Phagocytosis of latex beads by a human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cell line and effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field interaction.

Some studies have shown that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may impact immune response cells and their functions. The first stage of the defense from pathogens is innate immunity encompassing phagocytosis and phagocytosis-related intracellular effects. Our work aimed to determine the influence of a low-frequency electromagnetic field (7 Hz, 30 mTrms) on the phagocytosis process of latex beads (LBs), the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and viability changes in a human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cell line as an experimental model of the phagocytosing cells in in vitro cell culture conditions. For these purposes, cells were firstly activated with infectious agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), or the proliferatory agent phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and then a phagocytosis test was performed. Cell viability and range of phagocytosis of latex beads by MM6 cells were measured by flow cytometry, and the level of ROS was evaluated with the use of a cytochrome C reduction test. The obtained results revealed that applied EMF exposure mainly increased the necrosis parameter of cell death when they were pre-stimulated with SEB as an infectious factor and subsequently phagocytosed LBs (P=0.001). Prestimulation with other agents like LPS or PHA preceding phagocytosis resulted in no statistically significant changes in cell death parameters. The level of ROS depended on the used stimulatory agent, phagocytosis, and/or EMF exposure. The obtained effects for EMF exposure indicated only a slight decrease in the ROS level for cells phagocytosing latex beads and being treated with SEB or PHA, while the opposite effect was observed for LPS pre-stimulated cells (data not statistically significant). The results concerning the viability of phagocytosing cells, the effectiveness of the phagocytosis process, and the level of radical forms might result from applied EMF parameters like signal waveform, frequency, flux density, and especially single EMF exposure.

Low-frequency electromagnetic field influences human oral mucosa keratinocyte viability in response to lipopolysaccharide or minocycline treatment in cell culture conditions.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) exposure on viability parameters of oral mucosa keratinocytes cultured in in vitro conditions. The effect of LF-EMF stimulation on cell viability was also specified in the simultaneous presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infectious agent or minocycline (Mino) anti-inflammatory agent. Viability parameters such as early-, late apoptosis and necrosis of keratinocytes were analysed by the flow cytometry method (FCM). The exposure of human oral keratinocyte cell cultures to LF-EMF acting alone or combined with LPS/minocycline agents caused changes in the percentage of cells that undergo programmed or incidental cell death. The overall obtained results are compiled in a graphical form presented in Fig. 1.

The conversion of multinuclear µ-oxo titanium(IV) species in the reaction of Ti(O(i)Bu)4 with branched organic acids; results of structural and spectroscopic studies.

Crystalline materials have been synthesized in reactions of titanium(iv) tetraisobutoxide with branched organic acids (HOOCR', R' = CMe(2)Et, (t)Bu, CH(2)(t)Bu) in the molar ratio 1:1 at room temperature under Ar atmosphere. Particular attention has been paid to the structural and spectral characterization of metastable intermediate complexes of general formula [Ti(7)O(9)(O(i)Bu)(4)(HO(i)Bu)(OOCCMe(2)Et)(6)](2) (1) and [Ti(6)O(5)(O(i)Bu)(6)(OOC(t)Bu)(8)] (3), and their conversion towards more structurally stable compounds [Ti(6)O(6)(O(i)Bu)(6)(OOCC(Me)(2)Et)(6)] (2) and [Ti(6)O(6)(H(2)O)(2)(O(i)Bu)(6)(OOC(t)Bu)(6)] (4). The hexanuclear structure of (5) ([Ti(6)O(6)(O(i)Bu)(6)(OOCCH(2)(t)Bu)(6)]) has been postulated on the basis of IR and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data analysis. The possible reaction pathways which may occur during the formation of the above mentioned compounds are also discussed.