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Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exist in two distinct phases: the thermodynamically stable trigonal prismatic (2H) and the metastable octahedral (1T) phase. Phase engineering has emerged as a potent technique for enhancing the performance of TMDs in optoelectronics applications. Nevertheless, understanding the mechanism of phase transition in TMDs and achieving large-area synthesis of phase-controlled TMDs continue to pose significant challenges. This study presents the synthesis of large-area monolayered 2H-MoS2 and mixed-phase 1T/2H-MoS2 by controlling the growth temperature in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method without use of a catalyst. The field-effect transistors (FETs) devices fabricated with 1T/2H-MoS2 mixed-phase show an on/off ratio of 107. Photo response devices fabricated with 1T/2H-MoS2 mixed-phase show ≈55 times enhancement in responsivity (from 0.32 to 17.4 A W-1) and 102 times increase in the detectivity (from 4.1 × 1010 to 2.48 × 1012 cm Hz W-1) compare to 2H-MoS2. Introducing the metallic 1T phase within the 2H phase contributes additional carriers to the material, which prevents the electron-hole recombination and thereby increases the carrier density in the 1T/2H-MoS2 mixed-phase in comparison to 2H-MoS2. This work provides insights into the self-doping effects of 1T phase in 2H MoS2, enabling the tuning of 2D TMDs properties for optoelectronic applications.
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Urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) is an uncommon disease characterized by a failure of the anorectal septum to divide the cloaca and fuse with the cloacal membrane. Complete URSMS is usually lethal in newborn due to severe renal dysfunction and pulmonary hypoplasia. Partial URSMS is compatible with life with a single perineal opening draining a common cloaca with an imperforate anus which amenable to surgical management. Antenatal diagnosis of URSMS is challenging because of multisystem, complex abnormalities involving gastrointestinal, urogenital tract, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. In this case report, we describe a 15-week male fetus with partial URSMS having a spectrum of multisystem structural anomalies associated with fetal neuroblastoma in retroperitoneal location and adrenal neuroblastoma in situ.
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Anormalidades Múltiplas , Anus Imperfurado , Neuroblastoma , Anormalidades Urogenitais , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Anormalidades Urogenitais/diagnóstico , Anus Imperfurado/diagnóstico , Feto , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Neuroblastoma/diagnósticoRESUMO
Purple book for WHO reporting for lymph node cytopathology - 2023. Lymph node cytopathology reporting system may use standardized nomenclature and usage of the terminologies harmonizing with the WHO Blue Book on hematolymphoid tumors.
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Citologia , Neoplasias , Humanos , Linfonodos/patologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
The WHO lung cytopathology reporting system has been published recently and is now a five-tier category system without any subcategorization. WHO reporting system also encourages the application of ancillary diagnostic tests like cell block preparation, immunocytochemistry, and rapid on-site evaluation for better categorization of specimens and further management. This correspondence aims to provide a brief outline of the lung reporting system. Lung cytopathology reporting system use standardized nomenclature and usage of the terminologies harmonizing with the WHO Blue Book, and table and flow diagram may be helpful for the readers.
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Citodiagnóstico , Citologia , Humanos , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Imuno-Histoquímica , Avaliação Rápida no LocalRESUMO
World Health Organization cytopathology reporting system systems have proposed for the pancreatobiliary tract, lung, lymph node, and soft tissue aligned with the updates in the World Health Organization classification of Tumor series. Among them, the pancreatobiliary tract and lung specimen reporting system have been published recently and are now a 7-tier and 5-tier category system, respectively, without any subcategorization. World Health Organization reporting systems also encourage the application of ancillary diagnostic tests like cell block preparation, immunocytochemistry, and rapid on-site evaluation for better categorization of specimens and further management, especially in indeterminate (atypical and suspicious for malignancy) and malignant cytology categories. In this brief review, we aim to provide a brief outline of both the systems and their clinical risk-based management strategies.
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Aggressive osteoblastoma (AO) is a rare variant of osteoblastoma characterized histologically by epithelioid osteoblasts and clinically by local recurrences if not excised completely. Aggressive osteoblastoma has been described in various unusual sites; however, based on our search of the literature, involvement of the tarsal navicular has not been previously described. Herein, we report what we believe to be the first case of aggressive osteoblastoma involving the tarsal navicular in a 35-year-old woman. The tumor showed osteoid surrounded by epithelioid cells along with numerous osteoclastic giant cells. Absence of necrosis, mitosis, and infiltration into the surrounding native bone helped rule out the possibility of low-grade osteosarcoma.
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Neoplasias Ósseas , Osteoblastoma , Ossos do Tarso , Adulto , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Osteoblastoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoblastoma/cirurgia , Ossos do Tarso/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos do Tarso/cirurgiaRESUMO
We report the growth of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoribbons (NRs) on epitaxial Ag and oriented Au nanostructures (NSs) using an ultra-high vacuum (UHV)-molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique at different substrate temperatures. An approximately 2 nm silver (Ag) film has been deposited at different growth temperatures (using UHV-MBE) on cleaned Si(100), Si(110), and Si(111) substrates. For faceted Au NSs, an approximately 50 nm Au film has been deposited (using high-vacuum thermal evaporation) on a Si(100) substrate with a native oxide layer at the interface and the sample was annealed in low vacuum (≈10-2) and at high temperature (≈975°C). Scanning electron microscopy measurements were performed to determine the morphology of MoO3/Ag and MoO3/Au composite films. From energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping and line scans it is found that faceted Au NSs are more favorable for the growth of MoO3 NRs than epitaxial Ag microstructures.
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The direct growth of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by industrially scalable methods is of broad interest for spintronic and nanoelectronic device applications. Such applications often require atomically precise control of film thickness and azimuthal registry between layers and substrate. We report the formation, by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), of multilayer h-BN(0001) films (up to 7 monolayers) on Co(0001). The ALE process employs BCl3/NH3 cycles at 600 K substrate temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) data show that this process yields an increase in h-BN average film thickness linearly proportional to the number of BCl3/NH3 cycles, with BN layers in azimuthal registry with each other and with the Co(0001) substrate. LEED diffraction spot profile data indicate an average BN domain size of at least 1900 Å. Optical microscopy data indicate the presence of some domains as large as â¼20 µm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ambient exposure studies demonstrate macroscopic and microscopic continuity of the h-BN film, with the h-BN film highly conformal to the Co substrate. Photoemission data show that the h-BN(0001) film is p-type, with band bending near the Co/h-BN interface. Growth of graphene by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is observed on the surface of multilayer h-BN(0001) at temperatures of 800 K. LEED data indicate azimuthal graphene alignment with the h-BN and Co(0001) lattices, with domain size similar to BN. The evidence of multilayer BN and graphene azimuthal alignment with the lattice of the Co(0001) substrate demonstrates that this procedure is suitable for scalable production of heterojunctions for spintronic applications.
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INTRODUCTION: The WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology revised the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines in alignment with the WHO classification of digestive system tumors, 5th edition. The current systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted to accurately assess the performance of bile duct brush cytology and report the risk of malignancy (ROM) of each standard category by following the guidelines of diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. METHODS: Medline/Pubmed and Cochrane databases were searched till June 8, 2023, with a strategy that included target site (pancreaticobiliary and related terms), diagnostic method (bile duct brushing and related terms), and keywords for diagnostic performance (for Cochrane database). Inclusion criteria included studies that have assessed bile duct cytology (BDC) for pancreaticobiliary duct stricture with a sample size of over 50, provided cytological diagnoses similar to the WHO system with details to deduce true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives through subsequent final diagnoses (benign vs. malignant). The exclusion criteria were the fewer sample size, assessment through other cytological categories, limited data, and clinical setting. Two authors independently reviewed the result of the search strategy. The quality of the selected articles was assessed by the QUADAS-2 tool. Bivariate random-effects model was used to get the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using I-squared statistics, and potential sources were found using meta-regression. Pooled and a range of ROM in each category was analyzed. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included with 4,398 bile duct brushings. The pooled sensitivity is 0.437 (95% CI: 0.371-0.504), and the pooled specificity is 0.972 (95% CI: 0.943-0.987). The ROM in various categories are as follows: inadequate/nondiagnostic: 23-100% (pooled: 50.15%), benign/negative for malignancy: 22-70% (38%), atypical: 0-95% (66%), suspicious for malignancy: 74-100% (89%), malignant: 91-100% (98%). CONCLUSION: Even with standard cytological categories, the sensitivity of BDC remains low. The review has analyzed and discussed potential causes of heterogeneity that will be helpful for future diagnostic studies.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Ductos Biliares/patologia , Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Solid/trabecular subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (S/T PTC) is a rare entity that has been shown to have higher tumour recurrence and mortality rates. A definite diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology is often not easy. Rather, this entity may be misdiagnosed in cytology due to a lack of widespread features of classic PTC. We present a case of S/T PTC in a 61-year-old female, showing a focus on differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma (DHGTC) on histology. We discuss cytological features with the histologic correlation of S/T PTC and briefly discuss the newly introduced entity, DHGTC.
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In 2017, the International Academy of Cytology announced a five-tier reporting system for breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytopathology. We observed the insufficient/inadequate cases rate varied from 2.05% to 39.89%, with a risk of malignancy varying from 0% to 60.87%. This wide range of variation poses a significant number of patients at risk due to delay in management. Some authors describe rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) as a tool to reduce its rate. In this preliminary review, we also observed that there were no uniform guidelines available for ROSE to reduce the insufficient/inadequate category rate. We expect that cytopathologists will construct some uniform guidelines for ROSE in the future, which may help to reduce the rate of category 1.
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Citodiagnóstico , Avaliação Rápida no Local , Humanos , Técnicas Citológicas , Mama/patologia , Biópsia por Agulha FinaRESUMO
The functionalized NiFe-LDH with photosensitized GQDs were synthesized through the hydrothermal route by differing the amount of GQDs solution and studied its efficacy towards the mineralization of textile dyes under visible light. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, DRUV-Vis, RAMAN, XPS, and BET. The combined effect of the hexagonal carbon lattice in GQD and open layered porous structure of NiFe-LDH nanosheets results in the contraction of the lattice. Different reactive and conventional dyes were taken as representative dyes to evaluate the activity of the as-synthesized photocatalysts. The enhanced electron absorption/donor effect between GQDs and NiFe-LDH, and the growth of oxygen-bridged Ni/Fe-C moieties enable the composite to exhibit better photocatalytic activity. Both photocatalytic activity and characterization results confirmed that the GQD@NiFe-LDH nanocomposite heterostructure synthesized at 160 °C by taking 10â mL of GQDs aqueous solution named GNFLDH10 has a higher degree of crystallinity and has the best photocatalytic efficiency compared to other reported visible light catalysts. Specifically, the above optimized GQD@NiFe-LDH photocatalyst is capable of photo-mineralizing 50â ppm of Reactive Green in 20â min, Reactive Red in 20â min, and Congo Red in 25â min respectively following a direct Z-scheme mechanism with substantial reusability.
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Objectives: We undertook this study to find out the spectrum of the cervical smear pattern along with the clinical profiles of patients who underwent cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear evaluation in our newly started tertiary care center. We also tried to find the possible clinical cause for unsatisfactory smears and factors for epithelial cell abnormality. Material and Methods: The present study was a retrospective observational study. Pap smears cases with their clinical findings mentioned on the requisition form and cytopathology observations were retrieved from the archives of the department of pathology. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Five hundred and ninety-four cases were included in the study. The most common age group was 36- 40 years. White discharge per vaginum was the most common clinical presentation. The negative for squamous intraepithelial lesions or malignancy was the most common interpretation (86.87%). Cervical erosion had statistically significant associations with unsatisfactory smears, while bacterial vaginosis had with satisfactory smears. Epithelial cell abnormality was seen in 4.62% patients. We observed a statistically significant association of cervical mucoid discharge, and inflammation with "no epithelial cell abnormality" cases, while postmenopausal bleeding was associated with "epithelial cell abnormality" cases. Conclusion: In the presence of clinical factors like cervical erosion, which may affect the quality of Pap smear, proper sampling techniques are to be used by health-care providers. The careful evaluation of Pap smears, especially in cases of cervical mucoid discharge, postmenopausal bleeding, and inflammatory smears is required to ensure that epithelial cell abnormalities are not overlooked.
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L10-ordered FeNi, tetrataenite, found naturally in meteorites is a predilection for next-generation rare-earth free permanent magnetic materials. However, the synthesis of this phase remains unattainable in an industrially relevant time frame due to the sluggish diffusion of Fe and Ni near the order-disorder temperature (593 K) of L10 FeNi. The present work describes the synthesis of ordered L10 FeNi from elemental Fe and Ni powders by mechanical alloying up to 12 h and subsequent heat treatment at 623 K for 1000 h without a magnetic field and for 4 h in the presence of 1.5 T magnetic field. Also, to address the ambiguity of L10 phase identification caused by the low difference in the X-ray scattering factor of Fe and Ni, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction is employed, which reveals that 6 h milling is sufficient to induce L10 FeNi formation. Further milling for 12 h is done to achieve a chemically homogeneous powder. The phase fraction of L10-ordered FeNi is quantified to â¼9 wt % for 12 h milled FeNi, which increases to â¼15 wt % after heat treatment. Heat treatment of the milled powder in a magnetic field increases the long-range order parameter (S) from 0.18 to 0.30. Further, the study of magnetic properties reveals a decrease in magnetic saturation and a slight increase in coercivity with the increase in milling duration. At the same time, heat treatment in the magnetic field shows a considerable increase in coercivity.
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Gallbladder carcinomas are uncommon with female predominance in the sixth or seventh decades. Mucinous carcinomas of the gallbladder are rare with few cases documented in the literature. We present two cases of mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder one of which was incidentally detected. The first case is a 65-year-old female who was diagnosed clinically with a suspected case of carcinoma of the gallbladder with the help of contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Microscopy showed extensive areas of mucin pools (>90% of the tumor), atypical cells in three-dimensional clusters, and scattered singly in the mucin pools. Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong expression of MUC2 by the tumor cells. The second case is a 60-year-old female who was diagnosed clinically with a case of chronic cholecystitis; however, the cholecystectomy specimen showed a mucinous growth in the fundus and body of the gallbladder, microscopy of which showed extensive mucin pools (>90% of the tumor) along with scattered signet-ring cells. Both the cases were reported as mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder. Mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder exhibit more aggressive behavior than conventional gallbladder carcinomas. Documentation of these rare cases will encourage further research to find out their true incidence and adequate management of the patient.
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Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/cirurgia , Idoso , Feminino , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Primary leiomyosarcoma kidney is a rare tumor with an aggressive nature. Leiomyosarcoma is one of the common histologic types of the sarcomas, comprising 60% of all sarcomas. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is a close differential of renal leiomyosarcoma as both tumors have spindle-shaped cells. The former has a more pleomorphic character with nuclear grade four, which can be differentiated on the basis of immunohistochemistry. Hence, the diagnosis of primary renal leiomyosarcoma poses a diagnostic challenge. One such case of renal leiomyosarcoma in a 45-year-old male is being discussed here.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Leiomiossarcoma , Sarcoma , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Rim/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Leiomiossarcoma/diagnóstico , Leiomiossarcoma/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sarcoma/patologiaRESUMO
Melanosis is a rare benign entity defined by the deposition of brownish-black pigment in a wide variety of organs especially the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Melanosis of the fallopian tube is widely known as pigmentosis tubae. Literature has mentioned ovarian teratomas and serous cystadenomas to be associated with the ovarian and peritoneal melanosis. We report five such cases of tubo-ovarian melanosis. The cases include mature teratoma and serous cystadenoma as well as melanosis of the fallopian tubes with otherwise normal ovarian histology. The importance of recognising this entity lies in its differential diagnosis.
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Tubas Uterinas/patologia , Melanose/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Ovarianas/diagnóstico por imagem , Ovário/patologia , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Cistadenoma Seroso/diagnóstico por imagem , Tubas Uterinas/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Melanose/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Ovário/diagnóstico por imagem , Teratoma/patologia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Starch [(C6H10O5) n ]-stabilized bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in a single-pot reaction using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) as precursors. Bi2S3 NPs were stable over time and a wide band gap of 2.86 eV was observed. The capping of starch on the Bi2S3 NPs prevents them from agglomeration and provides regular uniform shapes. The synthesized Bi2S3 NPs were quasispherical, and the measured average particle size was â¼11 nm. The NPs are crystalline with an orthorhombic structure as determined by powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The existence and interaction of starch on the NP's surface were analyzed using circular dichroism. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the electronic behavior of Bi2S3 NPs at various temperatures and frequencies. The dielectric measurements on the NPs show high dielectric polarizations. Furthermore, it was observed that the synthesized Bi2S3 NPs inhibited bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity.
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Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant salivary gland tumor characterized by tumor cells displaying acinar features. Usually presenting as a slow-growing tumor, ACC, however, may show dedifferentiation to a higher grade including neuroendocrine carcinoma. In addition, ACC may rarely show focal neuroendocrine differentiation without any frank evidence of neuroendocrine carcinoma. We describe such a case of ACC of the parotid gland in a 65-year-old female, which showed neuroendocrine differentiation. The diagnostic clues, immunohistochemistry panel, and prognostic and treatment aspects are also presented.