Donor-derived mold infections in lung transplant recipients: The importance of active surveillance.

Unexpected donor-derived fungal infections represent a rare but potentially fatal complication in lung transplant (Tx) recipients. Timely communication of the results of donor cultures and prompt treatment of recipients are crucial to mitigate the consequences of donor-derived transmissions. In this prospective cohort study, all consecutive patients who underwent lung transplantation from 2015 to 2022 were included. In December 2015, a Local Active Surveillance System has been implemented to provide biovigilance of donor culture results and optimize recipients' management. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of unexpected, mold-positive cultures among lung donors and the rate of transmission to recipients. Furthermore, management strategies and outcome of recipients with mold transmission are described. In case of isolation of the same mold in donor and recipient cultures, when possible, transmission was confirmed by dendrogram analysis. During the study period, 82 lung Tx were performed from 80 donors. The prevalence of donors with "unexpected" mold isolation from the respiratory tract was 3.75% (3/80). Isolated molds were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus flavus. Transmissions occurred in all the three cases (100%) with a mean time of 5 days from lung Tx but none of the recipients developed invasive mold disease. Our Local Active Surveillance System allowed prompt recognition of lung donors unexpected mold colonization. Even though transmission occurred, introduction of early targeted antifungal therapy prevented potential catastrophic consequence of mold donor-derived infection in the immediate post-Tx period.

Clostridium difficile infection after stoma reversal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been described in the early post-operative phase after stoma reversal. This systematic review aimed to describe the incidence of CDI after stoma reversal and to identify pre-operative variables correlated with an increased risk of infection. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines in March 2024. Manuscripts were included if reported at least one patient with CDI-associated diarrhoea following stoma reversal (colostomy/ileostomy). The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of CDI; the secondary outcome was the comparison of clinical variables (age, sex, time to stoma reversal, neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapies after index colorectal procedure) in CDI-positive versus CDI-negative patients. A meta-analysis was performed when at least three studies reported on those variables. RESULTS: Out of 43 eligible manuscripts, 1 randomized controlled trial and 10 retrospective studies were selected, including 17,857 patients (2.1% CDI). Overall, the mean age was 64.3 ± 11.6 years in the CDI group and 61.5 ± 12.6 years in the CDI-negative group (p = 0.51), with no significant difference in sex (p = 0.34). Univariable analyses documented that the mean time to stoma reversal was 53.9 ± 19.1 weeks in CDI patients and 39.8 ± 15.0 weeks in CDI-negative patients (p = 0.40) and a correlation between neo-adjuvant and adjuvant treatments with CDI (p < 0.001). A meta-analysis was performed for time to stoma reversal, age, sex, and neo-adjuvant therapies disclosing no significant differences for CDI (stoma delay, MD 11.59; 95%CI  24.32-1.13; age, MD 0.97; 95%CI 2.08-4.03; sex, OR1.11; 95%CI 0.88-1.41; neo-adjuvant, OR0.81; 95%CI 0.49-1.35). Meta-analysis including patients who underwent adjuvant therapy evidenced a higher risk of CDI (OR 2.88; 95%CI 1.01-8.17, p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: CDI occurs in approximately 2.1% of patients after stoma reversal. Although a trend of increased delay in stoma reversal and a correlation with chemotherapy were documented in CDI patients, the use of adjuvant therapy was the only possible risk factor documented on meta-analysis. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023484704.

Determinants of antibiotic prescription in children with adenovirus respiratory tract infections.

We performed this study to evaluate factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions in children with adenovirus infection, since no studies have attempted to address this aspect in the pediatric population. Retrospective study of children younger than 18 years of age tested positive for adenovirus on a syndromic nasopharyngeal test from 2018 to 2023. We compared the need of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), invasive ventilation, and other respiratory support, viral etiologies, clinical presentations, imaging, and laboratory results in the precovid (2018-2019) and covid (2020-2022) period. The use of antibiotics was studied with multivariable logistic regression including demographic as well as clinical data as covariates. Two hundred fifty-eight patients were enrolled. One hundred fifty-eight patients received an antibiotic (mean duration 6.2 (±2.7) days (median 4; IQR: 4-7)). Presence of seizures and C-reactive protein values as predictors for antibiotic prescription (OR for seizures: 12.17; 95% CI: 1.42-103.91; p = 0.022; OR for CrP: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04; p = 0.001). Seventy-four patients received intravenous antibiotics (74/156, 47.4%). Risk factors for intravenous antibiotic were the presence of decay (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.25-11.71; p = 0.018), CrP values (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03; p = 0.001), and presence of seizures (OR: 16.34; 95% CI: 2.65-100.83; p = 0.003). Duration of intravenous antibiotics correlated with the presence of seizures (Coeff: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.41-2.89; p = 0.009) even when adjusted for CrP values.    Conclusion: The clinical presentation of adenovirus infection in children is non-specific, leading to frequent antibiotic prescription despite bacterial co-infections was rare. Higher CrP values and presenting with seizures are significantly associated with a higher risk of receiving antibiotics. Rapid microbiological tests and newer biomarkers can help clinicians to improve antibiotic prescription in this cohort of children. What is Known: • Adenovirus infection is a common cause of fever and respiratory tract infections in children. • Children with adenovirus infections frequently receive antibiotics, but determinants of this practice are poorly established. What is New: • Higher C-reactive protein values and presenting with seizures are significantly associated with antibiotic prescription. • Since the beginning of COVID-19 and implementation of rapid diagnostics, less children with adenovirus infection received antibiotics.

Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis genotypes from hospitals located in five Spanish cities and one in Italy: Description of azole-resistance profiles associated with the Y132F ERG11p substitution.

BACKGROUND: Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis is a matter of concern. OBJECTIVES: To describe fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis genotypes circulating across hospitals in Spain and Rome and to study their azole-resistance profile associated with ERG11p substitutions. PATIENTS/METHODS: We selected fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates (n = 528 from 2019 to 2023; MIC ≥8 mg/L according to EUCAST) from patients admitted to 13 hospitals located in five Spanish cities and Rome. Additionally, we tested voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, amphotericin B, micafungin, anidulafungin and ibrexafungerp susceptibility. RESULTS: Of the 53 genotypes found, 49 harboured the Y132F substitution, five of which were dominating city-specific genotypes involving almost half the isolates. Another genotype involved isolates harbouring the G458S substitution. Finally, we found two genotypes with the wild-type ERG11 gene sequence and one with the R398I substitution. All isolates were fully susceptible/wild-type to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin and ibrexafungerp. The azole-resistance patterns found were: voriconazole-resistant (74.1%) or voriconazole-intermediate (25.2%), posaconazole-resistant (10%) and isavuconazole non-wild-type (47.5%). Fluconazole-resistant and voriconazole non-wild-type isolates were likely to harbour substitution Y132F if posaconazole was wild type; however, if posaconazole was non-wild type, substitution G458S was indicated if isavuconazole MIC was >0.125 mg/L or substitution Y132F if isavuconazole MIC was ≤0.125 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: We detected a recent clonal spread of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis across some cities in Spain, mostly driven by dominating city-specific genotypes, which involved a large number of isolates harbouring the Y132F ERG11p substitution. Isolates harbouring substitution Y132F can be suspected because they are non-susceptible to voriconazole and rarely posaconazole-resistant.

Successful control measures to treat the transmission of Candida auris in Northern Italian Hospital.

Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant health care-associated fungal pathogen. In the literature, nosocomial outbreaks are reported worldwide. In addition, C. auris diffusion occurs in high-dependency settings with infections typically affecting critically ill patients, resulting in life-threatening disease. We describe the first documented case of C. auris in northeastern Italy and the measures applied to contain the transmission that led to zero collateral infections.

The first international Rome consensus conference on gut microbiota and faecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Several randomised clinical trials (RCTs) performing faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly for ulcerative colitis, have recently been published, but with major variations in study design. These include differences in administered dose, route and frequency of delivery, type of placebo and evaluated endpoints. Although the overall outcomes appear to be promising, they are highly dependent on both donor and recipient factors. OBJECTIVE: To develop concensus-based statements and recommendations for the evaluation, management and potential treatment of IBD using FMT in order to move towards standardised practices. DESIGN: An international panel of experts convened several times to generate evidence-based guidelines by performing a deep evaluation of currently available and/or published data. Twenty-five experts in IBD, immunology and microbiology collaborated in different working groups to provide statements on the following key issues related to FMT in IBD: (A) pathogenesis and rationale, (B) donor selection and biobanking, (C) FMT practices and (D) consideration of future studies and perspectives. Statements were evaluated and voted on by all members using an electronic Delphi process, culminating in a plenary consensus conference and generation of proposed guidelines. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our group has provided specific statements and recommendations, based on best available evidence, with the end goal of providing guidance and general criteria required to promote FMT as a recognised strategy for the treatment of IBD.

Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with concurrent ulcerative colitis.

AIMS: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major challenge for healthcare systems. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, is a risk factor for primary and recurrent CDI (rCDI). Moreover, CDI itself often worsens the clinical picture of IBD, increasing the risk of complications. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment for rCDI, but data from patients with IBD and CDI are limited and often referred to mixed cohorts. We aimed to report outcomes from a cohort of patients with UC treated with FMT for rCDI superinfection. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a retrospective, single-centre cohort study we evaluated characteristics and outcomes of patients with UC who received FMT for rCDI. The primary outcome was negative C. difficile toxin 8 weeks after FMT. Thirty-five patients were included in the analysis. Sixteen patients were cured after single FMT, while 19 patients received repeat FMT. Overall, FMT cured rCDI in 32 patients (91%), and repeat FMT was significantly associated with sustained cure of CDI compared with single FMT (84% vs 50%, p = 0.018). Twenty-four patients (69%) experienced remission or an amelioration of UC activity. Serious adverse events were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of patients with UC, FMT was highly effective in curing rCDI without severe adverse events and repeat FMT was significantly associated with CDI cure. Most patients also experienced remission or amelioration of UC activity after FMT. Our findings suggest that a sequential FMT protocol may be used routinely in patients with UC and rCDI.

Incidence of bloodstream infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens in ordinary wards and intensive care units before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a real-life, retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: SARS-COV-2 pandemic led to antibiotic overprescription and unprecedented stress on healthcare systems worldwide. Knowing the comparative incident risk of bloodstream infection due to multidrug-resistant pathogens in COVID ordinary wards and intensive care-units may give insights into the impact of COVID-19 on antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Single-center observational data extracted from a computerized dataset were used to identify all patients who underwent blood cultures from January 1, 2018 to May 15, 2021. Pathogen-specific incidence rates were compared according to the time of admission, patient's COVID status and ward type. RESULTS: Among 14,884 patients for whom at least one blood culture was obtained, a total of 2534 were diagnosed with HA-BSI. Compared to both pre-pandemic and COVID-negative wards, HA-BSI due to S. aureus and Acinetobacter spp. (respectively 0.3 [95% CI 0.21-0.32] and 0.11 [0.08-0.16] new infections per 100 patient-days) showed significantly higher incidence rates, peaking in the COVID-ICU setting. Conversely, E. coli incident risk was 48% lower in COVID-positive vs COVID-negative settings (IRR 0.53 [0.34-0.77]). Among COVID + patients, 48% (n = 38/79) of S. aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin and 40% (n = 10/25) of K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here indicate that the spectrum of pathogens causing BSI in ordinary wards and intensive care units varied during the pandemic, with the greatest shift experienced by COVID-ICUs. Antimicrobial resistance of selected high-priority bacteria was high in COVID positive settings.

Commercially available CD4 + and CD8 + IFN-γ release assays combined with an HBHA-induced IGRA improve the characterization of the tuberculosis spectrum and monitoring of treatment in children.

Commercially available Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), including the last-generation QuantiFERON TB-Plus (QFT-Plus), are effective in aiding the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection but cannot distinguish latent TB subjects from active TB patients. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the performance of an HBHA-based IGRA, combined with commercially available IGRAs, to assess their usefulness as a prognostic biomarkers and aid in the monitoring of TB treatment in children. Following clinical, microbiological, and radiological assessment, children younger than 18 years of age classified as either LTBI or active TB were tested at baseline and during treatment by the QuantiFERON TB-Plus (QFT) assay and an aliquot of whole-blood was stimulated with HBHA. Among the 655 children evaluated, 559 (85.3%) were classified as "Non TB", 44 patients (6.7%) with active TB, and 52 (7.9%) with LTBI. The median HBHA-IGRA IFN-gamma responses were able to discriminate active TB from LTBI (0.13 IU/ml vs 1.995, (p < 0,0001), those with asymptomatic TB from those with symptomatic TB (1.01 IU/ml vs 0.115 IU/ml, p 0.017), or more severe TB (p 0.022), and significantly raised during successful TB treatment (p < 0.0001). Conversely, CD4 + and CD8 + responses were similar in all groups of patients, although active TB patients had higher CD4 + responses and LTBI higher CD8 + responses.  Conclusion: HBHA-based IGRA, combined with CD4 + and CD8 + responses assessed by commercially available IGRAs, is a useful support in the characterization of the TB spectrum in children and monitoring of TB-therapy. What is Known: • Current immune diagnostics are not able to discriminate active and latent Ttuberculosis, including the recently approved QFT-PLUS.. • New immunological assays with prognostic value are highly needed. What is New: • HBHA-based IGRA, combined with CD4+ and CD8+ responses assessed by commercially available IGRAs, is a useful support for the differentiation of active and latent TB in children.. • HBHA-based IGRA, combined with CD4+ and CD8+ responses assessed by commercially available IGRAs, is a useful support in the monitoring of TBtherapy in children..

COVID-19 increased in Italian children in the autumn and winter 2021-2022 period when Omicron was the dominant variant.

AIM: We examined the prevalence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children during the autumn and winter season from 1 September 2021 to 30 January 2022 and compared it with the same period in 2020-2021. METHODS: This study was carried out int the paediatric emergency department (PED) of a tertiary Italian hospital. We compared the clinical and demographical features of all children who presented during the two study periods and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: During the 2021-2022 autumn and winter season 5813 children presented to the PED, 19.0% were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 133 (12.0%) of those tested positive. In 2020-2021, 2914 presented to the PED, 12.3% were tested, and 30 (8.3%) of those tested positive. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical severity during the two study periods, despite a higher percentage of neurological symptoms in 2020-2021. Of the SARS-CoV-2-positive cases, 29/133 (21.8%) were hospitalised during the 2021-2022 season and 10/30 (33.3%) during the previous one. Only 3/163 children required intensive care. CONCLUSION: The greater spread of SARS-CoV-2 was probably due to the greater transmissibility of the Omicron variant, but the symptoms were mild and only 3 children required intensive care.

Profiling the Urobiota in a Pediatric Population with Neurogenic Bladder Secondary to Spinal Dysraphism.

The human bladder has been long thought to be sterile until that, only in the last decade, advances in molecular biology have shown that the human urinary tract is populated with microorganisms. The relationship between the urobiota and the development of urinary tract disorders is now of great interest. Patients with spina bifida (SB) can be born with (or develop over time) neurological deficits due to damaged nerves that originate in the lower part of the spinal cord, including the neurogenic bladder. This condition represents a predisposing factor for urinary tract infections so that the most frequently used approach to treat patients with neurogenic bladder is based on clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). In this study, we analyzed the urobiota composition in a pediatric cohort of patients with SB compared to healthy controls, as well as the urobiota characteristics based on whether patients received CIC or not.

Cysteamine/Cystamine Exert Anti-Mycobacterium abscessus Activity Alone or in Combination with Amikacin.

Host-directed therapies are emerging as a promising tool in the curing of difficult-to-treat infections, such as those caused by drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we aim to test the potential activity of the FDA- and EMA-approved drugs cysteamine and cystamine against Mycobacterium abscessus. In human macrophages (differentiated THP-1 cells), these drugs restricted M. abscessus growth similar to that achieved by amikacin. Here, we use the human ex vivo granuloma-like structures (GLS) model of infection with the M. abscessus rough (MAB-R) and smooth (MAB-S) variants to study the activity of new therapies against M. abscessus. We demonstrate that cysteamine and cystamine show a decrease in the number of total GLSs per well in the MAB-S and MAB-R infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, combined administration of cysteamine or cystamine with amikacin resulted in enhanced activity against the two M. abscessus morpho variants compared to treatment with amikacin only. Treatment with cysteamine and cystamine was more effective in reducing GLS size and bacterial load during MAB-S infection compared with MAB-R infection. Moreover, treatment with these two drugs drastically quenched the exuberant proinflammatory response triggered by the MAB-R variant. These findings showing the activity of cysteamine and cystamine against the R and S M. abscessus morphotypes support the use of these drugs as novel host-directed therapies against M. abscessus infections.

Ecology and Machine Learning-Based Classification Models of Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers May Evaluate the Effects of Probiotic Supplementation in Patients Recently Recovered from COVID-19.

Gut microbiota (GM) modulation can be investigated as possible solution to enhance recovery after COVID-19. An open-label, single-center, single-arm, pilot, interventional study was performed by enrolling twenty patients recently recovered from COVID-19 to investigate the role of a mixed probiotic, containing Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Streptococcus thermophilus, on gastrointestinal symptoms, local and systemic inflammation, intestinal barrier integrity and GM profile. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, cytokines, inflammatory, gut permeability, and integrity markers were evaluated before (T0) and after 8 weeks (T1) of probiotic supplementation. GM profiling was based on 16S-rRNA targeted-metagenomics and QIIME 2.0, LEfSe and PICRUSt computational algorithms. Multiple machine learning (ML) models were trained to classify GM at T0 and T1. A statistically significant reduction of IL-6 (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.001) and IL-12RA (p < 0.02), citrulline (p value < 0.001) was reported at T1. GM global distribution and microbial biomarkers strictly reflected probiotic composition, with a general increase in Bifidobacteria at T1. Twelve unique KEGG orthologs were associated only to T0, including tetracycline resistance cassettes. ML classified the GM at T1 with 100% score at phylum level. Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium spp. inversely correlated to reduction of citrulline and inflammatory cytokines. Probiotic supplementation during post-COVID-19 may trigger anti-inflammatory effects though Bifidobacteria and related-metabolism enhancement.

SARS-CoV-2 viral load and replication in postmortem examinations.

We examined 29 autopsy cases (investigated between October 2020 and February 2021) whose postmortem swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-two of 29 cases died while hospitalized (H), while the remaining 7 cases were not hospitalized (NH). Since we included only cases in which the time since death was known (excluding unwitnessed NH deaths), the interval between death and postmortem swab(s) was registered, with a mean NH value of 5.50 days and a mean H value of 3.98 days. The mean age of NH was 65 years, while H were older (mean age: 73 years). Twenty-eight nasopharyngeal and 27 lungs postmortem swabs were obtained and real-time reverse transcriptase‒polymerase chain reaction assay for total and replicative SARS-CoV-2 RNA and mRNA detection was performed. Although the mean death-postmortem swabs interval was higher in NH than in H, the mean viral load of NH was higher than that of H (2.53 × 1011 copies/mL vs 9.31 × 108 copies/mL). In 13/29 cases (6 NH and 7 H), indicators of active replication were found. The relationship between the presence of replicative mRNA and death without hospitalization and that between the minimum cycle threshold value of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the cycle threshold value of replicative SARS-CoV-2 mRNA were found to be statistically significant (with respective P values of 0.013 and 0.000). Therefore, especially in NH, full compliance with guidelines on biological safety in the autopsy room is essential, and no autopsy can be performed on infected cases in a structure that does not meet the established safety criteria.

3D-printed graphene polylactic acid devices resistant to SARS-CoV-2: Sunlight-mediated sterilization of additive manufactured objects.

Additive manufacturing has played a crucial role in the COVID-19 global emergency allowing for rapid production of medical devices, indispensable tools for hospitals, or personal protection equipment. However, medical devices, especially in nosocomial environments, represent high touch surfaces prone to viral infection and currently used filaments for 3D printing can't inhibit transmission of virus [1]. Graphene-family materials are capable of reinforcing mechanical, optical and thermal properties of 3D printed constructs. In particular, graphene can adsorb near-infrared light with high efficiency. Here we demonstrate that the addition of graphene nanoplatelets to PLA filaments (PLA-G) allows the creation of 3D-printed devices that can be sterilized by near-infrared light exposure at power density analog to sunlight. This method has been used to kill SARS-CoV-2 viral particles on the surface of 3D printed PLA-G by 3 min of exposure. 3D-printed PLA-G is highly biocompatible and can represent the ideal material for the production of sterilizable personal protective equipment and daily life objects intended for multiple users.

Inhibiting fungal multidrug resistance by disrupting an activator-Mediator interaction.

Eukaryotic transcription activators stimulate the expression of specific sets of target genes through recruitment of co-activators such as the RNA polymerase II-interacting Mediator complex. Aberrant function of transcription activators has been implicated in several diseases. However, therapeutic targeting efforts have been hampered by a lack of detailed molecular knowledge of the mechanisms of gene activation by disease-associated transcription activators. We previously identified an activator-targeted three-helix bundle KIX domain in the human MED15 Mediator subunit that is structurally conserved in Gal11/Med15 Mediator subunits in fungi. The Gal11/Med15 KIX domain engages pleiotropic drug resistance transcription factor (Pdr1) orthologues, which are key regulators of the multidrug resistance pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the clinically important human pathogen Candida glabrata. The prevalence of C. glabrata is rising, partly owing to its low intrinsic susceptibility to azoles, the most widely used antifungal agent. Drug-resistant clinical isolates of C. glabrata most commonly contain point mutations in Pdr1 that render it constitutively active, suggesting that this transcriptional activation pathway represents a linchpin in C. glabrata multidrug resistance. Here we perform sequential biochemical and in vivo high-throughput screens to identify small-molecule inhibitors of the interaction of the C. glabrata Pdr1 activation domain with the C. glabrata Gal11A KIX domain. The lead compound (iKIX1) inhibits Pdr1-dependent gene activation and re-sensitizes drug-resistant C. glabrata to azole antifungals in vitro and in animal models for disseminated and urinary tract C. glabrata infection. Determining the NMR structure of the C. glabrata Gal11A KIX domain provides a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism of Pdr1 gene activation and multidrug resistance inhibition by iKIX1. We have demonstrated the feasibility of small-molecule targeting of a transcription factor-binding site in Mediator as a novel therapeutic strategy in fungal infectious disease.

Focused library of phenyl-fused macrocyclic amidinoureas as antifungal agents.

The rise of antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and the spread of the global pandemic of COVID-19 are worsening the outcomes of hospitalized patients for invasive fungal infections. Among them, candidiases are seriously worrying, especially since the currently available drug armamentarium is extremely limited. We recently reported a new class of macrocyclic amidinoureas bearing a guanidino tail as promising antifungal agents. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a focused library of seven derivatives of macrocyclic amidinoureas, bearing a second phenyl ring fused with the core. Biological activity evaluation shows an interesting antifungal profile for some compounds, resulting to be active on a large panel of Candida spp. and C. neoformans. PAMPA experiments for representative compounds of the series revealed a low passive diffusion, suggesting a membrane-based mechanism of action or the involvement of active transport systems. Also, compounds were found not toxic at high concentrations, as assessed through MTT assays.

Short- and mid-term multidisciplinary outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero or during the perinatal period: preliminary findings.

The long-term outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in utero or during the first hours of life are still unknown. We performed a single-center, prospective, observational study of newborns born from mothers with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy or at time of delivery. Infants were offered a multidisciplinary follow-up consisting of nasopharyngeal Polymerase Chain Reaction test at birth and at 48-72 h of life, auxological growth and neurological development, serologic testing, and audiological and ophthalmological assessments. One-hundred ninety-eight mothers and 199 newborns were enrolled. Of the 199 newborns, 171 underwent nasopharyngeal swab, four (2.3%) and two (1.15%) children tested positive at birth and 48-72 h of life, respectively. None had SARS-CoV-2 related symptoms. Auxologic and neurologic development were normal in all children during follow-up. Nine out of 59 infants had SARS-CoV-2 IgG at 3 months of life, which was associated with a positive nasopharyngeal swab at birth (P = 0.04). Twenty seven out of 143 (18.8%) newborns had pathologic transitory evoked otoacoustic emissions at birth, although 14/27 repeated after 1 month were normal. Audiological evaluation was completed with Auditory Brainstem Response between the third and sixth month of life in 34 children, showing in all normal hearing threshold. The ophthalmological evaluation found retinal vascular anomalies in 3/20 (15%) children, immature visual acuity in 5/20 (25%) children, and reduced distance attention in 6/20 cases (30%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the neonatal and mid-term multidisciplinary outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in utero or during the first hours of life are mostly positive, with the exception of ophthalmologic findings which, in a preliminary cohort, were abnormal in about 15% of cases. Further prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the clinical outcomes of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero and in the early postnatal life. WHAT IS KNOWN: • In utero mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented by several independent studies. • Neonatal COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can be severe, although rarely. WHAT IS NEW: • Newborns exposed in utero to SARS-CoV-2 have mostly a normal auxological, audiological, and neurological development during the first months of life. • Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed that up to 5% of newborns exposed in utero to SARS-CoV2 can show retinal and choroidal abnormalities, including peripheral hypofluorescence of the choroid and increased vascular tortuosity.

Rummeliibacillus suwonensis: First Time Isolation from Human Feces by Culturomics.

Gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem composed by trillions of microorganisms that are crucial for human health or disease status. Currently, there are two methodological options to explore its complexity: metagenomics and culturomics. Culturomics is an approach that uses multiple culture conditions (days of incubation, enrichment factors and growth temperature) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of bacterial species and sequencing when this method fails. In this paper, we describe how Colturomic's protocol has allowed the first isolation in human sample of Rummeliibacillus suwonensis, a Gram positive, facultative anaerobe bacterium. The bacterium was isolated from feces of a 69 years old male with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) recruited for a clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in ALS. The first isolation of the microorganism dates back to 2013 from the soil of a South Korean mountain area. In this report, morphological description, biochemical characterization and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed to outline the bacterial properties.

Green natural nail polish modified with essential oils to treat onychomycosis.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis (OM) accounts for about 50% of nail disorders in industrialised countries. Essential oils (EOs), aromatic natural compounds, are known for their antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of seven EOs and a commercial MIX against 10 dermatophytes responsible for OM to select the most effective ones to be included in a preventive or curative formulation based on a green natural nail polish (GNNP). METHODS: Micro-broth dilution tests in line with EUCAST guidelines and olfactory satisfaction test were performed to select the best natural compounds previously analysed by SPME coupled with GC-MS. The same method was used to evaluate the release over time of the active compounds present in the two modified-GNNPs made by adding the best natural compound selected (the C. citratus EO) and the MIX. Furthermore, to evaluate the preventive and curative activity of modified-GNNPs, ex vivo experiments on healthy or colonised nails were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data showed that MIX-modified-GNNP had preventive activity as it inhibits the fungal growth by releasing its active ingredients for 7 days, while the OE-modified GNNP acts as a natural drug showing cytocidal activity on nails colonised by dermatophytes, but it requires two weekly applications.