[Global study on tobacco use among youth 13-15 years old in the Russian Federation: dynamic surveillance 2004-2021].

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of the global surveys among youth 13-15 years old on tobacco consumption, conducted in 2004, 2015, 2021 in Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk, Cheboksary, Moscow, Pskov and the Russian Federation. The dynamics and trends in consumption of tobacco, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surveys used representative samples formed on the basis of all public schools. In 2004, 2015 and 2021 regional sampling included two stages. In 2021 national sampling included three stages: the selection of municipalities, schools and classes. All students of the selected classes were asked. The surveys used the same questionnaire. The total number of respondents - 38 345, the overall response rate - more than 90%. RESULTS: In the Russian Federation, in 2004-2021 among students aged 13-15, the prevalence of tobacco consumption decreased from 27.3 to 11.0%, passive smoking in homes from 76.4 to 23.1%, in closed public places from 89.4 to 23.7%. The consumption of ENDS and HTPs increased up to 16.7 and 3.5% respectively. Similar trends in consumption of products, passive smoking were identified in all the cities. CONCLUSION: The adoption in 2013 of the Federal Law "On protecting the health of citizens from the effects of second hand tobacco smoke, the consequences of tobacco consumption or the consumption of nicotine-containing products" had a significant impact on tobacco use by adolescents and reduced the prevalence of tobacco consumption and passive smoking among them by 3 times.

[Educational programs on ventilation-perfusion ratio]. / Obuchaiushchaia programma po ventiliatsionno-prfuzionnym sootnosheniiam.

The paper describes a learning programme for calculating the characteristics of arterial blood from the ventilation-perfusion ratios in the lungs by using a three-variable mathematical model of the lung. The lungs are presented as a set of three components which differ in ventilation and perfusion: 1) a fraction of ventilated and O2-perfused alveoles; 2) a fraction of non-perfused and ventilated alveoles; 3) a fraction of unventilated and non-perfused alveoles. Results of calculations are provided.

[The development of medical information consulting systems]. / Razrabotka meditsinskikh informatsionno-konsul'tativnykh sistem.

A model of an information-and-consultative system (ICS) designed for practitioners and students in the field of pulmonology at the Research Institute for Pulmonology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (project director--A.G. Chuchalin) is outlined in the paper. The purpose was to construct an ICS structure that would be adapted to continuously increasing and changing knowledge in the field of pulmonology and that could be used to interpret such knowledge from the standpoint of medical proof.

[Program for interpreting acid-base disorders and assessing blood oxygenation]. / Programma dlia interpretatsii narushenii kislotno-shchelochnogo sostoianiia i otsenki oksigenatsii krovi.

The paper describes a program for the interpretation of deviations in the acid-base state (AAS) and the estimation of the blood oxygenation levels. The program was developed for the Iskra-226 microcomputer and is intended for a direct measurement of the gas composition of the blood. The program makes it possible to calculate the AAS and the blood oxygenation levels (20 parameters), to estimate the AAS deviation type and the degree of its compensation, it accumulates and stores the patient data, keeps records of case histories.

[Hemodynamic aspects of the treatment of patients with "critical ischemia" of the lower extremities]. / Gemodinamicheskie aspekty lecheniia bo'lnykh s "kriticheskoi ishemiei" nizhnikh konechnostei.

A complex examination of 60 patients with different stages of disturbances of blood circulation (by the Fontain classification) with chronic arterial insufficiency was performed. Specific features of regional hemodynamics were revealed in patient with "critical ischemia" (3rd and 4th stages of the disease). Threshold values of the "critical ischemia" were determined, most informative of them being the malleolus index and oxygen pressure on the foot. An analysis of results of the investigation in the dynamics of the treatment performed has shown possible effectiveness of restorative operations in treatment of patients with severe stages of chronic arterial insufficiency.