Effects of probiotic supplementation on semen parameters after varicocelectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: The use of probiotics in the treatment of infertility is a new area of research. In this study, our objective was to examine the efficacy of probiotic supplementation on semen parameters following varicocelectomy. Materials and Methods: We included infertile men in our study who were the candidates for subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy. After the surgical procedure, the patients were randomly assigned into two groups: 38 individuals received probiotic supplementation (FamiLact®), while 40 individuals received a placebo for 3 months. We compared the preoperative semen parameters with the postoperative parameters to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation. Results: A total of 78 patients were included in the study. The two groups were similar in terms of age, body mass index, infertility period, and semen parameters at baseline (P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found in sperm concentration (33.7 ± 22.5 vs. 21.1 ± 16.1 × 106/mL, P = 0.046), and the percentage of sperms with normal morphology (15.0 ± 8.9 vs. 12.0 ± 11.5, P = 0.016) at 3 months favoring the probiotic group. Although the probiotic group exhibited higher values for semen volume and sperm motility at 3 months, the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.897 and P = 0.177, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the short-term use of probiotics after varicocelectomy can provide additional benefits in improving semen parameters. Probiotic supplements are cost-effective and well tolerated, making them a suitable option for enhancing the outcomes of varicocelectomy.

Insights on the anticancer potential of plant-food bioactives: A key focus to prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is an international health problem and represents one of the most encountered malignancies among men. In this complex and heterogeneous disease, androgens and their receptors play a crucial role in both progression and development. Although the search for its effective treatment is still ongoing, among other priorities it requires developing better anticancer agents with greater efficacy and fewer side effects. In this regard, herbal medicines, which have been used in cancer treatment, represent a large source of new and bioactive chemical entities for the development of chemotherapeutic agents, many of them exhibiting favorable side effect and toxicity profiles compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In fact, more than 50% of the current anticancer drugs originate from natural sources. Thus, the present review aims to provide an overview of the past and recent trends in the research, the role of secondary metabolites in urogenital disorders, and phytochemical assays in prostate cancer management.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Highlighting medicinal plants toward biomolecules discovery for upcoming drugs formulation.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) can be triggered by a various types of gynecological, gastrointestinal, urological, and musculoskeletal disorders. Recently, the role of the central nervous system has proven to be an integral part on the development of any chronic pain syndrome, including CPPS. However, owing to the complex and heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology of CPPS, the establishment of effective therapeutic interventions remains challenging for both physicians and patients. Nonetheless, recent studies have pointed that medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites can be effectively used in CPPS therapy, besides contributing to restore the patients' quality of life and potentiate the conventional CPPS management. In this sense, this review aims to provide a careful overview on the biomedical data for the use of medicinal plants use and their secondary metabolites on CPPS management.

Use of human amniotic membrane repair of anterior urethral defect: First clinical report.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of human amniotic membrane allograft to prevent urethrocutaneous fistula after tubularized incised plate repair for redo-hypospadias and anterior urethral defects. METHODS: This pilot study included 28 patients (mean age 25.3 ± 11 years) with a history of previous failed hypospadia repair, who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in one session by the same surgical team from April 2016 to April 2019. After the reconstruction of a neourethra and proper hemostasis, a human amniotic membrane allograft - Grafting Scaffold - was used to cover the suture lines. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 13.3 ± 4.5 months. Two urethrocutaneous fistulas occurred within the first 2 weeks after the surgery, one of which was caused by the infection of the surgical site. No penile torsion, urethral diverticula, meatal stenosis or glans dehiscence was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic membrane graft provides an applicable, low-cost, feasible, biodegradable and safe second cover in redo-hypospadias repairs by tubularized incised plate technique. Its use is technically easy; it has satisfactory cosmetic outcomes and might decrease urethrocutaneous fistula formation.

A Patient with Third Corpus Cavernosum, Severe Penile Ventral Deviation and Partial Peno-scrotal Transposition: First Worldwide Report.

Chordee - a variety of penile deviations with or without hypospadias - is a relatively prevalent condition. This is quite a unique kind of chordee and peno-scrotal transposition with a considerable tension effect on the ventral side of the penis due to an additional corpus cavernosum, and this condition is confirmed by histopathologic evaluation. We treated the patient by wide resection of the third corpus cavernosum with scrotoplasty and postponed the urethroplasty for a second stage repair. It was interesting that we did not come across a similar report as a result of our deep literature search.

Effect of COVID-19 On the Sexual Activity of Men.

In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 was found in China. This virus can affect different organs depending on the coronavirus receptors on the cell surface, which allows the organ to be attacked by the coronavirus. Psychological distress and impaired pulmonary hemodynamics seem to be the cause of decreasing libido or sexual dysfunction after contracting COVID-19. This study was performed to assess the effect of coronavirus on the sexual activity of men. We enrolled 200 men with COVID-19, confirmed by an oropharyngeal sample, who had recovered from the coronavirus for 3 months. These men filled out the International Index of Erectile Function 5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire for their current and previous sexual status. Then, according to their IIEF-5 score, sexual activity before and after corona infection was compared. The mean age of the participants was 31.5 ±3.2 years. This study showed a significant difference between the IIEF-5 mean scores before and after COVID-19, which were 20.4 and 18.6, respectively (p = .000). The condition of 56.1% of the patients did not change; however, coronavirus did have a negative effect on 39.6% of the patients. 4.1% of patients reported improvement in sexual performance. 45% of the patients reported no erectile dysfunction (ED) before contracting the coronavirus; while only 27.7% reported no ED after getting COVID-19. Our findings show that COVID-19 could influence the sexual activity of infected men, who also showed a higher ED prevalence after COVID-19 infection; however, hormonal assessment should be observed in the follow-up.

Does Clomiphene citrate administration increase the success rate of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermic men? A cross-sectional study.

Background: Clomiphene citrate (CC) has been suggested to increase the chance of sperm retrieval withmicrodissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CC on micro-TESE results, due to the great controversy in this regard. Materials and Methods: 112 participants were included in this cross-sectional study and were divided into a case (n = 54) and a control group (n = 58) diagnosed with non-abstractive azoospermia. The case group received 25 mg of CC daily for 3 months, while the control group did not receive anything. All participants underwent micro-TESE by an andrologist, and at the end, the results were compared between groups. Hormone tests, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin were analyzed. Results: The mean age of participants was the same in the case and the control groups, and no significant relationship was observed between the 2 groups (p = 0.16). 25.9% of sperm and 31.0% of sperm were observed and extracted in the CC-treated and the control group, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings showed that after receiving CC, the number of sperm extraction did not increase but it rather decreased. However, the initial level of hormones such as testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin, and the men's age, testicle size, smoking, and opium addiction, underlying diseases had no significant relationship in the 2 groups and did not affect the results.

Intravesical Gemcitabine versus Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the Treatment of Intermediate-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The most common adjuvant therapy known for non-invasive muscle bladder cancer (NMIBC) is intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Intravesical chemotherapy drugs like gemcitabine can also be used post-TURBT, which is considered as a good alternative for BCG, or can be used as a second-line treatment. Due to the common side effects of BCG, the use of chemotherapy drugs as intravesical treatments is currently increasing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 117 intermediate-risk NMIBC cases were included in this study. All the patients underwent TURBT surgery and received 1 gr intravesical gemcitabine immediately after performing the surgery. The patients were then divided into two groups, either receiving intravesical gemcitabine or intravesical BCG weekly for 6 weeks. The patients were followed up with cystoscopy. RESULTS: Most patients were men who had smoking risk factors. The youngest patient was 36 years old and the oldest one was 88 years old. The rate of side effects in the group receiving gemcitabine (13.6%) was much lower than the group receiving BCG (44.8%). (P-value = 0.016). The recurrence rate during a one year period was lower in the group consisting of patients receiving gemcitabine compared to the group receiving BCG (19 patients vs. 23 patients) (p-value = 0.401) Conclusion: The efficacy of intravesical gemcitabine and intravesical BCG was almost equal in the treatment of intermediate-risk NMIBCs. The adverse effects of gemcitabine were found to be significantly lower than BCG. Due to causing fewer complications, gemcitabine can be known as a good alternative, especially among elderly patients with comorbidities.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Referrals with Urologic Complaints; a Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Medical and surgical priorities were dramatically changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this pandemic on presentation to emergency department (ED) with urologic complaint. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary urology referral center in Tehran, Iran. The data of all ED admissions were collected and the frequency of admissions with urologic complain and their outcomes were compared between two 90-day periods (before and during COVID-19 era). Results: 480 ED admissions were studied. The number of patients visiting the ED with urologic complaint during COVID-19 era was significantly lower than the same period in the pre-COVID-19 period (125 vs. 355 admissions; p = 0.01). The mean hospitalization days for patients in the pre-COVID-19 period were significantly higher (5.6 ± 4.4 vs. 3.2 ± 4.2 days; p <0.001). The most common patient complaints before and during COVID-19 period were flank pain (32.7%) and gross hematuria (32.8%), respectively. The number of patients discharged against medical advice in the COVID-19 period was significantly higher than before (22 (17.6%) vs. 10(2.8%); p < 0.001). The number of patients who developed severe complications was significantly higher in the COVID-19 period than in the pre-COVID-19 period (p = 0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic we were faced with decreasing frequency of admission with urologic complaint, change in the pattern of referrals, decrease in the duration of hospitalization, increase in the number of patients discharged against medical advice, and increase in the number of cases with irreversible urologic complications or complications requiring surgery due to deferred treatment.

Effect of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Human Semen: No Evidence of Coronavirus in Semen of Patients.

Background: In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV-2) was found in China. The coronavirus can impact different organs, as shown by the virus having been detected in urine, blood, oropharyngeal, and feces. This study was done to assess the impact of COVID-19 on semen analysis and to evaluate the existence of the virus in the semen of infected men. Methodology. Forty fertile men with COVID-19 were confirmed by an oropharyngeal sample. The men were divided into two groups. The semen of twenty men in the acute stage of COVID-19 and twenty men in the clinical recovery stage was analyzed, and the parameters of semen were compared between two groups. In addition, a PCR test of patients' semen was done. Result: The analysis showed that all patients' semen specimens tested negative. Semen analysis revealed no significant difference in sperm count, concentration, or motility, and the sperm of both groups was found to be normal. However, viability and morphology parameters were significantly lower in men with the acute disease. Conclusion: Coronavirus (COVID-19) was not secreted in the semen of infected men but had a negative effect on the morphology and viability of the sperm of men in the acute stage.

The first case report of synchronous primary papillary type 2 renal cell carcinoma of kidney and transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.

Synchronous presentation of Multiple Primary Malignant neoplasms in genitourinary system is not a common event. Absolute majority of reported cases are concurrent outbreak of clear cell type renal cell carcinoma in the kidney and transitional cell carcinoma in ipsilateral renal pelvic. We reported concurrent presenting of two separate primary malignancies, urothelial cell carcinoma of bladder and papillary renal cell carcinoma Type 2 in kidney in a 59-year-old man for the first time.

Is corona virus infection a risk factor for hematuria in secondary bladder amyloidosis? The first case report.

Urogenital amyloidosis is a rare disease that involved every site of the urogenital system. Involvement of bladder developed with gross hematuria, and any intrinsic or extrinsic stresses exacerbate hematuria. We reported a secondary bladder amyloidosis case that presented with gross hematuria without any risk factor except COVID-19 infection.

Comparison of intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in azoospermic men who underwent testicular sperm extraction vs. microdissection testicular sperm extraction: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be different in azoospermic men who undergo testicular sperm extraction (TESE) vs. microdissection-TESE (micro-TESE). OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the ICSI outcomes in men who underwent TESE vs. micro-TESE due to obstructive azoospermia and nonobstructive azoospermia, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of310azoospermic men who underwent ICSI from September 2016 to September 2020 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into two groups (172 cases in the TESE and 138 cases in the micro-TESE group). The paternal and maternal age, and the fertilization, biochemical pregnancy, abortion and live birth rates were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Maternal mean age was significantly higher in the TESE group (34.9 ± 4.2 yr vs. 32.3 ± 5.7 yr). The fertilization and biochemical pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the TESE group, but the abortion rate was similar in the two groups. The live birth rate was higher in the TESE group, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.06). Also, the maternal and paternal age did not affect ICSI outcomes. CONCLUSION: Individuals who underwent TESE had higher fertilization and biochemical pregnancy rates than those who underwent micro-TESE, but the live birth rate was not significantly different.

Factors Related to Mortality in Patients with Fournier's Gangrene or Necrotising Fasciitis; a 10-year Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a life-threatening disease, even with early diagnosis and administration of vigorous treatment, its mortality rate is high. This study aimed to evaluate the factors relate to mortality in patients with FG or necrotising fasciitis managed in a referral center. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients managed in a tertiary referral center, Tehran, Iran, from March 2009 to March 2019, with diagnosis of FG or necrotising fasciitis. The correlation between different demographic and clinical parameters with mortality was analysed and reported. RESULTS: 73 cases with the mean age of 59.1 ± 15.8 (range: 25 - 88) years were studied (87.7% male). 21 (28.8%) patients died. Escherichia coli (26 cases, 35.6%) was the most frequent microorganism in cultures. Non-survived cases had higher mean age (p = 0.01), higher frequency of hyperlipidaemia (p = 0.02), immunosuppression (p < 0.001), longer hospital stay (p=0.02), lower blood pressure (p=0.01), and lower platelet count (p=<0.001). Based on multivariate analysis, age (p = 0.015; Odds: 0.88 (0.79-0.97)), haematocrit level (p = 0.01; Odds: 1.27 (1.04-1.55)), platelet count (p = 0.03; Odds: 10.11 (1.14-89.35)), and immunosuppression (p = 0.01; Odds: 0.01 (0.0-0.54)) were independent related factors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of mortality due to FG and necrotizing fasciitis was 28.8%. Based on multivariate analysis, the independent related factors of mortality were older age, lower haematocrit level and platelet count, and presence of immunosuppression.

Comparison of the effect of the pelvic floor muscle biofeedback prior or postradical prostatectomy on urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the pre- and postoperative effects of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and the biofeedback method on the management of urinary incontinence (UI) in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients were enrolled in this study from September 2019 to July 2020. They were randomly divided into three groups each of 19 patients: two case groups (biofeedback before and after RP) and a control group. All patients underwent RP, followed by PFMT and 24-hour pad use instructions after the postoperative removal of the Foley catheter. Then, the rate of patient-reported pads/day usage was recorded and compared among the three groups at the end of the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of catheter removal. RESULTS: Compared with the control group (only 15%), 63 and 52% of the patients who used pre- or postoperative treatment interventions, respectively, regained urinary continence during the first postoperative period, showing significant downward rates of pads/day use (P » .01 and .001, respectively). However, the results were not significant between the two case groups. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that applying the biofeedback method for pelvic floor muscles could be an efficient interventional approach in patients with UI, leading to the earlier regaining of continence following RP.

Bioactive Compounds as Potential Agents for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Management: A Review to Explore Molecular Mechanisms of Action.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are produced by pathogens like bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, and may generate severe health problems such as cancer, ulcers, and even problems in the newborn. This narrative review aims to present updated information about the use of natural bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. A search of the literature was performed using databases and search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct. From the pharmacotherapeutic management point of view, any strategies for prevention should contain medical approaches. The bioactive compounds obtained from natural products have shown biological effects against different microorganisms for the treatment of these diseases. The main results showed antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal and antiviral effects such as HIV. Also, the molecular mechanisms, signalling pathways and action targets of natural compounds were highlighted, thus justifying bacterial and antifungal inhibition, apoptosis or reduction of viral replication. From the data of our study, we can conclude that natural compounds may be a significant source for adjuvant drugs / complementary therapies in the treatment of STDs. With all these benefits, the future must conduct extensive clinical trials and the development of pharmaceutical nanotechnologies for a greater therapeutic effect.

The Management of Patients Diagnosed with Incidental Prostate Cancer: Narrative Review.

5-14% of patients underwent surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia harboring prostate cancer (PCa) focus. The best management of incidental prostate cancer (iPCa) has been debated. The decision "treatment or no treatment" should be determined by predictors which accurately foretell PCa progression after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The purpose of this study is to review the available data that can be useful in daily clinical judgment. Transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy (TRUSBx) did not provide further Gleason score (GS) data in most patients diagnosed with iPCa. TRUSBX may be useful before active surveillance, but not in all following radical prostatectomy. The decision "treatment or no treatment" should be dependent on the expected chance of having residual cancer and clinical progression. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels before and after TURP are good predictors of residual cancer after TURP. Pathological report of T0 is most likely seen in patients with low PSA density after TURP and indistinguishable lesion on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. The decision "treatment vs no treatment" is judged by life expectancy, tumor characteristic in the pathology report of TURP sample and PSA level following TURP. Active surveillance should be contemplated in patients with iPCa who have both prostate-specific antigen density ≤0.08 after TURP and indistinguishable cancer lesion on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Patients who do not meet the criteria for active surveillance are candidates for radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy (RT). Radical prostatectomy could be peacefully done after TURP with somewhat greater morbidity. RT in patients who had a history of TURP could be safely done and is associated with acceptable quality of life.

Is Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate a Good Surgical Alternative in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Management? A Review Article.

Several therapeutic approaches such as holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) have been introduced to relieve bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Compared with other techniques including the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and simple open prostatectomy, HoLEP results in a shorter hospital stay and catheterization time and fewer blood loss and transfusions. HoLEP is a size-independent treatment option for BPH with average gland size from 36 g to 170 g. HoLEP is a safe procedure in patients receiving an anticoagulant and has no significant influence on the hemoglobin level. Also, HoLEP is an easy and safe technique in patients with a prior history of prostate surgery and a need for retreatment because of adenoma regrowth. The postoperative erectile dysfunction rate of patients treated with HoLEP is similar to TURP or open prostatectomy and about 77% of these patients experience loss of ejaculation. Patients with transitional zone volume less than 30 mL may suffer from persistent stress urinary incontinence following HoLEP so other surgical techniques like bipolar TURP are a good choice for these patients. In young patients, considering HoLEP with high prostate-specific antigen density and a negative standard template prostate biopsy, multiparametric MRI needs to be considered to exclude prostate cancer.

Feasibility, complication and long-term follow-up of the newly nelaton based urethral dilation method, retrospective study.

Introduction: Current methods for Urethral dilatation include filiforms and followers, metal sounds, balloon dilators, catheters of increasing size, introduction of a Council catheter over a guidewire, and coaxial dilators of increasing size. These methods however are effective but expensive and use of them is limited in many third world countries. In this retrospective study, we report the feasibility, complication and long-term follow-up of the newly Nelaton based urethral dilation method following by self calibration plan as a single referral center experience. Method: We reviewed the records of 333 men with urethral stricture longer than 1 cm over a 16-year period between March 2001 to December 2018. In this method the straight flexi-tip guide-wire is introduced through the urethra and advanced under cystoscopic vision. This wire then was used to guide the dilatation after withdrawal of the cystoscope. The tip of well-lubricated Nelaton urethral catheters incised and then advanced gently over the guide-wire serially from the smallest to the largest appropriate sizes. The patients were followed up regularly after the dilatation 1, 3, 6, 12 months and then annually postoperatively with taking history, PVR and uroflowmetry and all underwent retrograde urethrography at the 6th and 12th months of follow-up. Result: The mean age of patients was 39.19±16.9 years old (10 to 86 years). The mean period of the follow-up was 3.6±1.1 years (range, 3 to 4.3 years). Success rate after first attempted was 58.5% and after two attempted was 77.7% in two years follow up. After one year 51 (15.3%), two years 23 (6.9%) and after three years 11 (3.3%) cases required continued self dilatation once a month. Conclusion: Guide wire-assisted urethral dilatation is shown to be acceptable, cost-effective, simple, safe and feasible techniques for urethral dilation. Our technique may be the choice manner in selected patients with short memberanous urethral stricture, because of decrease the risk of incontinency.

Phytochemicals in Prostate Cancer: From Bioactive Molecules to Upcoming Therapeutic Agents.

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, the second deadliest malignancy in men and the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Traditional plants have been applied to handle various diseases and to develop new drugs. Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural bioactive compounds that include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and steroids. Many of these naturally-occurring bioactive constituents possess promising chemopreventive properties. In this sense, the aim of the present review is to provide a detailed overview of the role of plant-derived phytochemicals in prostate cancers, including the contribution of plant extracts and its corresponding isolated compounds.