Past COVID-19 and immunosuppressive regimens affect the long-term response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in liver transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The long-term immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in liver transplant (LT) recipients is unknown. We aimed to assess the long-term antibody response of the Pfizer-BioNTech® BNT162b2 vaccine in LT recipients compared to controls. METHODS: LT recipients underwent anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-receptor-binding domain protein IgG (anti-RBD) and anti-nucleocapsid protein IgG antibody (anti-N) measurements at the first and 1, 4 and 6 months after the second vaccination dose. RESULTS: One hundred forty-three LT recipients and 58 controls were enrolled. At baseline, 131/143 (91.6%) LT recipients tested anti-N negative (COVID-19 naïve), and 12/143 (8.4%) tested positive (COVID-19 recovered) compared to negative controls. Among COVID-19 naïve, 22.1% were anti-RBD positives 1 month after the first vaccine dose, while 66.4%, 77%, and 78.8% were 1, 4 and 6 months following the second vaccine dose. In contrast, 100% of controls were positive at 4 months (p <0.001). The median anti-RBD titer 4 months after the second vaccine dose was significantly lower (32 U/ml) in COVID-19 naïve than in controls (852 U/ml, p <0.0001). A higher daily dose of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (p <0.001), higher frequency of ascites (p = 0.012), and lower serum leukocyte count (p = 0.016) were independent predictors of anti-RBD negativity at 6 months. All COVID-19 recovered patients tested positive for anti-RBD at each time point. The median antibody titer was similar in those taking MMF (9,400 U/ml, 11,925 U/ml, 13,305 U/ml, and 10,095 U/ml) or not taking MMF (13,950 U/ml, 9,575 U/ml, 3,500 U/ml, 2,835 U/ml, p = NS) 3 weeks after the first and 1, 4 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In COVID-19-naïve LT recipients, the immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was significantly lower than that in controls. MMF was the main determinant of vaccination failure in SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients. LAY SUMMARY: The immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in liver transplant recipients is currently unknown. Herein, we show that liver transplant recipients who have not previously had COVID-19 are less likely to mount effective antibody responses to vaccination than a control population. The main determinant of vaccination failure was the use of the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil.

Prevalence of urinary colonization by extended spectrum-beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae among catheterised inpatients in Italian long term care facilities.

BACKGROUND: Long Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) play a key role in guaranteeing care to patients in developed countries. Many patients, mostly elderly, access LTCFs at some time in their lives, and their healthcare pathways often require them to move back and forth between hospital and outpatient settings. These patterns bring about new challenges regarding infection control, especially healthcare associated infections. METHODS: A point prevalence study was conducted in 23 Italian LTCFs, to identify colonization in patients with urinary catheter (>24 hours). Species identification, susceptibility tests and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production screenings were performed using Vitek 2 System. Enterobacteria identified by Vitek 2 System as ESBL-producers or suspected AmpC hyperproducers on the basis of cephamycin resistance, were sent to a research laboratory where they underwent a double-disk synergy test. Finally, ESBL-producers were screened for bla resistance genes by PCR assay. RESULTS: 211 patients with catheter were screened, 185 out of 211 patients showed positive samples for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, 114 of these 185 patients were colonized by extended spectrum cephalosporins resistant microorganisms. We identified a total of 257 Gram negative pathogens, of which 51.8% (133/257) were extended spectrum cephalosporins resistant. 7 out of 133 cephamycin not susceptible strains proved to be AmpC-type beta-lactamases and 125/133 ESBL-producers; 1 was not further characterized. 43 out of 257 (16.7%) E. coli, 37/257 (14.4%) P. mirabilis, 20/257 (7.8%), P. stuartii, 14/257 (5.4%) M. morganii, 7/257 (2.7%), K. pneumoniae, 4/257 (1.6%) C. koseri proved to be overall ESBL-producers by double-disk synergy test. Third and fourth generation cephalosporin resistant P. mirabilis, P. stuartii and M. morganii strains mainly harboured a blaTEM gene (95.9%), while 89.1% of E. coli were positive for the blaCTX-M determinant by PCR and sequencing. Patients with decubitus had a higher risk of colonization by at least one resistant isolate (p < 0.01). Samples of patients undergoing antibiotic therapy and patients with decubitus showed a higher risk (p < 0.05) of colonization by beta-lactam resistant microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the presence of high percentages of ESBL-positive Enterobacteria in Italian LTCFs and the predominance of CTX-M type ESBL in E. coli. The alarming presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Italian LTCFs can seriously compromise the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.acilities (LTCFs), Antimicrobial resistance.

Closing wards during summer time and its effects on patients' outcomes.

Closure of wards (units) during the summer is a management practice introduced in some Italian hospitals to deal with the national nursing shortage and seasonal staffing patterns. The authors discuss a cross-sectional comparative study that they conducted to assess the effects of this management practice on patient outcomes.

Effectiveness of music therapy for anxiety reduction in women with breast cancer in chemotherapy treatment.

In the last decade, the public use of complementary and alternative therapies for the solution of various health problems has increased dramatically. Listening to music can be considered a support to the traditional medical practice for the reduction of anxiety and stress related to chemotherapy.

The impact of tutorial strategies on student nurses' accuracy in diagnostic reasoning in different educational settings: a double pragmatic trial in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Italian Nursing Faculties use a range of tutorial strategies (laboratory sessions, intensive clinical tutoring, weekly tutoring) aimed to enhance nursing students' diagnostic reasoning: these strategies have different impacts on promoting student critical thinking. By using critical thinking methods, students develop abilities to check, monitor and constantly evaluate the accuracy of the diagnostic reasoning process. However, there is little evidence to show how effective tutorial strategies are on the accuracy of diagnostic reasoning. There is also very little known about the complexity of tutorial strategies because these are made up of several components (e.g. tutor questioning abilities, the value of the setting, the impact of the environment, the expertise of the tutor and the impact of the Faculty's philosophy of learning), tutorial strategies cannot be standardised and depend on multiple factors which are difficult to control. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to establish a relationship between tutorial strategies orientated to enhance critical thinking and the accuracy of diagnostic reasoning (i.e. the number of correct answers given by students on simulated cases in two different nursing education contexts). It was hypothesised that students who had had one laboratory session using intensive tutorial strategies had less probability of making reasoning errors in diagnosing a simulated case than a control group that had weekly tutorials or routine tutoring. DESIGN: A double pragmatic experimental study was adopted involving two Italian Nursing Faculties at universities in Verona and Udine. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 144 students in the first year of their Nursing Science Degree course were involved; in Verona, two random groups of 41 students were taken (an intervention group and a control group). Random selections of 39 students for the intervention group and 29 students for a control group were made from the second campus in Udine. Data analysis was conducted comparing student outcomes in the same faculty (intra-trial analysis) and between the two campuses involved (inter-trial analysis). RESULTS: The students doing laboratory sessions and intensive clinical tutorials demonstrated fewer errors compared to the control group [OR 3.75; IC 95% 1.77-7.88], although the students who receive routine tutoring, demonstrated higher risk of mistaking the problems of the patient [OR 0.22; IC 0.95% 0.07-0.65]. CONCLUSION: From intra- and inter-trial analysis of the results, it can be concluded within limits, that those students who had had intensive tutorial strategies aimed developing critical thinking abilities, formulated fewer wrong hypotheses in the first list they made when confronted with a new nursing case. Faculties should consider these outcomes and develop strategies including intensive tutorial strategies for improving the accuracy of nursing students' clinical reasoning.

Surveillance of hospital-acquired infections: a model for settings with resource constraints.

BACKGROUND: Surveillance activities have been considered of paramount importance for effective infection control programs in health care organizations. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to design a capture system able to assure surveillance of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) in acute hospitals with few resources devoted to infection control. METHODS: We performed 4 biweekly repeated prevalence studies to identify major HAI (urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, lower respiratory tract infection, bloodstream infections) as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria in 3 large hospitals in northeastern Italy (6 internal medicine departments, 5 general surgery departments, 3 intensive care units, and 1 bone marrow transplant unit). RESULTS: One thousand five hundred fifty-four patients were screened (63.9% in medical wards, 27.5% in surgical wards, and 8.5% in intensive care units and bone transplant unit). The overall prevalence of infection was 4.9% (77/1,554); 4.5% (70/1,554) of patients were infected. A capture system based on the presence of fever >or=38 degrees C, antibiotic use, and presence of devices guarantees 100% sensitivity in detecting HAI but requires an assessment of 62% of the population. Using the presence of fever and devices as criteria guarantees a sensitivity of 98%, requiring an assessment of 41.4% of patients, whereas presence of fever and antibiotic use has the same sensitivity but requires an assessment of 50% of patients. Using nursing records, physician records, and direct patient examination as sources of documentation guarantees that all necessary data are collected while requiring a mean of 4 minutes and 42 seconds per patient (standard deviation, 1 minute and 30 seconds). CONCLUSION: A capture system based on biweekly repeated prevalence studies that select patients for the presence of fever, antibiotics, and medical devices ensures the detection of all HAI in a resource-limited environment.

[Nurses staffing in surgical and orthpedical wards in a sample of Italian hospitals. Preliminary results of a descriptive study]. / La dotazione di personale infermieristico nei reparti di chirurgia e ortopedia di un campione di ospedali italiani: risultati preliminari di uno studio descrittivo.

AIM: To compare the standards of nursing personnel involved in direct care in surgical and orthopedical wards, with those of the studies of Aiken et al. METHODS: A convenience snow ball sampling technique allowed to include 65 centres. Data were collected in an index day, in the middle of the week, in hospitals with a surgical and ortopedical ward on the following variables: number of nurses, number of nurses aids, average time of nursing care per patient over the 24 hours. RESULTS: Sixty-five surgical and 43 ortopedical wards for overall 2286 beds were included. A nurse, on average, cares for 8.9 patients (7.2 in the morning; 9.2 in the afternoon and 13.6 during the night). Over the 24 hours patients receive 70 minutes of care from nursing personnel and 96 from nurses aids. DISCUSSION: The number of patients cared for by Italian nurses is higher compared to that observed in Aikens' papers, although health care systems and organization are not strictly comparable. To reach the American standards 997 extra nurses would be necessary. The situation described stresses a critical problem and the need to define national standards on the number of nurses and health care personnel to guarantee to hospitalized patients.

[Management of the patient's pain in a highly specialized health center]. / Modalità di gestione del dolore percepito dal paziente in un ospedale ad alta specializzazione.

The management of pain sensations is useful to enhance technical quality within hospitals: this study provides an overview of pain management in a highly specialized health center. In 69.6% of cases the patients answers matched with those of health staff: the most interesting factor is the health staff's willingness to attend training courses aimed at treating the patients pain.

Incontinence pad use in patients admitted to medical wards: an Italian multicenter prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of incontinence pad use among patients admitted to medical wards, the reasons why nurses decide to use an incontinence pad, the extent to which the use of pads is avoidable, and the outcome of inappropriate pad use after discharge from the hospital. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted; patients admitted to medical wards were observed during hospitalization and a 7-day follow-up period after discharge. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The study was conducted in 2 acute-care units in Northern Italy. All new patients admitted to the units were recruited. RESULTS: At the time of admission to the hospital, in addition to the 120 patients who already used incontinence pads, there was a 34% incidence of new cases (98/286). The most frequent reason why nurses decided to use this aid was incontinence caused by space-time disorientation, followed by limited mobility, incontinence, patient request, nursing shortage, and involuntary urine leakage not perceived by patient. Seventy patients out of 208 used incontinence pads unnecessarily for a total of 544 days. CONCLUSIONS: Decisions about the use of the incontinence pads are not always consistent with research-based or literature-based suggestions. Nurses should develop clinical guidelines or protocols for the appropriate use of incontinence pads.