/m2; ∆ GLP-1RA: - 0.5(± 1.2) kg/m2. and their waist circumference (∆ untreated: -2.8(± 5.2) cm; ∆ metformin: - 2.6(± 15.2) cm; ∆ DPP-4I: - 2.1(± 4.8) cm; ∆ GLP-1RA: - 2.4(± 4.1) cm. CONCLUSION: In patients with MetS and healthy lifestyle intervention, those treated with GLP-1RA and DPP-4I obtained better glycemic profile. Anthropometric improvements were modest.

Ultra-processed foods consumption as a promoting factor of greenhouse gas emissions, water, energy, and land use: A longitudinal assessment.

BACKGROUND: Dietary patterns can produce an environmental impact. Changes in people's diet, such as the increased consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) can not only influence human health but also environment sustainability. OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the impact of 2-year changes in UPF consumption on greenhouse gas emissions and water, energy and land use. DESIGN: A 2-year longitudinal study after a dietary intervention including 5879 participants from a Southern European population between the ages of 55-75 years with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Food intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire, which allowed classifying foods according to the NOVA system. In addition, sociodemographic data, Mediterranean diet adherence, and physical activity were obtained from validated questionnaires. Greenhouse gas emissions, water, energy and land use were calculated by means of the Agribalyse® 3.0.1 database of environmental impact indicators for food items. Changes in UPF consumption during a 2-year period were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted using computed General Linear Models. RESULTS: Participants with major reductions in their UPF consumption reduced their impact by -0.6 kg of CO2eq and -5.3 MJ of energy. Water use was the only factor that increased as the percentage of UPF was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Low consumption of ultra-processed foods may contribute to environmental sustainability. The processing level of the consumed food should be considered not only for nutritional advice on health but also for environmental protection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 05 September 2013, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870.

Association of monetary diet cost of foods and diet quality in Spanish older adults.

Background: A major barrier to a healthy diet may be the higher price of healthy foods compared to low-quality foods. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between the monetary cost of food and diet quality in Spanish older adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was carried out in Spanish older adults (n = 6,838; 48.6% female). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Metabolic syndrome severity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), adherence to a provegetarian dietary pattern, and dietary inflammatory index were assessed. The economic cost of the foods was obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food database (2015-2017, the period of time when the participants were recruited). The total cost of diet adjusted per 1,000 kcal was computed. Results: The healthier dietary pattern was associated with a higher cost of the diet. Higher adherence to the MedDiet, anti-inflammatory diet, and the healthy version of the provegetarian dietary pattern were related to higher costs of the diet. Conclusion: Higher diet quality was associated with a higher dietary cost of the diet per 1,000 kcal/day. Food prices can be an important component of interventions and policies aimed at improving people's diets and preventing diet-related chronic diseases. Clinical trial registry number: The trial was registered in 2014 at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCT; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870) with the number 89898870.

Nutritional Risk Factors Associated with Vasomotor Symptoms in Women Aged 40-65 Years.

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are the most common symptoms among menopausal women; these include hot flashes and night sweats, and palpitations often occur along with hot flashes. Some studies in Mexico reported that around 50% of women presented with VMS mainly in the menopausal transition. It has been proven that VMS are not only triggered by an estrogen deficiency, but also by nutritional risk factors. Evidence of an association between nutritional risk factors and VMS is limited in Mexican women. The aim of this study is to identify nutritional risk factors associated with VMS in women aged 40−65 years. This is a comparative cross-sectional study, undertaken in a retrospective way. A sample group (n = 406 women) was divided into four stages according to STRAW+10 (Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop): late reproductive, menopausal transition, early postmenopause, and late postmenopause. Hot flashes were present mainly in the early postmenopause stage (38.1%, p ≤ 0.001). Two or more VMS were reported in 23.2% of women in the menopausal transition stage and 29.3% in the early postmenopause stage (p < 0.001). The presence of VMS was associated with different nutritional risk factors (weight, fasting glucose levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, and tobacco use) in women living in the northeast of Mexico.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Spanish Schoolchildren and Its Association with the Fitness Status and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) allows knowing the subject's feelings in distress and well-being, as well as perception of current and future health. Objective: To assess associations between health-related quality of life, fitness status, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Spanish children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 305 (47.2% women) children and adolescents aged between 8 and 16 years, in the primary and secondary schools of the province of Ávila (central Spain) (NCT05380674). Subjects were classified according to their quality of life: group 1 (highest quality of life) > group 2 (medium quality of life) > group 3 (lowest quality of life). Results: More participants in group 1 showed higher adherence to Mediterranean diet (70.8%) than other groups (group 2: 55.0%; group 3: 43.4%). It was less likely to find optimal levels of muscle strength as quality of life decreased (OR; 95% CI: group 2: 0.535; 0.303−0.955; and group 3: 0.424; 0.234−0.768). Similar trends were found for speed and agility, but only group 3 showed significant results (OR; 95% CI: group 3: 0.297; 0.162−0.545). Flexibility was also the worst in groups 2 and 3 (OR; 95% CI: G2: 0.403; 0.213−0.762; and group 3: 0.520; 0.282−0.958). Conclusion: High fitness status and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were associated with improved health-related quality of life in schoolchildren of central Spain.

Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with olive oil, oleic acid, or hydroxytyrosol in metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Olive oil and components might have a beneficial effect on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to assess whether those effects are related to hydroxytyrosol or oleic acid contents, or the combination of them as olive oil, and how powerful is this effect. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE via Pubmed, Web of Science (WOS) core collection, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) via LILACS and IBECS (Spain). MeSH terms used were "obesity", "body weight", "body mass index", "adipose tissue", "lipid metabolism", "LDL", "HDL", "VLDL", "insulin resistance", "glucose", "insulin", "hypertension", "arterial pressure", "olive oil", "oleic acid", and other (non-MeSH) terms: "total antioxidant capacity", "total antioxidant status", "hydroxytyrosol" (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021247614). Results of the included studies were meta-analyzed with the RevMan 5.3 program, assuming a random effects model. RESULTS: 76 articles (67 different trials) were identified. Hydroxytyrosol had no effect on MetS [combined standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.23, 0.25], I2 = 83%; p = 0.920)]. Oleic acid had no significant beneficial effect on MetS [SMD = 0.03 (CI 95%: [-0.01, 0.07], I2 = 0%); p = 0.150], but it improved lipid profile [SMD = 0.06 (CI 95%: [-0.00, 0.12], I2 = 0%); p = 0. 050]. Olive oil had no effect on MetS [SMD = -0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.05, 0.03]), I2 = 55%; p = 0.550)]. The supplementation with hydroxytyrosol, oleic acid or olive oil showed a beneficial effect on antioxidant capacity related to components of MetS [SMD = 0.31 (CI 95%: [-0.34, 0.95], I2 = 81%)]; p = 0.35). CONCLUSION: Most articles compared olive oil and oleic acid with other strategies specially designed for MetS management. Our findings suggest that olive oil or oleic acid consumption are as good as the other strategies to manage MetS.

The Economic Cost of Diet and Its Association with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a Cohort of Spanish Primary Schoolchildren.

Background: Adoption of a certain dietary pattern is determined by different factors such as taste, cost, convenience, and nutritional value of food. Objective: To assess the association between the daily cost of a diet and its overall quality in a cohort of 6-12-year-old Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a cohort (n = 130; 47% female) of 6-12-year-old children schooled in primary education in the central region of Spain. Three-day 24 h records were administered, and the nutritional quality of the diet was also determined by means of Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI). A questionnaire on sociodemographic data, frequency of eating in fast-food restaurants, and supplement intake were also recorded. The person responsible for the child's diet and the schooler himself completed the questionnaires, and homemade measures were used to estimate the size of the portions. Food prices were obtained from the Household Consumption Database of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The economic cost of the diet was calculated by multiplying the amount in grams of the food consumed by each child by the corresponding price in grams and adding up the total amount for each participant. The total economic cost of the diet was calculated in €/day and in €/1000 kcal/day. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) for €/day and €/1000 kcal/day represent 62.6% and 65.6%, respectively. According to AUC values, adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) is a moderate predictor of the monetary cost of the diet. A direct relationship between the cost of the diet and the adherence to MD was observed [OR (€/1000 kcal/day) = 3.012; CI (95%): 1.291; 7.026; p = 0.011]. Conclusions: In a cohort of Spanish schoolchildren with low adherence to the MD, a higher cost of the diet standardized to 1000 kcal was associated with above-average MAI values.

Association between the Use of Health Services, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults.

Background: The use of health services is a complex behavioral phenomenon affected by multiple factors (availability, distance, cost, quality, attitudes, cultural beliefs, socioeconomic characteristics, and individuals' self-perception of health). Mexico has a segmented health system, and the access to it depends on the labor insertion and the population's ability to pay. Objective: To assess association between use of health services and cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk factors among Mexican adults. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional nationally representative study carried out on Mexican adults (≥20-year-old adults of both sexes; n = 4595). Socioeconomic factors, geographic area, health care coverage, information about the use of health services, previous medical diagnoses of diabetes and hypertension, and smoking were assessed. Anthropometrics, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and glucose plasma levels were measured. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Prevalences were expressed in terms of percentages, and significant differences were calculated using χ2 test. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the use of health services and cardiovascular risk factors and sociodemographic variables. Results: The probability of using health services is higher and more significant in subjects with obesity, diabetes (OR (95% CI): 1.73 (1.49-2.00; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR (95% CI): 1.29 (1.14-1.45; p < 0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (OR (95% CI): 1.30 (1.15-1.46; p < 0.001), and in those with hypercholesterolemia (OR (95% CI): 1.23 (1.03-1.39; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Among health service users, there is a positive significant association between the use of health services and the presence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia.

Association between Bone Mineral Density and Metabolic Syndrome among Reproductive, Menopausal Transition, and Postmenopausal Women.

The menopausal transition stage brings physiological changes associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which can affect bone mineral density (BMD), and may be more evident in the postmenopausal stage. The aim of this study was assessing the association between low BMD and MetS and its components among reproductive/menopausal transition and postmenopausal women in the northeast region of Mexico. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out (2015-2016) in 40-60-year-old women (n = 376) who were residents in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, in Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) evaluation of BMD of two anatomical sites (lumbar spine and dual femur), and a biochemical analysis were obtained. The prevalence of MetS was 57.2%. In participants without MetS, the prevalence of osteopenia was 27.3% in the lumbar spine and 18.6% in the dual femur, while in participants with MetS, the prevalence of osteopenia was 35.8% in the lumbar spine and 14.4% in the dual femur. Osteoporosis in participants without MetS was present in 6.8% in the lumbar spine and in 1.8% in the dual femur, while in women with MetS, its prevalence was 4.7% in the lumbar spine and 0.5% in the dual femur. An association between low BMD at the lumbar spine and dual femur and components of MetS diseases was identified in Mexican women as follows: waist circumference ≥ 88 cm showed an increase risk for low BMD at femoral site in both reproductive/menopausal transition (OR 7.638; 95% CI: 1.607-36.298; p = 0.011) and postmenopausal women (OR 2.600; 95% CI: 1.023-6.609; p = 0.045); HDL < 50 mg/dL was associated with low BMD in both the femur (OR 3.639; 95% CI: 1.039-12.743; p = 0.043) and lumbar spine (OR 2.654; 95% CI: 1.092-6.447; p = 0.031); hypertension in postmenopausal women increased the risk for low BMD in the femur (OR 2.634; 95% CI: 1.150-6.035; p = 0.022). In conclusion, we found that components of the MetS were associated with low BMD, thus indicating that MetS increases the risk for developing osteopenia or osteoporosis. Furthermore, age was found to be an independent risk factor for low BMD.

Response to exercise in older adults who take supplements of antioxidants and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition is a key factor in determining exercise response. The aim of this review is to assess the response to exercise in older adults who take supplements of antioxidants and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed (June 2009- September 2019) in MEDLINE via Pubmed. The following search strategy was used with Boolean markers: ("omega-3 fatty acids" [Major] OR "antioxidants" [Major]) AND "exercise" AND "aged" [MesH]. Fourteen articles were finally included. RESULTS: Exercise-induced free radical and inflammatory marker blood levels, but not changed the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), after administration of antioxidant supplement. The oral administration of antioxidants produced null or negative effect on endothelial function, but the infusion into the brachial artery during rhythmic handgrip exercise produced a significant improvement in muscle blood flow, due to an on increase in the availability of nitric acid derived from the nitric oxide synthase. Aerobic exercise and antioxidant supplementation improved submaximal and maximal aerobic parameters, as well as mitochondrial density and mitochondria-regulated apoptotic signaling. Antioxidant supplementation, but not omega-3 PUFA, decreased pro-inflammatory marker levels and fat oxidation induced by exercise. Strength training decreased serum B12 concentration but combined with omega-3 PUFA or antioxidant supplementation, B12 levels were maintained. Antioxidant supplementation has protective effect after fatigue in isometric exercise but improved appendicular fat-free mass just combined with resistance exercise. Omega-3 fatty acid supplement combined with exercise increased lean mass in women, but not in men. Muscle damage induced by exercise is protected by antioxidant supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Older people who take antioxidant and/or omega-3 PUFA supplements showed improved exercise response, as well as lower muscle damage.

Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating Habits in Children and Adolescents at Risk of Poverty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this review was to provide an up-to-date review of trials that include behavioral intervention on the eating habits of children and adolescents at risk of poverty, applying meta-analysis to estimate the size of the intervention effect. A systematic literature search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE via Pubmed and via EBSCOhost, LILACS and IBECS via VHL. The MeSH terms were used: "social class", "poverty", "diet", "health promotion" (PROSPERO ID: 183900). A total of 14 articles were finally included in this systematic review. The primary results of the included studies were meta-analyzed with the RevMan 5.3 program, assuming a random effects model. Analysis of the overall effect showed combined standardized mean differences (SMD) of 0.16 (CI 95%: [0.03, 0.30], I2 = 76%). The p-value for the Z statistic was 0.02, which reflects accuracy in the effect estimation. When establishing subgroups based on the intervention tracking time points, studies that provided longer-term follow-up data showed a combined SMD of 0.15 (CI 95%: [-0.02, 0.32], I2 = 81%]). Small effects of behavioral interventions were found to promote healthy eating habits, but better effects were shown in cases where the invention was followed up in the long term.

Liraglutide for the Treatment of Obesity: Analyzing Published Reviews.

BACKGROUND: Several drugs have been currently approved for the treatment of obesity. The pharmacokinetic of liraglutide, as well as the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, have been widely described. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the published systematic reviews on the use of liraglutide for the treatment of obesity. METHODS: Systematic reviews were found out through MEDLINE searches, through EBSCO host and the Cochrane Library based on the following terms: "liraglutide" as major term and using the following Medical Subject Headings (MesH) terms: "obesity", "overweight", "weight loss". A total of 3 systematic reviews were finally included to be analyzed. RESULTS: From the three systematic reviews selected, only two included the randomized clinical trials, while the third study reviewed both randomized and non-randomized clinical trials. Only one review performed statistical tests of heterogeneity and a meta-analysis, combining the results of individual studies. Another review showed the results of individual studies with odds ratio and confidence interval, but a second one just showed the means and confidence intervals. In all studies, weight loss was registered in persons treated with liraglutide in a dose dependent form, reaching a plateau at 3.0 mg dose, which was reached just in men. Most usual adverse events were gastrointestinal. CONCLUSION: More powerful and prospective studies are needed to assess all aspects related to liraglutide in the overweight and obesity treatment.

Antioxidant Supplementation and Adaptive Response to Training: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant supplementation has become a common practice among athletes to theoretically achieve a reduction in oxidative stress, promote recovery and improve performance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of antioxidant supplements on exercise. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed up to January 2019 in MEDLINE via EBSCO and Pubmed, and in Web of Sciences based on the following terms: "antioxidants" [Major] AND "exercise" AND "adaptation"; "antioxidant supplement" AND "(exercise or physical activity)" AND "(adaptation or adjustment)" [MesH]. Thirty-six articles were finally included. RESULTS: Exhaustive exercise induces an antioxidant response in neutrophils through an increase in antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant low-level supplementation does not block this adaptive cellular response. Supplementation with antioxidants appears to decrease oxidative damage blocking cell-signaling pathways associated with muscle hypertrophy. However, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes after resistance training is blocked by exogenous antioxidant supplementation. Supplementation with antioxidants does not affect the performance improvement induced by resistance exercise. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on physical performance and redox status may vary depending on baseline levels. CONCLUSION: The antioxidant response to exercise has two components: At the time of stress and adaptation through genetic modulation processes in front of persistent pro-oxidant situation. Acute administration of antioxidants immediately before or during an exercise session can have beneficial effects, such as a delay in the onset of fatigue and a reduction in the recovery period. Chronic administration of antioxidant supplements may impair exercise adaptations, and is only beneficial in subjects with low basal levels of antioxidants.

[Food consumption patterns among university students in Zamora]. / Patrones de consumo de alimentos en estudiantes universitarios de Zamora.

AIMS: To assess, using a posterioritechniques, prevailing food consumption patterns of university students in Zamora and their association with food groups, in order to know how far can be away from a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study of a representative sample of university students in the province of Zamora (n = 213, 18-29 years). Food consumption was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative consumer frequency questionnaire, which included 64 foods, grouped into 13 food groups. Consumption patterns were determined by factor analysis. RESULTS: University students in Zamora show two consumption patterns: "Mediterranean", which accounts for 19.4% of the total variance and is characterized by consumption of dairy products, fish and seafood, meats and vegetables, sausages, cereals and tubers, fruit and vegetables and olive oil, and "Western", which accounts for 22.2% of the total variance and is characterized by consumption of dairy products, eggs, meats and vegetables, sausages, nuts, other fats other than olive oil, pastries and sweets, prepared foods and sugar sweetened beverages, with low consumption of fruit and vegetables. The factor analysis shows a sample adequacy measure (KMO) of 0.615. CONCLUSIONS: The university students of Zamora are in nutritional transition, with a diet that moves away from the recommendations of the Mediterranean Diet.

Nuevas medidas de diagnóstico eficiente en la hipersensibilidad alérgica al látex / New tests for an efficient diagnosis in allergic hypersensitivity to latex

La alergia al látex es una respuesta alterada de nuestro organismo al contactar con las proteínas que se encuentran en el látex de caucho natural. Los síntomas de la hipersensibilidad alérgica al látex son bastante parecidos a los de la alergia a los alimentos, siendo menos frecuentes los síntomas digestivos y más típicos los cutáneos tras el uso de guantes de látex, y los nasales y/o el asma tras la inhalación del polvo de los guantes de látex o de los globos. En caso de pacientes muy sensibles puede provocar reacciones alérgicas graves si entra en contacto con mucosas o cavidades internas. Se da la paradoja de que el medio hospitalario, es el lugar de más riesgo dada la cantidad existente de látex, tanto directo como indirecto. Las personas alérgicas al látex presentan a menudo reacciones alérgicas cruzadas, a veces graves, tras ingerir determinadas frutas y vegetales. Las reacciones cruzadas se deben a los alérgenos comunes presentes en el látex y en los diferentes alimentos. Es importante utilizar el análisis molecular de alérgenos para detectar falsos diagnósticos a látex por problemas de reactividad cruzada con proteínas de frutas. Indicamos cómo estas nuevas pruebas han sustituido a análisis menos precisos y eficientes, logrando un considerable ahorro de recursos

Latex allergy is an altered response of the body on contact with proteins found in natural rubber latex. The symptoms of allergic hypersensitivity to latex are quite similar to those of food allergy, with the gastrointestinal symptoms being less frequent and the cutaneous ones being more typical after the use of latex and nasal gloves and / or the asthma after the inhalation of the dust from latex gloves or balloons. In the case of very sensitive patients it can cause severe allergic reactions if it comes in contact with mucous membranes or internal cavities. There is a paradox that the hospital environment is the most risky place, given the existing amount of latex in direct and indirect use. People who are allergic to latex often have cross-allergic reactions, sometimes severe, after eating certain fruits and vegetables. The cross-reactions are due to the common allergens present in latex and in different foods. It is important to use molecular allergen analysis to detect false latex diagnoses due to problems of cross-reactivity with fruit proteins. It is indicated how these new tests have replaced less accurate and efficient analyses, achieving a considerable saving of resources