Treating hummingbirds as feathered bees: a case of ethological cross-pollination.

Hummingbirds feed from hundreds of flowers every day. The properties of these flowers provide these birds with a wealth of information about colour, space and time to guide how they forage. To understand how hummingbirds might use this information, researchers have adapted established laboratory paradigms for use in the field. In recent years, however, experimental inspiration has come less from other birds, and more from looking at other nectar-feeders, particularly honeybees and bumblebees, which have been models for foraging behaviour and cognition for over a century. In a world in which the cognitive abilities of bees regularly make the news, research on the influence of ecology and sensory systems on bee behaviour is leading to novel insights in hummingbird cognition. As methods designed to study insects in the laboratory are being applied to hummingbirds in the field, converging methods can help us identify and understand convergence in cognition, behaviour and ecology.

A controlled pilot study of high-dose methotrexate as postsurgical adjuvant treatment for primary osteosarcoma.

Thirty-eight patients whose primary extremity or limb girdle osteosarcomas had been completely excised (37 amputations, one limb sparing procedure) were allocated at random to two treatment groups receiving respectively regular follow-up examinations plus a high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) regimen or regular follow-up without primary adjuvant chemotherapy. Although the vincristine, HDMTX, leucovorin regimen was generally quite tolerable when given at three-week intervals for one year and most of the chemotherapy patients followed the planned HDMTX dose escalations from 3 to 6 to 7.5 g/m2, delayed methotrexate excretion limited dosage escalations in 25%. An estimated 52% of the 38 patients were surviving five years after randomization and an estimated 42% remained continuously relapse-free after five years. No significant differences between the outcomes of the 20 treated and the 18 untreated patients were apparent; however, power to detect differences was low. Furthermore, no significant differences in postmetastasis survival were apparent between the 12 treated and 10 untreated patients who relapsed. Approximately 20% of these failing patients appear to have been salvaged for long-term survival. This pilot study of HDMTX confirms the continuing need for controlled clinical trials in determining the therapeutic value of adjuvant chemotherapy programs for patients with primary osteosarcoma.

Extremity soft-tissue sarcomas selectively treated with surgery alone.

PURPOSE: This study determined local control (LC), freedom from distant recurrence (FFDR), overall survival (OS), and potential prognostic factors in 34 adult patients with primary extremity or limb girdle soft-tissue sarcoma selectively managed with limb-conservation surgery alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The medical records of 34 patients who underwent surgery alone for localized soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity were reviewed. Median duration of follow-up in survivors was 55 months (range, 24-143). There were 13 (38%) females. Eighteen (53%) of the tumors were low-grade, 15 (44%) were superficial, 15 (44%) were small (5 cm or less), and 16 (47%) involved the distal extremity. RESULTS: Actuarial 5-year LC was 80%, FFDR was 86%, and OS was 82%. All recurrences (local and distant) were in patients with high-grade tumors; their 5-year LC was 60%, FFDR was 71%, and OS was 69%. In 2 patients, metastatic disease developed either concurrent with or after their local recurrence. Univariate analysis revealed better OS, FFDR, and LC for patients with low-grade tumors (p < 0.05). Female patients had significantly better FFDR and OS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is appropriate to consider withholding irradiation for selected patients with low-grade tumors resected with negative margins if, in the event of a local failure, a function-preserving surgical salvage is anticipated. For patients with high-grade sarcomas, the control of local and distant disease was not acceptable with limb-conservation surgery alone.

Sequential half-body irradiation (SHBI) and combination chemotherapy as salvage treatment for failed Ewing's sarcoma--a pilot study.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity of sequential half-body irradiation (SHBI) and combination chemotherapy (5-FU, VM-26 and BCNU) in patients who had failed primary aggressive therapy for their Ewing's sarcoma. A secondary goal was to evaluate the response of these previously treated patients to the combination of systemic radiation and multi-agent chemotherapy. The first patient in the study was treated with SHBI only and died 139 days following retreatment. Four subsequent patients successfully received the first cycle of combination chemotherapy. However, only one completed both upper and lower half-body irradiation while the remaining three patients, because of rapid progression of their disease, completed either the upper or the lower portion of their half-body irradiation (HBI). The time from retreatment to disease progression in these four patients ranged from 45 to 97 days (mean 79 days) and the time from retreatment to death ranged from 72 to 193 days (mean 126 days). The combination chemotherapy was tolerated well by all the patients, and the SHBI was accompanied by mild nausea and some vomiting within the first few hours following treatment. Failure to give the second half of the half-body irradiation and to complete further chemotherapy in three of the patients was a result of the progressive nature of the patients' disease and not to any limitations imposed by poor blood counts. Half-body irradiation provided good pain relief within 24 hours for all of the patients. Systemic radiation contributes to the palliative treatment of patients with failed Ewing's sarcoma, but appears to be relatively ineffective when the tumor burden is high.

External beam and intraoperative electron irradiation for locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative irradiation with electrons was used in conjunction with external beam irradiation and maximal surgical resection in 20 patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas or desmoids. This manuscript presents results with regard to tolerance of treatment and its impact on tumor control and survival. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ten patients presented with previously untreated primary sarcomas and 10 at the time of local recurrence (two had recurrent desmoid tumors). Tumor location was retroperitoneal in 19 and in the low anterior neck in one. A partial or gross total resection was performed prior to the external beam or intraoperative component of irradiation in every patient, but all had positive resection margins. Patients received 4500-6000 cGy of fractionated, external beam irradiation and an IORT dose of 1000-2000 cGy. Chemotherapy was given only at the time of disease progression. RESULTS: Fourteen of 20 patients (70%) were alive; 11 (55%) were free of disease (4/10 primary, 7/10 recurrent), but 1 required hemipelvectomy for salvage. Progression within the intraoperative irradiation field was documented in only 1 patient (5%) and within the external beam field in 3/20 (15%). Blood born distant metastasis occurred in 5 patients (25%) and peritoneal seeding in 1 (5%). The distant failure incidence by grade was 1/8 (13%) for Grades 1, 2 and 5/12 (42%) for Grades 3, 4. Only 1 patient (5%) developed a > or = severe neuropathy, and small bowel obstruction requiring exploration also occurred in a single patient. CONCLUSION: In view of acceptable tolerance and the high current rate of local tumor control, in spite of incomplete surgical resections, further evaluation of intraoperative irradiation as a component of treatment is indicated for locally advanced primary and recurrent soft tissue sarcomas.

Periosteal chondroma and periosteal chondrosarcoma.

A clinicopathologic study of 46 patients with periosteal chondroma and 14 patients with periosteal chondrosarcoma revealed that periosteal chondroma tended to affect younger patients and that the lesion was usually smaller. Radiographically, the typical periosteal chondroma was a small, well-marginated tumor on the outer surface of a long bone. Erosion of the cortical surface and marginal buttresses were usually present. Periosteal chondrosarcoma had a more aggressive appearance and was seen as a large mass located superficially on the cortex; the margins of the mass were more irregular than those of chondroma. Histologically, periosteal chondroma frequently showed hypercellularity, plump nuclei, and binucleation. Thus, the differentiation of chondroma from chondrosarcoma is difficult and is based mainly on evidence of invasion. The prognosis in periosteal chondroma is good: only one patient had a local recurrence, none of the tumors underwent malignant change, and excision seems to be curative. However, the prognosis in periosteal chondrosarcoma is not as good: two patients died of metastasis to the lungs after local excision and two patients had recurrences after local resection. Periosteal chondrosarcoma should be treated more aggressively than periosteal chondroma.

High-grade surface osteosarcomas.

Nine patients (seven males and two females) had high-grade, ordinary-type osteosarcomas that were juxtacortically located. The ages of these patients ranged from 9 to 62 years at the time of diagnosis. The roentgenographic appearance of these tumors occasionally is similar to that of periosteal osteosarcomas. Histologically, these tumors were indistinguishable from ordinary high-grade intramedullary osteosarcomas. None of the nine tumors had histologic features of parosteal or periosteal osteosarcomas. All nine patients were treated by ablative surgery. Seven patients died of tumor. Because of its poorer prognosis, this tumor should be differentiated from other juxtacortical osteosarcomas.

A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases of large-cell (atypical) Ewing's sarcoma of bone.

A review of 347 Ewing's tumors that were seen at the Mayo Clinic during the period to the end of 1978 revealed 20 that differed histologically from the remainder. These 20--called "large-cell Ewing's tumor"--differed from the classic Ewing tumor in having larger, more pleomorphic cells, often with conspicuous nucleoli. More males than females had such tumors, and most patients were in the second decade of life. The diaphysis of long bone was commonly involved. The radiologic appearance was that of a permeative lesion. This large-cell Ewing tumor may be confused with malignant lymphoma and small-cell osteosarcoma. In the present study, there was no apparent difference in the clinical behavior of large-cell and typical Ewing's tumors.

Surgical management of malignant melanoma of the trunk and extremities.

The surgical management of newly diagnosed melanoma should be tailored to the characteristics of the individual lesion. The actual thickness of the lesion is the main consideration in planning surgical treatment. Prophylactic lymphadenectomy is no longer routinely recommended. For early detection of clinically suspicious nodes, however, close follow-up of the patient is necessary so that therapeutic lymphadenectomy can be accomplished. Surgical intervention plays a limited role in the management of disseminated melanoma.

Malignant melanoma: Mayo Clinic experience.

To present the Mayo Clinic experience with treatment of melanoma of the trunk and extremities, we reviewed previous Mayo Clinic studies on the management of malignant melanoma and summarized the survival data and treatment-related outcome. A prospective trial involving elective lymph node dissection in 171 patients with malignant melanoma showed no advantage in overall survival and disease-free survival in the group whose nodes were removed. In an assessment of the treatment variables, a Cox stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a strong correlation of lesion thickness and level of invasion with survival. Another study of 535 patients with melanomas that involved the trunk and extremities, who were treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1971 and 1980, showed an overall survival of 83%. Patients with thin lesions (less than 0.76 mm thick) had a 98% 5-year survival, whereas patients with lesions 4 mm thick or thicker had only a 45% 5-year survival. Because the Mayo Clinic prospective randomized study showed no benefit for patients with melanoma who undergo immediate or delayed lymphadenectomy in the trunk and extremities, we do not perform elective lymph node dissection; however, close follow-up of patients is instituted, and lymph node dissection is performed when nodal involvement is first suspected.

An amputee visitor program as an adjunct to rehabilitation of the lower limb amputee.

Based on evaluation of the rehabilitative needs of patients who have had a leg amputated because of cancer, an amputee visitor program was developed. The visitor is a cancer amputee who has successfully completed rehabilitation. About 5 days after a patient's amputation, the visitor sees the patient, telling of personal experiences, answering the patient's questions, and showing the prosthesis. The visitor later evaluates the visit on a data collection sheet. From 1 to 6 months after the visit, the patient and, if possible, a relative are interviewed to determine their long-term reaction to the program. During a 30-month period, 65 new patients were seen and evaluated by two visitors. Sixty (92%) responded favorably to the visit. In follow-up interviews with 36 patients, 33 (92%) said the visit substantially improved their outlook. In summary, our data indicate that the amputee visitor contributes significantly to rehabilitation.

Osteosarcoma of extragnathic craniofacial bones.

Osteosarcomas of extragnathic craniofacial bones--those bones of the skull excepting the jaw bones--are rare lesions, constituting fewer than 2% of all osteosarcomas. In our series of 21 patients (12 male and 9 female), the ages ranged from 6 to 77 years, and 10 patients were in the third or fourth decade of life. At least six patients had predisposing conditions: Paget's disease of bone in three and prior regional irradiation in three. Most of these tumors were high-grade lesions, and most were extensive when treated. There were 11 osteoblastic, 6 fibroblastic, and 1 small cell variant; 2 lesions had features resembling malignant fibrous histiocytoma. One tumor, originally interpreted as grade 4 osteosarcoma, was unavailable for variant classification. Surgical removal, irradiation, and chemotherapy were used in treatment, alone or in combination. Only two patients survived 5 years, and one of these patients died of her disease after 65 months. Almost half of our patients died within 1 year after diagnosis. The one long-term survivor (12 years) underwent a radical surgical procedure when her tumor was small; this was the only patient in this series who had a low-grade lesion. Because of the characteristics described, osteosarcoma of extragnathic craniofacial bones must be considered a distinct disease.

Total joint arthroplasty. Applications in the management of bone tumors.

Limb-saving resection has become a valid alternative to amputation in carefully selected patients with bone tumors. As interest grows in this technique, efforts continue to improve our methods of bone and joint reconstruction to restore a functional extremity. Previously there was little interest in this form of treatment despite a limb-saving potential, because of inadequate methods of skeletal reconstruction. The purpose of this paper is to review these previous methods and to outline our present approach to the problem.

Epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic review of 55 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To identify any clinical and pathologic features of treatment modalities that are predictive of outcome in patients with epithelioid sarcoma, a rare slow-growing soft tissue tumor most commonly occurring in the distal extremities of young adults. DESIGN: We reviewed the institutional files for cases of epithelioid sarcoma for the period 1956 to 1991 and analyzed the effect of various factors on survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five cases of epithelioid sarcoma were found, and the relevant clinical, pathologic, treatment, follow-up, and outcome features were assessed. RESULTS: All tumors were treated initially by operative resection. The recurrence rate progressively decreased with increasing aggressiveness of the initial operation; however, no difference was noted in metastatic rate. Overall, the recurrence rate was 38% and the metastatic rate was 47%. At the end of a mean follow-up of 102 months, 69% of patients had no evidence of disease, 27% had died of the disease, and 4% were alive with disease. Increasing tumor size, necrosis of more than 30%, and vascular invasion correlated significantly with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: Epithelioid sarcoma should be considered a malignant neoplasm with a significant potential for aggressive behavior, and close follow-up of affected patients should be maintained for many years. Initial treatment should be aggressive in an attempt to prevent recurrence.

Trends and variability in survival from osteosarcoma.

Survival of patients with primary osteosarcoma who received traditional surgical management has been very poor. Several studies have reported the percentage of patients alive 3 years after first treatment to be between 20 and 25%. In a study of such patients first treated at the Mayo Clinic between Jan. 1, 1963, and July 1, 1974, the survival noted in the first few years was typical of that of other reports, about 25%. However, by 1972 through mid-1974, the 3-year survival had become 50%. This improvement was not the result of adjuvant treatment or any basic change in type of patient treated, yet it is similar to that reported in connection with some of the new adjuvant therapies used in trials depending on historical controls. Our results cast doubt on findings made in the absence of concurrent, randomly selected controls.

Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study.

A prospective randomized study was initiated at our institution in 1972 to determine the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in localized (stage I) melanoma. Included in the study were 171 patients, 62 of whom had no lymphadenectomy, 55 of whom had delayed lymphadenectomy, and 54 of whom had immediate lymphadenectomy. No significant difference was found among the three treatment groups with respect to survival or metastasis-free survival. Multifactorial analysis indicated that the level of invasion and the thickness of the lesion were the most important prognostic factors, followed by age (60 years or older), site (legs), and tumor type (nodular). A prognostic index based on these variables was highly predictive of metastasis or death. Even when this score was considered, no significant variation was noted among the three treatment groups. More subsequent complications of melanoma, however, occurred in the group with no lymphadenectomy--36 in this group but only 19 in each of the other treatment groups. This finding was not statistically significant but does indicate that a few additional problems may be associated with leaving regional nodes intact. Further studies are needed, and indeed are being conducted, to determine whether elective lymphadenectomy improves survival sufficiently to offset the costs and the complications associated with this approach.

Lung cancer complicating pregnancy: case report and review of literature.

Lung cancer during pregnancy is rare. Herein we describe a case of metastatic cancer of the lung in a 36-year-old pregnant patient whose initial complaint was pain in the left thigh. Management of this neoplasm during pregnancy depends on the gestational age of the fetus and the potential operability of the tumor. Surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation management considerations are discussed.

Magnetic resonance imaging of aneurysmal bone cyst.

A case of aneurysmal bone cyst is presented, and the radiographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings are discussed. The potential advantages of magnetic resonance imaging compared with those of computed tomography are explained. The case is presented to illustrate the potential value of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone and soft tissue tumors.

Trends and variability in survival among patients with osteosarcoma: a 7-year update.

This report is an update of a 1978 article on osteosarcoma in Mayo Clinic patients. It includes additional follow-up on previously reported cases and incorporates new cases treated since the time of that original study. From 1963 through 1981, 336 patients with classic, previously untreated osteosarcoma received their first definitive treatment at our institution. Survival of these patients was studied in detail. The most significant result was that survival in the 1960s was much worse than that in the 1970s. The first evidence of improvement in survival was noted in 1969; subsequently, further improvement occurred but was not consistent. This finding prevailed with respect to duration of survival to death, survival to detection of metastasis, and survival from occurrence of metastasis to death. On the basis of detailed regression analysis, several variables had independent prognostic value. From these findings, a prognostic score was developed, which was based on the number of the following unfavorable characteristics: age younger than 10 years, male sex, tumor diameter more than 15 cm, cell type osteoblastic or chondroblastic, duration of symptoms 2 months or less, and involvement of the femur or humerus. Patients with five or six of these unfavorable characteristics had a very poor survival; in contrast, patients with only one or two characteristics had a good outcome. Even when these scores were fairly constant, however, the calendar period had a strong influence on survival. Likewise, when treatment was considered and adjustments by score were made, no significant differences could be found between those patients treated by amputation only and those treated by amputation supplemented with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Osteofibrous dysplasia: clinicopathologic study of 80 cases.

A thorough review of the clinical, radiologic, and histologic features of 80 cases of long bone osteofibrous dysplasia is presented. Of the six cases of osteofibrous dysplasia immunostained with a cytokeratin antibody, two were cytokeratin positive; however, the five cases of fibrous dysplasia that were stained were all negative. Follow-up (mean, 5.4 years; range, 1 month to 31 years) data were available for 41 cases (51%). From the consultation series nine of the 18 patients studied had recurrences, regardless of the different treatment regimens. The average recurrence interval in these patients was 2.7 years. Two patients had incomplete excision and six had biopsy only. All eight of these patients had residual tumors. Among the 16 Mayo Clinic patients, one had recurrence 5 years after the initial treatment. In two cases, 7-year-old and 6-year-old boys, histologic maturation to fibrous dysplasia was observed 4 and 10 years later, respectively. Adamantinoma has not developed in any of the 41 cases of osteofibrous dysplasia for which we have follow-up information. It seems clear that osteofibrous dysplasia does not progress to adamantinoma. Our study suggests that osteofibrous dysplasia is probably a variant of fibrous dysplasia, as demonstrated by the maturation of two lesions of osteofibrous dysplasia to fibrous dysplasia. Surgical treatment may be appropriate in cases with an extensive lesion, pseudoarthrosis, and accentuated tibial bowing. The overall prognosis is good, even with recurrence.