Quadruple rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after two treatment failures.

BACKGROUND: A standard third-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is lacking, and antimicrobial sensitivity data for patients who failed eradication therapy are often unavailable in clinical practice. We therefore designed the prospective study to assess the efficacy of levofloxacin, amoxicillin, bismuth and rabeprazole quadruple therapy as a third-line treatment for H. pylori infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 2005 to August 2007, 37 consecutive H. pylori-infected patients who had failed standard first-line and second-line treatments underwent a 10-day quadruple therapy comprising rabeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.), bismuth subcitrate (300 mg q.d.s.), amoxicillin (500 mg q.d.s.) and levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.). Follow-up endoscopy with rapid urease test, histological examination and culture was performed at 6 weeks after the end of treatment to evaluate the response to therapy. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori was successfully eradicated in 31 out of 37 patients (84% by both intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis). All patients complied with the eradication therapies, and only seven patients (19%) complained of mild-to-moderate adverse events. Amoxicillin- and levofloxacin-resistant strains were observed in 17% and 22% of the patients, respectively. There were no significant differences between H. pylori eradication rates and antibiotic resistances. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-day levofloxacin- and amoxicillin-based quadruple therapy is well tolerated and achieves a high eradication rate as a third-line empirical treatment for H. pylori infection.

Clinical decision making based on radionuclide determined ejection fraction in oncology patients.

UNLABELLED: Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a relative contraindication for the use of potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy. A resting LVEF of 50% is usually used as the lower limit of normal values. The decision to change chemotherapy, however, is complex and is affected by many factors, including ejection fraction. METHODS: To determine how LVEF data were used by clinical oncologists in clinical decision making, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients referred for ejection fraction measurements from the hematology/oncology divisionS of Stanford University from March 1992 through March 1995. The records of 565 patients treated with potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy were evaluated. RESULTS: LVEFs < 50% were found in 153 patients. The charts of patients with reduced ejection fractions were reviewed to determine if the radionuclide measurement resulted in either discontinuation of the cardiotoxic agent or substitution of a less cardiotoxic drug or mode of administration. These specific changes in therapy occurred in only 43 of the 153 (28%) patients with ejection fractions below 50%; 24 of the 43 (57%) had ejection fractions < or = 40%. Patients with lower ejection fraction values were more likely to have their therapy changed than those with LVEFs close to normal. Patients with ejection fractions < or = 30 generally had cardiotoxic agents discontinued. Of patients who had a resting LVEF < 50% and whose therapy was not changed, 81% had a normal increase in LVEF with exercise. CONCLUSION: In clinical practice at our institution, ejection fraction < 50% is not used as an absolute contraindication to cardiotoxic chemotherapy. When the LVEF is less than 40%, potentially cardiotoxic therapy is most often discontinued or omitted. Radionuclide evidence of cardiac reserve may account for decisions to continue cardiotoxic agents despite ejection fractions < 50% in the majority of patients. Further study will be needed to establish standard criteria. Reserve function, as measured by the change in ejection fraction from rest to stress may be an important parameter used by oncologists to help select patients for continued therapy in spite of a reduced ejection fraction. Our results argue that use of fixed criteria may be too restrictive.

Posterior 180 degrees 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal SPECT.

UNLABELLED: As a result of a high percentage of hypoactive upper poles of kidneys in traditional 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) SPECT, a prospective study was conducted using 180 degrees acquisition technique compared with 360 degrees to minimize tissue attenuation. METHODS: Anterior 180 degrees, posterior 180 degrees and 360 degrees renal SPECT images were obtained simultaneously using a dual-head camera. Forty-one subjects without renal disease and 16 subjects with 21 cortical defects were included in this study. The total counts of the raw data in the anterior 180 degrees, posterior 180 degrees and full 360 degrees were calculated. Small regions of interest were drawn over the cortex of the kidney on coronal and reoriented sagittal slices. Quantitative evaluation of regional activity was performed on the same frames in all three acquisition methods. RESULTS: Comparison of the total renal counts between the anterior and posterior 180 degrees data showed reduced counts in the anterior 180 degrees data collection (P < 0.01). Visual evaluation of the reconstructed images from anterior 180 degrees, posterior 180 degrees and full 360 degrees data collection showed the best image uniformity in the posterior 180 degrees image. The upper/lower pole ratio in the posterior 180 degrees renal SPECT images increased significantly in comparison to full 360 degrees renal SPECT images (P < 0.01) and anterior 180 degrees SPECT images (P < 0.01). The renal defects were more clearly visualized in the posterior 180 degrees renal SPECT images than the full 360 degrees renal SPECT images. The defect/normal cortex ratios in the posterior 180 degrees renal SPECT images were much lower than those from the full 360 degrees SPECT images (P < 0.01) and those from the anterior 180 degrees SPECT images (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The posterior 180 degrees acquisition technique can avoid the problem of hypoactive upper pole and can be less time consuming in 99mTc-DMSA SPECT images. It also provides superior lesion contrast in the clinical evaluation of patients with renal scarring.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents ulcer development in patients with ulcer-like functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Although the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection benefits patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers, the value of eradicating the infection in the patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial. AIMS: To determine whether eradicating H. pylori can prevent the subsequent development of ulcers or relieve the symptoms of functional dyspepsia patients. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 161 patients infected with H. pylori who had functional dyspepsia were randomly assigned to 7 days of treatment with a lansoprazole-based triple therapy or placebo and then followed for 1 year. The main outcome measures were the development of peptic ulcers and the resolution of symptoms. RESULTS: H. pylori was eradicated in 63 out of 81 patients (78%) in the treatment group and none of the 80 patients (0%) in the placebo group. During the follow-up period, two patients in the treatment group and six patients in the placebo group developed peptic ulcers at repeat endoscopy (2.5% vs. 7.5%; 95% CI: -12 to 2). The reduction in ulcer rates was statistically significant in the 'ulcer-like' sub-group (0% vs. 16.7%; 95% CI: -32 to -2), but not in the 'dysmotility-like' and 'unclassifiable' sub-groups. Regarding symptom response, the resolution rates of symptoms were similar between the treatment and placebo groups (58.0% vs. 55.0%, 95% CI: -12 to 18). Additionally, no significant differences existed in the symptom responses between the treatment and control arms in each of the dyspepsia sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eradicating H. pylori can prevent the subsequent development of peptic ulcers in the patients with 'ulcer-like' functional dyspepsia. However, this approach does not significantly reduce the symptoms of functional dyspepsia patients.

Endoscopic 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic 13C-urea breath test may avoid contamination of oral urease and rapidly discriminate Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. AIMS: To compare the accuracy of endoscopic 13C-urea breath test with conventional invasive methods in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. PATIENTS: One hundred patients who attended for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were included. METHODS: 13C-urea was applied to the stomach through the working channel of endoscope at the end of endoscopic examination. Breath samples were collected before endoscopy and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min after consumption of 100 or 50 mg 13C-urea. Helicobacter pylori infection was defined as those with positive culture or positive results of both histology and CLO test. RESULTS: The accuracy of 100 mg endoscopic 13C-urea breath test was significantly higher than that of culture and CLO test (100% vs. 88% and 92%, p = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). The accuracy of 50 mg endoscopic 13C-urea breath test was higher than that of histology and CLO test (98% vs. 90% and 96%, respectively), although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic 13C-urea breath test has a higher accuracy compared with biopsy-based modalities. It may be a good choice to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection if endoscopy is indicated for a dyspeptic patient.

99Tcm-HMPAO and 99Tcm-DTPA radioaerosol clearance measurements in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The clearance rate of an inhaled aerosol of a lipophilic complex, 99Tcm-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO), was compared with that of a hydrophilic complex, 99Tcm-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99Tcm-DTPA), in nine normal subjects and in eight patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Data were acquired as follows. The subjects were placed supine with their back against the scintillation camera and breathed aerosol for 2 min; pulmonary radioactivity was then monitored for 30 min. A time-activity curve (TAC) was generated from the region of interest (ROI) over the periphery of each lung field and a computer program was then used to calculate percentage clearance per minute (k) in each lung. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) rate of clearance of 99Tcm-DTPA (k = 1.31 +/- 0.13% min-1) was not significantly different from that of 99Tcm-HMPAO (k = 1.32 +/- 0.27% min-1, P > 0.025) in the normal subjects. However, 99Tcm-DTPA clearance was 1.91 +/- 0.27% min-1 and 99Tcm-HMPAO clearance 0.78 +/- 0.17% min-1 in eight patients with IPF (P < 0.001, 99Tcm-DTPA vs 99Tcm-HMPAO). By regression analysis using a multiplicative model, both values correlated fairly [r = -0.71, y = exp (0.08-0.85 ln chi); P < 0.005], with a change in clearance rate in the opposite direction in all eight patients. The results of our study demonstrate that the pulmonary clearance of 99Tcm-HMPAO is different from that of 99Tcm-DTPA in IPF.

Radionuclide imaging clinical study. Corporeal 133Xe washout for detecting venous leakage in impotence.

A quantitative test, corporeal 133Xe washout, was developed to detect venogenic impotence. Data were acquired in frame mode after intracorporeal injection of 0.1 ml (1-2 mCi or 37-74 MBq) of 133Xe in saline on one side of the midline just behind the glans in the flaccid state for 20 min. A time-activity curve (TAC) was generated from the region of interest (ROI) at the site of injection and a computer routine was then used to calculate clearance half-time (T1/2) in minutes and flow rate (Q) in ml/100 g tissue/min from corporeal 133Xe clearance. The data from 12 controls and 21 patients with venous leakage were analysed. In patients with venogenic impotence, T1/2 (mean +/- S.D.) was greatly increased (24.4 +/- 10.7 min vs 10.7 +/- 4.6 min in controls, P less than 0.005) whereas Q markedly decreased (2.4 +/- 1.3 ml/100 g tissue/min vs 5.4 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g tissue/min in controls, P less than 0.005). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting venous leakage at the optimal threshold of T1/2 equal to 13 min and Q equal to 3.7 ml/100 g tissue/min were 95 and 75%, respectively. The corporeal 133Xe clearance half-time and flow rate are two simple and clinically useful indices for detecting venous leakage.

99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy for detection of renal cortical defects in acute pyelonephritis: posterior 180 degrees SPECT versus planar image and 360 degrees SPECT.

To evaluate the usefulness of the posterior 180 degrees acquisition technique for renal defects in acute pyelonephritis (APN), a prospective study was conducted using planar imaging, 360 degrees and posterior 180 degrees renal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid. Sixty subjects with the suspicion of APN were included. The kidneys were divided into three zones: each was graded as positive, equivocal or negative for renal defects. To evaluate inter-observer variation, each study was read in a double-blind fashion by two nuclear physicians. Renal defects were found in 24 patients (31 kidneys and 47 zones) with posterior 180 degrees SPECT, 23 patients (29 kidneys and 44 zones) with 360 degrees SPECT (McNemar's test, P = 0.375 for zones) and 15 patients (16 kidneys and 24 zones) with planar image (P = 0.001 for zones, vs 180 degrees and 360 degrees SPECT). The proportion of positive agreement for posterior 180 degrees and 360 degrees SPECT between readers for the presence of renal defects was 0.81 and 0.62, respectively, whereas the proportion of negative agreement was 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. Both posterior 180 degrees and 360 degrees SPECTs significantly detected more renal defects than planar imaging. The detectability of renal defects in APN by posterior 180 degrees renal SPECT was equal to 360 degrees SPECT but inter-observer agreement was better.

Efficacy of quantitative cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

The diagnostic efficacy of time-activity curves (TAC) and common bile duct dynamics (CBDD) derived from quantitative cholescintigraphy (QC) was assessed in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). Quantitative cholescintigraphy was performed on 34 cholecystectomized individuals with suspected SOD and 26 asymptomatic controls. Each patient with suspected SOD underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM). After exclusion of eight patients because of failure of manometry, the final diagnoses of the remaining 26 patients were taken as the gold standard by which to determine the detectability of TAC and CBDD. The sensitivity of TAC reached 68.8%. Common bile duct dynamics showed equal sensitivity but was more specific than TAC. The sensitivity improved to 87.5% when TAC and CBDD were combined. We conclude that non-invasive QC provides good sensitivity and specificity in evaluating cholecystectomized patients with suspected SOD.

Does inadequate exercise lower the accuracy of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy?

The predictive accuracy of exercise myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (EMPS) in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients who fail to achieve an adequate level of exercise is not clear. This investigation was carried out in order to compare the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of EMPS in adequate exercise patients with those in inadequate exercise patients. We have retrospectively compared the results of EMPS with coronary angiography (CAG). One hundred and forty-eight patients with both tests within 6 weeks were included. Adequate exercise was defined as > or = 85% maximally predicted heart rate for age. The overall sensitivity and specificity of EMPS to detect CAD were 92.5% (74/80) and 75%, (51/68), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in adequate exercise patients were 94.1% (32/34) and 67.6% (23/34), whereas those in inadequate exercise patients were 91.3% (42/46) and 82.4% (28/34). The accuracy was 80.9% (55/68) and 87.5% (70/80), respectively. Patients with inadequate exercise had lower sensitivity but higher specificity of EMPS for detecting CAD, and achieved a higher accuracy than those with adequate exercise.

Predict the spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux by direct radionuclide cystography.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic value of initial direct radionuclide cystography (DRC) for spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). METHODS: Fifty-one children with initial diagnosis and 1-6 years' follow-up of VUR by DRC were enrolled in this study. VUR was graded according to the anatomic grading as (1) mild reflux corresponding to tracer just in ureter, (2) moderate reflux with accumulation of activity in a non-dilated collecting system and ureter, and (3) severe reflux equated with a dilated ureter and collecting system. The severity of VUR was also expressed according to the functional classification as (1) transient reflux, which occurred at filling or voiding phase only and (2) persistent reflux, present in both filling and voiding phases. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of the 51 children had unilateral VUR, and the other 22 had bilateral VUR. In the total of 73 refluxing ureters, there were 12 mild, 49 moderate and 12 severe VUR according to anatomic grading, and 30 transient and 43 persistent VUR according to the functional grading. After follow-up, resolution of VUR was found in 92% (11/12) of mild, 59% (29/49) of moderate and 25% (3/12) of severe VUR (P=.04, mild vs. moderate; P=.003, mild vs. severe). Eighty percent (24/30) of transient and 44% (19/43) of persistent reflux showed spontaneous resolution (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: DRC allows anatomic and functional classification of VUR. It is an ideal method for the diagnosis, staging and follow-up of VUR, and provides valuable information to predict the patient's outcome.

Dual-phase multi-detector computed tomography assesses jeopardised and infarcted myocardium subtending infarct-related artery early after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate dual-phase multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) for assessing extent and severity of jeopardised and infarcted myocardium subtended by infarct-related artery (IRA), and its indication for revascularisation after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Designs, setting and PATIENTS: Prospective, single-centre study included 107 patients with uncomplicated post-AMI 3-7 days, who met criteria and underwent dual-phase 64-slice MDCT. IRA, culprit lesion and extent of jeopardised/infarcted myocardium were assessed by three-dimensional (3D) volume-rendered images with myocardium maps and computed tomography angiography (CTA), compared with stress-redistribution thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) plus conventional coronary angiography (CCA). MDCT-jeopardised score (severity of jeopardised myocardium) was defined as extent of jeopardised myocardium multiplied by the weighted factor dependent on culprit lesion severity compared with SPECT-SRS (summation of segmental reversible score). The IRA indication for revascularisation was evaluated by MDCT-jeopardised score plus CTA. SPECT-SRS > or =2 plus CCA-culprit lesion > or =50% was the standard reference. RESULTS: The presence of MDCT-delayed enhancement was found in 101 (94.4%) patients. The IRA and culprit lesion were identified in 99 (92.5%) patients by MDCT-myocardium maps plus CTA. The concordance between MDCT and SPECT for detecting infarcted myocardium was good (kappa = 0.702). The correlation between MDCT-jeopardised score and SPECT-SRS was 0.741. The correlation between CTA and CCA for culprit lesion severity was 0.85. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of MDCT-jeopardised score > or =2.5 plus CTA for indicating revascularisation were 90.2%, 80.4%, 86.0% and 85.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dual-phase MDCT has good accuracy for identifying IRA, and assessing infarcted and jeopardised myocardium for clinical relevance. It provides an alternative for triage and therapeutic planning in post-AMI.

High-dose versus low-dose esomeprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: This prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted to compare the efficacies of high-dose and low-dose esomeprazole-based triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2004 to June 2006, 240 H. pylori-infected patients were randomly assigned to undergo high-dose (40 mg b.d.) or low-dose (40 mg o.d.) esomeprazole combined with clarithromycin (500 mg b.d.) and amoxicillin (1 g b.d.) for one week. Follow-up endoscopy was performed at eight weeks after the end of treatment to evaluate the response to therapy. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated no differences between eradication rates of high-dose and low-dose groups (92% vs. 90%, respectively, P > 0.05). Per-protocol analysis yielded comparable results (95% vs. 93%). Both groups exhibited similar frequencies of adverse events (13% vs. 11%) and drug compliance (96% vs. 93%). Multivariate analysis indicated that only good compliance (odds ratio: 10.3, 95% CI, 3.0-35.7) was an independent predictor of treatment success. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates that low-dose esomeprazole-based triple therapy yields a similar eradication rate as high-dose esomeprazole-based therapy in Taiwan. Since the cost of the low-dose regime is lower than that of the high-dose regime, low-dose esomeprazole-based triple therapy can reasonably be recommended for the first-line eradication of H. pylori for Taiwanese and probably most Asians.

Tc-99m MDP uptake in cerebral infarction: comparison with Tc-99m DTPA brain scan and Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT.

Intracerebral uptake of methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was unexpectedly found in metastatic work-up of lung cancer. The history of the 52-year-old patient revealed a sudden onset of weakness of right limbs 10 days ago. Technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (Tc-99m DTPA) brain scan and Tc-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO) brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were done, and both showed abnormality in the left temporoparietooccipital region corresponding to the territory of left middle cerebral artery. A repeated bone scan four months later showed complete resolution of the intracerebral Tc-99m MDP uptake. We present this case to emphasize the importance of complementary and enhanced radionuclide images.

[Tc-99m MIBI myocardial scintigraphy in evaluation of the effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on coronary artery stenosis].

Tc-99m 2-Methoxy-Isobutyl-Isonitrile, a newly developed myocardial perfusion radiopharmaceutical for myocardial perfusion imaging, provides an accurate, noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. The potential advantages of Tc-99m MIBI over T1-201 have been reported extensively. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the detectability of the diseased vessels and the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) on Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion scan. Twenty cases of coronary artery disease were included. Single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imagings were used. Forty myocardial imagings were done before and after PTCA. Twenty nine segments of perfusion defect were found preoperatively. The sensitivity and specificity for the images to detect the individual coronary arteries were 88% and 94%, respectively. After PTCA, 25 out of 29 perfusion defects (86%) resolved. Among these, 14 were transient defects (93%) and 11 were persistent defects (79%). Persistent defects on serial thallium and Tc-99m MIBI scans are commonly thought to represent fibrosis or scar. Some investigators suggest that the recovered persistent defects on thallium scan represent hypoperfusion of viable myocardium. In our study, we found that regions of persistent defects on Tc-99m MIBI scan often revert to normal-state after PTCA (79%), indicating the similar results on thallium scans. In conclusion, Tc-99m MIBI myocardial imaging is useful in detecting coronary artery disease and monitoring success of PTCA.

Increased cerebral blood flow in MELAS shown by Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT.

We report cerebral SPECT studies on two siblings with the syndrome of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT was performed 8, 19 and 30 days after a stroke-like episode in one case and 10 days after a stroke-like episode, 6 h after a partial seizure and as a follow-up study in the other. Increased blood flow was seen in both these patients with stroke-like episodes due to MELAS. The cause of the increased blood flow is uncertain, but it may be related to the decreased pH created by local increase in lactic acid.

Prediction of recurrent choledocholithiasis by quantitative cholescintigraphy in patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is widely used for the removal of stones from the bile duct, but stones recur in about one fifth of patients. AIMS: To investigate hepatic clearance by quantitative cholescintigraphy (QC) in patients after EST and to discern the relationship between biliary emptying and stone recurrence. METHODS: One hundred and forty nine patients who had EST and clearance of the bile duct for choledocholithiasis were selected. All patients were confirmed to have complete EST by sphincter of Oddi manometry and underwent QC soon after normalisation of liver function. Regular clinical follow up was performed for each patient. RESULTS: During a mean 36 month follow up, 22 (14.8%) patients developed recurrent stones in the bile duct. Irrespective of the status of the gall bladder, patients with recurrent stones had a slower hepatic clearance of radioisotope during QC compared with patients without stone recurrence, but only the differences in cholecystectomised patients had statistical significance. After carrying out multivariate analysis, one parameter of QC, percentage clearance of maximal count at 45 minutes, was found to be the only significant factor for stone recurrence. All recurrent stones in the common bile duct were successfully removed at endoscopy. CONCLUSION: Slower hepatic clearance as shown by QC is an important factor responsible for stone recurrence after sphincter ablation.

A 15-minute [13C]-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) accounts for the majority of dyspeptic patients and studies on the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in NUD depend on a non-invasive and rapid diagnostic test. This study was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a 15-min simplified protocol of the [13C]-urea breath test ([13C]-UBT) for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in patients with NUD. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six patients with a clinical and endoscopic diagnosis of NUD were included. The [13C]-UBT was modified from the European standard protocol. The baseline breath sample was collected 5 min after the patient took a test meal and the 13CO2 was collected 15 min after the patient drank 100 mg [13C]-urea. The gold standard used for comparison was either a positive culture or positive histology + positive rapid urease test sampled on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in NUD by the gold standard was 59.6%, whereas that calculated by the [13C]-UBT was 60.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of [13C]-UBT was 93.8 and 89.1% compared with the gold standard. The shortened collection time and simplification of the procedure may have led to a decline in specificity. CONCLUSION: The 15-min [13C]-UBT is a rapid but less specific protocol for detecting the presence of H. pylori infection in patients with NUD.