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OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breast screening programmes. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to July2014 at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and comprised attendants and patients who visited out-patients department and/or were treated as in-patients. The questionnaire contained 25 open and close-ended questions regarding knowledge and attitude, along with 7 questions regarding practices. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: There were 1184 women with a mean age of 32.7±8.6 years. The mean score was 12.7±4.9. Positive family history of breast cancer was reported by 156(13.2%) women; 420(35.5%) believed advancing age was a risk factor; 1041(87.9%) never had breast self-examination; 1106(93.4%) never had a clinical breast examination; and 1171(98.9%) never had screening mammogram. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge and practices regarding breast cancer screening, breast self-examination and mammogram among women were not good. The knowledge about breast cancer risk factors was very poor and showed an alarming attitude towards practices.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Autoexame de Mama , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Paquistão , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background Dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has been increasing, despite the advancement in pharmacological treatment and dialysis technology. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of dialysis among ESRD patients presenting at the nephrology department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC). Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted during the year 2015-2016, including 105 ESRD patients. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire inquiring about patient's demographics and hemodialysis details. The outcomes in terms of survival and death within one month of dialysis were also recorded. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results Gender distribution showed that most of the study patients were males (58.1%). The mean duration of ESRD was 7.65 ± 3.69 months while the mean duration of hemodialysis was 36.5 ± 5.65 hours. Among the comorbid conditions, hypertension (69.5%) and diabetes (64.8%) were the most prevalent, followed by renal stones, chronic pyelonephritis, and chronic nephritis. The outcomes indicated mortality among 16.2% of patients; all deceased ESRD patients had diabetes (p < 0.05). Moreover, the duration of hemodialysis was significantly associated with the outcomes of dialysis (p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, a considerable mortality rate was observed among ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Moreover, patient survival was better with the increased duration of dialysis.
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This paper reports the correlation between the composition of the functional Sr0.5Ba0.5Sm0.02Fe11.98O19/x(Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4) hard-soft nanocomposites (SrBaSmFe/x(NiZnFe) NCs), where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 3.0, and their structural features, magnetic, and microwave properties. SrBaSmFe/x(NiZnFe) hard/soft ferrite NCs are produced using the one-pot citrate combustion method. According to the XRD analysis, all samples showed the co-existence of both SrBaSmFe and NiZnFe phases in different ratios. Magnetic properties are measured in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures (10 and 300 K) and correlated well with the composition of the investigated samples. The microwave properties (frequency dispersions of the magnetic permeability, and electrical permittivity) are discussed by using the co-axial method in the frequency range of 0.7-18 GHz. Non-linear dependences of the main microwave features were observed with varying of composition. The microwave behavior correlated well with the composite theory. These results could be used in practice for developing antenna materials.
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Co0.5Ni0.5NbxFe2-xO4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the hydrothermal approach. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the formation of single-phase spinel ferrite. The crystallite size was found to range from 18 to 26 nm. The lattice parameters were found to increase with greater Niobium ion (Nb3+) concentration, caused by the variance in the ionic radii between the Nb3+ and Fe3+. Fourier transform infrared analysis also proved the existence of the spinal ferrite phase. The percent diffuse reflectance (%DR) analysis showed that the value of the band gap increased with growing Nb3+ content. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the cubic morphology. The magnetization analyses at both room (300 K, RT) and low (10 K) temperatures exhibited their ferromagnetic nature. The results showed that the Nb3+ substitution affected the magnetization data. We found that Saturation magnetization (Ms), Remanence (Mr), and the Magnetic moment ( n B ) decreased with increasing Nb3+. The squareness ratio (SQR) values at RT were found to be smaller than 0.5, which postulate a single domain nature with uniaxial anisotropy for all produced ferrites. However, different samples exhibited SQRs within 0.70 to 0.85 at 10 K, which suggests a magnetic multi-domain with cubic anisotropy at a low temperature. The obtained magnetic results were investigated in detail in relation to the structural and microstructural properties.