BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS ON INCIDENTAL GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA.

BACKGROUND: Incidental gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer discovered by histological examination after cholecystectomy. It is a potentially curable disease. However, some questions related to their management remain controversial and a defined strategy is associated with better prognosis. AIM: To develop the first evidence-based consensus for management of patients with incidental gallbladder cancer in Brazil. METHODS: Sixteen questions were selected, and 36 Brazilian and International members were included to the answer them. The statements were based on current evident literature. The final report was sent to the members of the panel for agreement assessment. RESULTS: Intraoperative evaluation of the specimen, use of retrieval bags and routine histopathology is recommended. Complete preoperative evaluation is necessary and the reoperation should be performed once final staging is available. Evaluation of the cystic duct margin and routine 16b1 lymph node biopsy is recommended. Chemotherapy should be considered and chemoradiation therapy if microscopically positive surgical margins. Port site should be resected exceptionally. Staging laparoscopy before reoperation is recommended, but minimally invasive radical approach only in specialized minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary centers. The extent of liver resection is acceptable if R0 resection is achieved. Standard lymph node dissection is required for T2 tumors and above, but common bile duct resection is not recommended routinely. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for incidental gallbladder carcinoma, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

METACHRONOUS COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES HAS BETTER PROGNOSIS - IS IT TRUE?

BACKGROUND: Liver metastases from colorectal cancer are an important public health problem due to the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer worldwide. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis has been associated with worse survival, but this prognosis is controversial. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the recurrence-free survival and overall survival between groups of patients with metachronous and synchronous colorectal hepatic metastasis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with colorectal liver metastases seen from 2013 to 2016, divided into a metachronous and a synchronous group. The Cox regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test were used to compare survival between groups. RESULTS: The mean recurrence-free survival was 9.75 months and 50% at 1 year in the metachronous group and 19.73 months and 63.3% at 1 year in the synchronous group. The mean overall survival was 20.00 months and 6.2% at 3 years in the metachronous group and 30.39 months and 31.6% at 3 years in the synchronous group. Patients with metachronous hepatic metastasis presented worse overall survival in multivariate analysis. The use of biological drugs combined with chemotherapy was related to the best overall survival prognosis. CONCLUSION: Metachronous colorectal hepatic metastasis was associated with a worse prognosis for overall survival. There was no difference in recurrence-free survival between metachronous and synchronous metastases.

Late results of esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy associated with endoscopic treatment in patients with schistosomiasis.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is endemic problem in Brazil affecting about three to four million people, and digestive hemorrhage caused by esophageal varices rupture is the main complication of the disease. Surgical treatment has become a therapeutic option, especially for secondary prophylaxis after at least one episode of bleeding. The surgical technique used by the vast majority of surgeons for the prevention of rebleeding is esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy. Although with good postoperative results, rebleeding rate is significant, showing the need to follow-up endoscopy in all patients. AIM: To evaluate long-term results of patients submitted to esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy and postoperative endoscopic treatment regarding esophageal varices caliber and rebleeding rates. METHODS: A retrospective study of 12 patients underwent esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy followed for more than five years. RESULTS: All patients showed varices size reduction, and no patient had postoperative bleeding recurrence. CONCLUSION: Esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy decreased significantly the esophageal variceal size when associated with endoscopic follow-up, being effective for bleeding recurrence prophylaxis.

Brazilian consensus on incidental gallbladder carcinoma / Consenso brasileiro de carcinoma incidental de vesícula biliar

ABSTRACT Background: Incidental gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer discovered by histological examination after cholecystectomy. It is a potentially curable disease. However, some questions related to their management remain controversial and a defined strategy is associated with better prognosis. Aim: To develop the first evidence-based consensus for management of patients with incidental gallbladder cancer in Brazil. Methods: Sixteen questions were selected, and 36 Brazilian and International members were included to the answer them. The statements were based on current evident literature. The final report was sent to the members of the panel for agreement assessment. Results: Intraoperative evaluation of the specimen, use of retrieval bags and routine histopathology is recommended. Complete preoperative evaluation is necessary and the reoperation should be performed once final staging is available. Evaluation of the cystic duct margin and routine 16b1 lymph node biopsy is recommended. Chemotherapy should be considered and chemoradiation therapy if microscopically positive surgical margins. Port site should be resected exceptionally. Staging laparoscopy before reoperation is recommended, but minimally invasive radical approach only in specialized minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary centers. The extent of liver resection is acceptable if R0 resection is achieved. Standard lymph node dissection is required for T2 tumors and above, but common bile duct resection is not recommended routinely. Conclusions: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for incidental gallbladder carcinoma, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

RESUMO Racional: Carcinoma incidental da vesícula biliar é definido como uma neoplasia descoberta por exame histológico após colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. É potencialmente uma doença curável. Entretanto algumas questões relacionadas ao seu manuseio permanecem controversas e uma estratégia definida está associada com melhor prognóstico. Objetivo: Desenvolver o primeiro consenso baseado em evidências para o manuseio de pacientes com carcinoma incidental da vesícula biliar no Brasil. Métodos: Dezesseis questões foram selecionadas e para responder as questões e 36 membros das sociedades brasileiras e internacionais foram incluídos. As recomendações foram baseadas em evidências da literatura atual. Um relatório final foi enviado para os membros do painel para avaliação de concordância. Resultados: Avaliação intraoperatória da peça cirúrgica, uso de bolsas para retirar a peça cirúrgica e exame histopatológico de rotina, foram recomendados. Avaliação pré-operatória completa é necessária e deve ser realizada assim que o estadiamento final esteja disponível. Avaliação da margem do ducto cístico e biópsia de rotina do linfonodo 16b1 são recomendadas. Quimioterapia deve ser considerada e quimioradioterapia indicada se a margem cirúrgica microscópica seja positiva. Os portais devem ser ressecados excepcionalmente. O estadiamento laparoscópico antes da operação é recomendado, mas o tratamento radical por abordagem minimamente invasiva deve ser realizado apenas em centros especializados em cirurgia hepatopancreatobiliar minimamente invasiva. A extensão da ressecção hepática é aceitável até que seja alcançada a ressecção R0. A linfadenectomia padrão é indicada para tumores iguais ou superiores a T2, mas a ressecção da via biliar não é recomendada de rotina. Conclusões: Recomendações seguras foram preparadas para carcinoma incidental da vesícula biliar, destacando os mais frequentes tópicos do trabalho diário do cirurgião do aparelho digestivo e hepatopancreatobiliar.

The feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies for renal transplantation in porcine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies. METHODS: Twelve Landrace pigs were used as organ donors. They underwent cardiac arrest by coronary en block suture and interruption of ventilatory support. Haemodynamic data regarding the donor surgical protocol were evaluated. Studies variables included mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and oxygen saturation and the time to death. RESULTS: Haemodynamic parameter indicated that the circulatory failure occurred after nine minutes of en block coronary suture and respiratory support interruption. The circulatory collapse occurred evenly across all groups. The heart rate and central venous pressure were statistically different between groups (p=0.023 and p=0.04), respectively. The remote preconditioning resulted in delayed time of death. CONCLUSIONS: The model is feasible, and was easily reproduced. The ischemic remote preconditioning tends to a slight increase in circulatory failure time.

Metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica tem melhor prognóstico - é verdade? / Metachronous colorectal liver metastases has better prognosis - is it true?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Liver metastases from colorectal cancer are an important public health problem due to the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer worldwide. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis has been associated with worse survival, but this prognosis is controversial. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the recurrence-free survival and overall survival between groups of patients with metachronous and synchronous colorectal hepatic metastasis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with colorectal liver metastases seen from 2013 to 2016, divided into a metachronous and a synchronous group. The Cox regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test were used to compare survival between groups. RESULTS: The mean recurrence-free survival was 9.75 months and 50% at 1 year in the metachronous group and 19.73 months and 63.3% at 1 year in the synchronous group. The mean overall survival was 20.00 months and 6.2% at 3 years in the metachronous group and 30.39 months and 31.6% at 3 years in the synchronous group. Patients with metachronous hepatic metastasis presented worse overall survival in multivariate analysis. The use of biological drugs combined with chemotherapy was related to the best overall survival prognosis. CONCLUSION: Metachronous colorectal hepatic metastasis was associated with a worse prognosis for overall survival. There was no difference in recurrence-free survival between metachronous and synchronous metastases.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: As metástases hepáticas de câncer colorretal representam um importante problema de saúde pública devido à incidência crescente de câncer colorretal pelo mundo. A metástase hepática colorretal sincrônica está associada a pior sobrevida, no entanto, o pior prognóstico é assunto controverso. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a sobrevida livre de recorrência e a sobrevida global entre os grupos de pacientes com metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica e sincrônica. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva através de revisão de prontuários de pacientes com metástase hepática colorretal atendidos no período de 2013 a 2016, divididos em grupos metacrônico e sincrônico. Foram utilizados o modelo de regressão de Cox e o método de Kaplan-Meier com teste de Log-rank para comparação de sobrevida entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: A média de sobrevida livre de recorrência no grupo metacrônico foi de 9,75 meses e 50% em 1 ano, e no grupo sincrônico 19,73 meses e 63,3% em 1 ano. A média de sobrevida global no grupo metacrônico foi de 20,00 meses e 6,2% em 3 anos, e no grupo sincrônico 30,39 meses e 31,6% em 3 anos. Os pacientes com metástase hepática metacrônica apresentaram pior sobrevida global em análise multivariada. O uso de drogas biológicas associadas ao tratamento quimioterápico foi relacionado ao melhor prognóstico em sobrevida global. CONCLUSÃO: A metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica foi associada a pior prognóstico na sobrevida global. Não houve diferença na sobrevida livre de recorrência entre as metástases metacrônica e sincrônica.

Non heart beating organ donor: new experimental model in pigs.

PURPOSE: To describe technical aspects of a new experimental model that simulates a non heart beating organ donor. METHODS: Landrace pigs were operated on and cardiac arrest was obtained by means of myocardial infarction and interruption of ventilator support. RESULTS: Mean cardiac frequency, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, central venous pressure, oxygen saturation and concentration of expired CO(2) dropout occurred at seven minutes after cardiac arrest. CONCLUSION: The procedure was easily reproduced and a homogeneous circulatory failure could de obtained by the end of seven minutes. The model is suitable for further studies regarding abdominal organ transplantation.

Thromboembolism prevention in surgery of digestive cancer.

BACKGROUND: The venous thromboembolism is a common complication after surgical treatment in general and, in particular, on the therapeutic management on cancer. Surgery of the digestive tract has been reported to induce this complication. Patients with digestive cancer have substantial increased risk of initial or recurrent thromboembolism. AIM: To provide to surgeons working in digestive surgery and general surgery guidance on how to make safe thromboprophylaxis for patients requiring operations in the treatment of their gastrointestinal malignancies. METHODS: The guideline was based on 15 relevant clinical issues and related to the risk factors, treatment and prognosis of the patient undergoing surgical treatment of cancer on digestive tract. They focused thromboembolic events associated with operations and thromboprophylaxis. The questions were structured using the PICO (Patient, Intervention or Indicator, Comparison and Outcome), allowing strategies to generate evidence on the main primary bases of scientific information (Medline / Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs / Scielo, Cochrane Library, PreMedline via OVID). Evidence manual search was also conducted (BDTD and IBICT). The evidence was recovered from the selected critical evaluation using discriminatory instruments (scores) according to the category of the question: risk, prognosis and therapy (JADAD Randomized Clinical Trials and New Castle Ottawa Scale for studies not randomized). After defining potential studies to support the recommendations, they were selected by the strength of evidence and grade of recommendation according to the classification of Oxford, including the available evidence of greater strength. RESULTS: A total of 53,555 papers by title and / or abstract related to issue were found. Of this total were selected (1st selection) 478 studies that were evaluated as full-text. From them to support the recommendations were included in the consensus 132 papers. The 15 questions could be answered with evidence grade of articles with 31 A, 130 B, 1 C and 0 D. CONCLUSION: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for thromboembolism prophylaxis in operations on the digestive tract malignancies, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

LATE RESULTS OF ESOPHAGOGASTRIC DEVASCULARIZATION AND SPLENECTOMY ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH SCHISTOSOMIASIS / RESULTADOS TARDIOS DA DESCONEXÃO ÁZIGO-PORTAL E ESPLENECTOMIA ASSOCIADOS AO TRATAMENTO ENDOSCÓPICO PÓS-OPERATÓRIO EM PACIENTES ESQUISTOSSOMÓTICOS

Background:Schistosomiasis is endemic problem in Brazil affecting about three to four million people, and digestive hemorrhage caused by esophageal varices rupture is the main complication of the disease. Surgical treatment has become a therapeutic option, especially for secondary prophylaxis after at least one episode of bleeding. The surgical technique used by the vast majority of surgeons for the prevention of rebleeding is esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy. Although with good postoperative results, rebleeding rate is significant, showing the need to follow-up endoscopy in all patients.Aim:To evaluate long-term results of patients submitted to esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy and postoperative endoscopic treatment regarding esophageal varices caliber and rebleeding rates.Methods:A retrospective study of 12 patients underwent esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy followed for more than five years.Results: All patients showed varices size reduction, and no patient had postoperative bleeding recurrence.Conclusion:Esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy decreased significantly the esophageal variceal size when associated with endoscopic follow-up, being effective for bleeding recurrence prophylaxis.

Racional:A esquistossomose acomete três a quatro milhões de pessoas no Brasil, sendo a hemorragia digestiva por ruptura das varizes esofágicas a principal complicação da doença. O tratamento cirúrgico é empregado como profilaxia secundária em pacientes com história de hemorragia prévia. A cirurgia mais utilizada é a desconexão ázigo-portal mais esplenectomia, técnica com bons resultados, porém com índice de recidiva hemorrágica considerável, fazendo necessário o seguimento endoscópico destes pacientes.Objetivo:Analisar a evolução tardia dos pacientes no que se refere à recidiva hemorrágica e ao comportamento das varizes esofágicas quando submetidos à desconexão ázigo-portal mais esplenectomia e tratamento endoscópico pós-operatório.Método:Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 12 pacientes submetidos à desconexão ázigo-portal mais esplenectomia com acompanhamento endoscópico pós-operatório maior de cinco anos.Resultados:Todos tiveram redução significativa do calibre das varizes e nenhum paciente apresentou sangramento pós-operatório.Conclusão:A desconexão ázigo-portal mais esplenectomia diminuiu significativamente o calibre das varizes esofágicas quando associada ao tratamento endoscópico pós-operatório. Este tratamento foi efetivo para a profilaxia da recidiva hemorrágica.

The feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies for renal transplantation in porcine

To evaluate the feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies. METHODS: Twelve Landrace pigs were used as organ donors. They underwent cardiac arrest by coronary en block suture and interruption of ventilatory support. Haemodynamic data regarding the donor surgical protocol were evaluated. Studies variables included mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and oxygen saturation and the time to death. RESULTS: Haemodynamic parameter indicated that the circulatory failure occurred after nine minutes of en block coronary suture and respiratory support interruption. The circulatory collapse occurred evenly across all groups. The heart rate and central venous pressure were statistically different between groups (p=0.023 and p=0.04), respectively. The remote preconditioning resulted in delayed time of death. CONCLUSIONS: The model is feasible, and was easily reproduced. The ischemic remote preconditioning tends to a slight increase in circulatory failure time.

Prevenção do tromboembolismo na cirurgia do câncer do aparelho digestivo / Thromboembolism prevention in surgery of digestive cancer

RACIONAL: Tromboembolismo venoso é complicação frequente após tratamento cirúrgico em geral e, de um modo especial, na condução terapêutica do câncer. A cirurgia do aparelho digestivo tem sido referida como potencialmente indutora desta complicação. Os pacientes com câncer digestivo, têm risco substancialmente aumentado de iniciarem ou de terem recorrência de processo tromboembólico. OBJETIVO: Oferecer aos cirurgiões que atuam na cirurgia digestiva e geral orientação segura sobre como efetuar a tromboprofilaxia dos pacientes que necessitam de operações no tratamento de doenças malignas digestivas. MÉTODOS: A Diretriz foi baseada a partir da elaboração de 15 questões clínicas relevantes e relacionadas ao risco, tratamento e prognóstico do paciente submetido ao tratamento cirúrgico do câncer do aparelho digestivo. Elas focaram tanto os eventos tromboembólicos associados às operações quanto os aspectos relacionados à sua profilaxia. As questões foram estruturadas por meio do P.I.C.O. (Paciente, Intervenção ou Indicador, Comparação e Outcome), permitindo gerar estratégias de busca da evidência nas principais bases primárias de informação científica (Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs/Scielo, Cochrane Library, Premedline via OVID). Também foi realizada busca manual da evidência e de teses (BDTD e IBICT). A evidência recuperada foi selecionada a partir da avaliação crítica utilizando instrumentos (escores) discriminatórios de acordo com a categoria da questão: risco, terapêutica e prognóstico (JADAD para Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados e New Castle Otawa Scale para estudos não randômicos). Após definir os estudos potenciais para sustento das recomendações, eles foram selecionados pela força da evidência e grau de recomendação segundo a classificação de Oxford, incluindo a evidência disponível de maior força. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 53.555 trabalhos pelo título e/ou resumo. Deste total foram selecionados (1ª seleção) 478 trabalhos avaliados pelo texto completo. A partir deles, para sustentar as recomendações, foram incluídos neste consenso 132 trabalhos. As 15 perguntas formuladas puderam ser respondidas com artigos com grau de evidência correspondentes à 31 A, 130 B, 1 C e 0 D. CONCLUSÃO: Esta revisão possibilitou elaborar orientação segura para a profilaxia do tromboembolismo nas operações sobre o câncer do aparelho digestivo, abordando os tópicos mais frequentes do quotidiano do trabalho dos cirurgiões gerais e do aparelho digestivo.

BACKGROUND: The venous thromboembolism is a common complication after surgical treatment in general and, in particular, on the therapeutic management on cancer. Surgery of the digestive tract has been reported to induce this complication. Patients with digestive cancer have substantial increased risk of initial or recurrent thromboembolism. AIM: To provide to surgeons working in digestive surgery and general surgery guidance on how to make safe thromboprophylaxis for patients requiring operations in the treatment of their gastrointestinal malignancies. METHODS: The guideline was based on 15 relevant clinical issues and related to the risk factors, treatment and prognosis of the patient undergoing surgical treatment of cancer on digestive tract. They focused thromboembolic events associated with operations and thromboprophylaxis. The questions were structured using the PICO (Patient, Intervention or Indicator, Comparison and Outcome), allowing strategies to generate evidence on the main primary bases of scientific information (Medline / Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs / Scielo, Cochrane Library, PreMedline via OVID). Evidence manual search was also conducted (BDTD and IBICT). The evidence was recovered from the selected critical evaluation using discriminatory instruments (scores) according to the category of the question: risk, prognosis and therapy (JADAD Randomized Clinical Trials and New Castle Ottawa Scale for studies not randomized). After defining potential studies to support the recommendations, they were selected by the strength of evidence and grade of recommendation according to the classification of Oxford, including the available evidence of greater strength. RESULTS: A total of 53,555 papers by title and / or abstract related to issue were found. Of this total were selected (1st selection) 478 studies that were evaluated as full-text. From them to support the recommendations were included in the consensus 132 papers. The 15 questions could be answered with evidence grade of articles with 31 A, 130 B, 1 C and 0 D. CONCLUSION: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for thromboembolism prophylaxis in operations on the digestive tract malignancies, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

Non heart beating organ donor: new experimental model in pigs / Doador de coração parado: novo modelo experimental em suínos

PURPOSE: To describe technical aspects of a new experimental model that simulates a non heart beating organ donor. METHODS: Landrace pigs were operated on and cardiac arrest was obtained by means of myocardial infarction and interruption of ventilator support. RESULTS: Mean cardiac frequency, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, central venous pressure, oxygen saturation and concentration of expired CO2 dropout occurred at seven minutes after cardiac arrest. CONCLUSION: The procedure was easily reproduced and a homogeneous circulatory failure could de obtained by the end of seven minutes. The model is suitable for further studies regarding abdominal organ transplantation.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os aspectos técnicos de um novo modelo experimental que simula um doador de órgãos após a parada cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Suínos da raça Landrace foram operados e a parada cardíaca foi obtida por meio de infarto do miocárdio e interrupção do suporte ventilatório. RESULTADOS: Freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, pressão venosa central, saturação de oxigênio e concentração parcial de CO2 são consistentes com falência hemodinâmica ao final de sete minutos. CONCLUSÕES: O procedimento foi facilmente executado e uma falência circulatória pode ser obtida ao final de sete minutos. Este modelo é adequado para estudos posteriores com respeito a preservação e tranplantes de órgãos abdominais.

Recidiva pós cardiomiotomia: diagnóstico, opções técnicas e resultados: [revisão] / Recurrence after cardiomyotomy: diagnosis, technical options and results: [review]

INTRODUÇÃO: A miotomia no tratamento do megaesôfago apresenta bons resultados, tanto a via abdominal, aberta, ou laparoscópica, quanto a via torácica. Entretanto, independentemente da técnica empregada, segundo alguns estudos, de 6 a 25 por cento dos pacientes apresentarão recidiva da disfagia precocemente ou a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Revisão do diagnóstico, terapêutica e resultados no megaesôfago recidivado. Método - Foram levantados os trabalhos publicados na Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, CAPS, Chocraine, Lilacs e utilizadas as palavras-chave acalasia, acalásia-recorrência, megaesôfago e megaesôfago-recorrência. RESULTADOS: As opções cirúrgicas para tratamento da recidiva do megaesôfago são mostradas sob formas bastante variadas e com detalhes técnicos pessoais bem diversificados. As técnicas utilizadas basicamente foram: remiotomia, cardioplastias, esofagectomia e mucosectomia, incluindo as variantes destas operações. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem que a escolha da técnica deve ser individualizada baseando-se na causa da recidiva, que deve ser minuciosamente investigada no pré-operatório. A remiotomia representa a alternativa mais exequível, com menor morbimortalidade e resultados satisfatórios, com efetividade na melhora da disfagia, porém com esofagite leve em 40 por cento dos casos e queda no índice de satisfação ao longo dos anos de pós-operatório, chegando a 57,1 por cento após 20 anos.

INTRODUCTION: The myotomy employed in the treatment of achalasia and megaesophagus yields good results, both the abdominal route, open, or laparoscopic and thoracic approach. However, regardless of the technique, according to some studies, 6 to 25 percent of patients will have recurrence of dysphagia, early or delayed. AIM: To review the diagnosis, therapy and results in recurrent achalasia. METHOD: The issues were raised from Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, CAPS, Chocraine, Lilacs using the keywords achalasia, achalasia-recurrence, megaesophagus, megaesophagus-recurrence. RESULTS: Surgical options for treatment of relapsed megaesophagus are shown in forms so varied and personal with technical details and diverse. The techniques recommended were basically: remyotomy, cardioplasty, esophagectomy and mucosectomy, including variants of these operations. CONCLUSION: The choice of technique should be individualized based on the cause of relapse, which should be thoroughly investigated preoperatively. The remyotomy represents the most feasible alternative, with lower morbidity and satisfactory results and effectiveness in the improvement of dysphagia, but with mild esophagitis in 40 percent and lower level of satisfaction over the years after surgery, reaching 57,1 percent after 20 years.

A importância do linfangioma retroperitoneal no diagnóstico diferencial dos tumores císticos do pâncreas / The importance of retroperitoneal lymphangioma in the differential diagnosis of cystic tumors of the pancreas

Introdução: Os linfangiomas são neoplasias benignas muito raras do sistema linfático. A entidade‚ bastante infrequente em adultos e, nesses casos, ocorre preferencialmente em retroperitônio. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 32 anos, procurou serviço médico apresentando sensação de distensão e desconforto abdominal. Ao exame abdominal, havia desconforto … palpação profunda de andar superior e massa de limites e dimensães imprecisos e consistência macia. Exames bioqu¡micos realizados foram normais. Em TC abdominal observavam-se lesões císticas retroperitoneais em topografia de pâncreas. Procedeu-se a laparotomia mediana, com a visualização e excisão de lesões císticas de conteúdo leitoso, sem comprometimento pancreático. A análise do conteúdo revelou alta concentração de triglicérides e o exame anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de linfangioma. Discussão: O acometimento abdominal corresponde a menos de 5 dos linfangiomas; quando retroperitoneal, não há sintomas específicos e comumente‚ achado incidental. O estudo por imagens auxilia no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões em topografia pancreática. O tratamento de escolha‚ a excisão completa da lesão, para minimizar recidivas. No entanto, deve-se ter cautela quanto a estruturas vizinhas e cirurgias extensas. No presente caso, procedeu-se a excisão cirúrgica completa, sem intercorrências. O diagnóstico definitivo foi dado pelo anatomopatológico.

Uso da laparoscopia no diagnóstico da tuberculose peritoneal / Use the laparoscopy in dignosis of tugerculous perionitis

A laparoscopia é um método propedêutico utilizado para avaliar as moléstias que acometem a cavidade abdominal e näo está isenta de complicaçöes. Relata-se dois casos de tuberculose peritoneal diagnosticadas por meio de laparoscopia, comenta-se suas formas de apresentaçäo e discute-se os métodos de diagnóstico desta doença de sintomas inespecíficos.

Tumor de Frantz: relato de dois casos: medidas terapêuticas e prognóstico / Frantz tumor: report of 2 cases: therapeutic measures and prognosis

Säo apresentados dois casos de um tumor pancreático raro (tumor de Frantz), que se encontravam em estágios evolutivos distintos, enfatizando a complexidade no estabelecimento de um diagnóstico anatomopatológico preciso. Exige-se abordagem cirúrgica agressiva, sempre que possível, devido ao excelente prognóstico. Discutem-se, ainda, a apresentaçäo clínica e origem histológica, bem como os fatores prognósticos e uma nova abordagem terapêutica, visando a conduçäo das metástases hepáticas que eventualmente apresentam.

Mesotelioma maligno primário difuso em cavidade abdominal / Diffuse primary malignant mesothelioma in abdominal cavity

Säo analisados dois casos de mesotelioma maligno difuso presentes na cavidade abdominal. Este tumor primário origina-se do mesotélio peritoneal, da pleura visceral e parietal, pericárdio e túnica vaginal. Todos eles, infra ou supra-diafragmáticos, associam-se com exposiçäo a asbestos em pelo menos 80 por cento dos casos. Dificuldade existe, no entanto, em explicar como asbestos inalados induzem ao aparecimento da neoplasia peritoneal. Estes aspectos säo importantes para realizaçäo do diagnóstico predominantemente definido por laparotomia ou laparoscopia e biopsias das lesöes e, ocasionalmente, pela identificaçäo de células mesoteliais malignas no líquido ascítico. Säo, também, estabelecidas consideraçöes sobre diagnóstico realizado na maioria dos casos em fases avançadas, apresentando grave evoluçäo e opçöes terapêuticas baseadas em ressecçäo cirúrgica radical das lesöes, radio ou quimioterapia isoladas ou combinadas.

Fígado e metabolismo de fármacos / Liver and metabolism of drugs

O hepatócito é o principal responsável pelo metabolismo dos fármacos, metabolizados em um sistema oxidativo localizado nos microssomos do retículo endoplasmático, composto por hemoproteínas do citocromo P-450 e citocromo C redutase. Para tal, necessita de NADPH como cofator, com atuaçäo conjunta relacionando-se com fatores genéticos, idade, estado nutricional, sexo, etnia e mecanismos antioxidantes. A lesäo hepática provocada por fármacos pode ser previsível (tipo 1), ou de reaçäo imprevisível (tipo II), promovendo instalaçäo de quadros de hepatite aguda, crônica, cirrose, colestase, rarefaçäo de ductos biliares intra-hepáticos, lesöes vasculares, adenoma e carcinoma hepatocelular. Nos cirróticos, o emprego de certas drogas pode auxiliar, ao definir a capacidade metabólica do fígado, orientando na indicaçäo do transplante de fígado. Todos esses aspectos säo comentados neste trabalho