Characterizing the Link Between Glial Activation and Changed Functional Connectivity in National Football League Players Using Multimodal Neuroimaging.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this preliminary study was to examine the impact of NFL play on interregional functional connectivity between two brain regions, the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and the thalamus, identified as having higher binding of [11C]DPA-713 in NFL players. The authors' secondary objective was to examine the effect of years since play on the interregional connectivity. METHODS: Resting-state functional MRI was used to examine functional brain changes between regions with evidence of past injury in active or recently retired NFL players (defined as ≤12 years since NFL play) and distantly retired players (defined as >12 years since NFL play). Age-comparable individuals without a history of concussion or participation in collegiate or professional collision sports were included as a control group. RESULTS: Compared with healthy control subjects, NFL players showed a loss of anticorrelation between the left SMG and bilateral thalami (mean z score=-2.434, p=0.015). No difference was observed when examining right SMG connectivity. The pattern of connectivity in active and recently retired players mimicked the pattern observed in distantly retired players and older control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Further study of the clinical significance of this altered pattern of interregional connectivity in active and recently retired NFL players is needed.

Upregulation of microparticles in DIC and its impact on inflammatory processes.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) results in the catastrophic simultaneous activation of thrombotic and hemorrhagic processes. Its pathophysiology and the role of inflammation and microparticles (MPs) are not fully understood. Microparticles represent small phospholipid-expressing procoagulant vesicular fragments, released with cellular disruption and apoptosis. Functional MPs were measured in 100 random patients from a population of patients with DIC. Plasma samples from 30 normal male and female volunteers were used as control. Commercial Annexin trapping method was used to determine procoagulant activity of MPs. Mean ± SD concentration of MPs in the DIC group was 24.6 ± 14.2 nmol/L (range: 0.0-60.0 nmol/L), significantly higher than the control group: 8.5 ± 4.3 nmol/L (range: 1.3-17.4 nmol/L). Distribution curves and scattergrams showed that MPs concentration in the DIC samples was more widespread. This demonstrates that MPs are upregulated in patients with DIC and may mediate the hemostatic activation and inflammatory responses in this syndrome.