Association between PTPN1 polymorphisms and obesity-related phenotypes in European adolescents: influence of physical activity.

BACKGROUND: To study the associations of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-N1 (PTPN1) polymorphisms with obesity-related phenotypes in European adolescents, and the influence of physical activity on these relationships. METHODS: Five polymorphisms of PTPN1 were genotyped in 1057 European adolescents (12-18 years old). We measured several phenotypes related to obesity, such as adiposity markers, and biochemical and clinical parameters. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry. RESULTS: The T, A, T, T and G alleles of the rs6067472, rs10485614, rs2143511, rs6020608 and rs968701 polymorphisms, respectively, were associated with lower levels of obesity-related phenotypes (i.e., body mass index, body fat percentage, hip circumference, fat mass index, systolic blood pressure and leptin) in European adolescents. In addition, the TATTG haplotype was associated with lower body fat percentage and fat mass index compared to the AACCA haplotype. Finally, when physical activity levels were considered, alleles of the rs6067472, rs2143511, rs6020608 and rs968701 polymorphisms were only associated with lower adiposity in active adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: PTPN1 polymorphisms were associated with adiposity in European adolescents. Specifically, alleles of these polymorphisms were associated with lower adiposity only in physically active adolescents. Therefore, meeting the recommendations of daily physical activity may reduce obesity risk by modulating the genetic predisposition to obesity. IMPACT: Using gene-phenotype and gene*environment analyses, we detected associations between polymorphisms of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-N1 (PTPN1) gene and obesity-related phenotypes, suggesting a mechanism that can be modulated by physical activity. This study shows that genetic variability of PTPN1 is associated with adiposity, while physical activity seems to modulate the genetic predisposition. This brings insights about the mechanisms by which physical activity positively influences obesity.

Association of UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease risk factors in European adolescents: the HELENA study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for 31% of all deaths worldwide. Genetic predisposition to CVDs in adolescents remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association of UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with CVD risk factors in European adolescents. METHOD: A cross-sectional study that involves 1.057 European adolescents (12-18 years old) from the HELENA study. A total of 18 polymorphisms of UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 genes were genotyped. We measured serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein, ApoA1, ApoB, leptin, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and blood pressure, and calculated HOMA (homeostatic model assessment), Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and a CVD risk score. RESULTS: The G allele of UCP2 rs2735572 and T allele of UCP2 rs17132534 were associated with higher diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.001; false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.009 and P = 8e-04; FDR = 0.009, respectively). We observed that the AATAG haplotype of UCP1 was associated with higher serum ApoB/ApoA1 (P = 0.008; FDR = 0.031) and ApoB levels (P = 0.008; FDR = 0.031). Moreover, the ACC haplotype of UCP3 was associated with a higher CVD risk score (P = 0.0036; FDR = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Two UCP2 polymorphisms and haplotypes of UCP1 and UCP3 were associated with CVD risk factors. These findings suggest that UCPs may have a role in the development of CVD already in adolescents.

Multidisciplinary Prehabilitation and Postoperative Rehabilitation for Avoiding Complications in Patients Undergoing Resection of Colon Cancer: Rationale, Design, and Methodology of the ONCOFIT Study.

ONCOFIT is a randomized clinical trial with a two-arm parallel design aimed at determining the influence of a multidisciplinary Prehabilitation and Postoperative Program (PPP) on post-surgery complications in patients undergoing resection of colon cancer. This intervention will include supervised physical exercise, dietary behavior change, and psychological support comparing its influence to the standard care. Primary and secondary endpoints will be assessed at baseline, at preoperative conditions, at the end of the PPP intervention (after 12 weeks) and 1-year post-surgery, and will include: post-surgery complications (primary endpoint); prolonged hospital length of stay; readmissions and emergency department call within 1-year after surgery; functional capacity; patient reported outcome measures targeted; anthropometry and body composition; clinical/tumor parameters; physical activity levels and sedentariness; dietary habits; other unhealthy habits; sleep quality; and fecal microbiota diversity and composition. Considering the feasibility of the present intervention in a real-life scenario, ONCOFIT will contribute to the standardization of a cost-effective strategy for preventing and improving health-related consequences in patients undergoing resection of colon cancer with an important clinical and economic impact, not only in the scientific community, but also in clinical practice.

Caffeine increases maximal fat oxidation during a graded exercise test: is there a diurnal variation?

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that caffeine increases the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) and aerobic capacity, which are known to be lower in the morning than in the afternoon. This paper examines the effect of caffeine intake on the diurnal variation of MFO during a graded exercise test in active men. METHODS: Using a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design, 15 active caffeine-naïve men (age: 32 ± 7 years) completed a graded exercise test four times at seven-day intervals. The subjects ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo at 8 am in the morning and 5 pm in the afternoon (each subject completed tests under all four conditions in a random order). A graded cycling test was performed. MFO and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured by indirect calorimetry, and the intensity of exercise that elicited MFO (Fatmax) calculated. RESULTS: MFO, Fatmax and VO2max were significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning (all P < 0.05). Compared to the placebo, caffeine increased mean MFO by 10.7% (0.28 ± 0.10 vs. 0.31 ± 0.09 g/min respectively, P < 0.001) in the morning, and by a mean 29.0% (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10 g/min, P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Caffeine also increased mean Fatmax by 11.1% (36.9 ± 14.4 [placebo] vs. 41.0 ± 13.1%, P = 0.005) in the morning, and by 13.1% (42.0 ± 11.6 vs. 47.5 ± 10.8%, P = 0.008) in the afternoon. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the previously reported diurnal variation in the whole-body fat oxidation rate during graded exercise in active caffeine-naïve men, and indicate that the acute ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine increases MFO, Fatmax and VO2max independent of the time of day. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04320446 . Registered 25 March 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer.

The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO2max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness May Influence Metabolic Inflexibility During Exercise in Obese Persons.

CONTEXT: We examined whether obese individuals have a reduced maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicit MFO (Fatmax) compared with normal weight and overweight persons, taking into account their level of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: The study subjects were 138 sedentary adults (87 women) aged 30.1 ± 13.6 years. Based on their body mass index, subjects were categorized as being of normal weight (n = 66), overweight (n = 48), or obese (n = 24). MFO and Fatmax were determined for all subjects by indirect calorimetry, using a walking graded exercise test. MFO was expressed in absolute terms (g/min) and relative to whole-body lean mass (mg/kgleanmass/min). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed via a maximal treadmill test. RESULTS: No differences in absolute MFO and Fatmax values were seen between the obese, normal weight, and overweight subjects (all P > 0.2), although after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness, the obese subjects returned significantly higher values than did their normal weight and overweight counterparts (all P < 0.03). However, when expressed with respect to lean mass, the MFO of the normal weight subjects was significantly greater than that of the overweight and obese subjects, independent of age, sex, or cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Obese individuals have higher absolute MFO values when cardiorespiratory fitness is taken into account, but when expressed with respect to lean mass, normal weight individuals show a greater capacity to oxidize fat during exercise per unit of metabolically active tissue independent of age, sex, or cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest that obese individuals may suffer from metabolic inflexibility during exercise.