Civil society's role in improving hypertension control in Latin America.

Despite effort in Latin America to implement the HEARTS initiative, hypertension control is still inadequate. There are many advances in the medical and technical arena, but little to promote political and systemic change. The vibrant civil society that has advanced policy change in tobacco control, food policy, and other public health initiatives can make a crucial contribution to prioritize hypertension control in the political agenda, ensure sustainable funding, promote the procurement of affordable and effective medications, and expand community demand for action. The recommended first step for civil society's involvement is to analyze the political landscape to design an advocacy plan. The political landscape includes a legal analysis, policy mapping, stakeholders mapping, identifying obstacles, mapping community strategies, and risk assessment. The second step is to define policy goals and an advocacy strategy. Based on experience, there would be two main policy goals: to increase political will to make hypertension a top priority, securing necessary resources; and strengthen community awareness and social demand for action. The third step is to develop and implement the advocacy plan with the tools familiar to civil society, including building a case for support, advocacy towards decision makers, media advocacy, coalition building, countering the opposition, and civil society monitoring and accountability. To jumpstart this approach, there should be incentives for civil society and a transition for transferring competencies to a new arena. The results would be more sustainable and scalable hypertension control, better health outcomes, and advances toward the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and universal health coverage.

A pesar de los esfuerzos para poner en marcha la iniciativa HEARTS en América Latina, el control de la hipertensión sigue siendo inadecuado. Ha habido muchos avances en el ámbito médico y técnico, pero poco ha logrado hacerse para promover el cambio político y sistémico. La vibrante sociedad civil que ha logrado avances en el cambio de políticas sobre el control del tabaco, las políticas relacionadas con los alimentos y otras iniciativas de salud pública puede realizar una contribución crucial para que se dé prioridad al control de la hipertensión en la agenda política, se garantice la financiación sostenible, se promueva la compra de medicamentos asequibles y efectivos, y se amplíe la demanda de medidas por parte de la comunidad.El primer paso recomendado para lograr la participación de la sociedad civil es analizar el panorama político para diseñar un plan para abogar por la causa. El panorama político incluye el análisis legal, el mapeo de políticas y de las partes interesadas, la definición de los obstáculos y las estrategias comunitarias, y la evaluación de riesgos. El segundo paso es definir los objetivos de las políticas y diseñar una estrategia para abogar por la causa. Con base en la experiencia, las políticas tendrían dos objetivos principales: lograr una mayor voluntad política para convertir la hipertensión en una prioridad absoluta, asegurando los recursos necesarios, y fortalecer la concientización de la comunidad y la demanda de acción por parte de la sociedad. El tercer paso es elaborar y ejecutar un plan para abogar por la causa con herramientas familiares para la sociedad civil, lo que incluye buscar argumentos para lograr el apoyo, abogar ante los responsables de tomar decisiones y los medios de comunicación, crear coaliciones, contrarrestar la oposición, dar seguimiento a la sociedad civil y establecer mecanismos de rendición de cuentas de la sociedad civil.Para impulsar este enfoque, debería haber incentivos para la sociedad civil y una transición para la transferencia de competencias en un nuevo escenario. Los resultados serían un control de la hipertensión más sostenible y ampliable, mejores resultados de salud y avances hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030 y la cobertura universal de salud.

Apesar dos esforços feitos na América Latina para implementar a iniciativa HEARTS, o controle da hipertensão arterial continua sendo inadequado. Houve muitos avanços na área médica e técnica, mas pouco no sentido de promover mudanças políticas e sistêmicas. A sociedade civil vibrante que impulsionou mudanças nas políticas de controle do tabaco, na política de alimentação e em outras iniciativas de saúde pública pode fazer uma contribuição fundamental no sentido de priorizar o controle da hipertensão na agenda política, garantir financiamento sustentável, promover a aquisição de medicamentos eficazes a preços acessíveis e aumentar a demanda da comunidade por ações.Recomenda-se que o primeiro passo para envolver a sociedade civil seja uma análise do cenário político para elaborar um plano de promoção da causa. O cenário político inclui análise jurídica, mapeamento de políticas, mapeamento de interessados diretos, identificação de obstáculos, mapeamento de estratégias comunitárias e avaliação de riscos. O segundo passo é definir metas para as políticas e uma estratégia de promoção da causa. Com base em experiências anteriores, as políticas teriam duas metas principais: aumentar o compromisso político de dar prioridade máxima à hipertensão, assegurando os recursos necessários, e fortalecer a conscientização da comunidade e a demanda social por ações. O terceiro passo é desenvolver e implementar o plano de promoção da causa utilizando ferramentas já familiares para a sociedade civil, como a elaboração de argumentos para obter apoio, a defesa da causa junto a tomadores de decisão, a promoção nos meios de comunicação, a formação de coalizões, o combate a oponentes e o monitoramento e responsabilização da sociedade civil.Para alavancar essa abordagem, deve haver incentivos para a sociedade civil, com uma transição para a transferência de competências para uma nova área. Os resultados seriam um controle mais sustentável e expansível da hipertensão, melhores resultados de saúde e avanços em direção aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2030 e à cobertura universal de saúde.

Food advertising on Argentinean television: are ultra-processed foods in the lead?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the number of processed and ultra-processed food (PUPF) advertisements (ads) targeted to children on Argentinean television (TV), to analyse the advertising techniques used and the nutritional quality of the foods advertised, and to determine the potential exposure of children to unhealthy food advertising in our country. DESIGN: Five free-to-air channels and the three most popular children's cable networks were recorded from 07.00 to 22.00 hours for 6 weeks. Ads were classified by target audience, type of product, advertised food categories and advertising strategies used. The NOVA system was used to classify food products according to industrial food processing level. Nutritional quality was analysed using the Pan American Health Organization's nutrient profile model. SETTING: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Results are considered applicable to most of the country. SUBJECTS: The study did not involve human subjects. RESULTS: Of the sample of food ads, PUPF products were more frequently advertised during children's programmes (98·9 %) v. programmes targeted to the general audience (93·7 %, χ 2=45·92, P<0·01). The top five food categories were desserts, dairy products, non-alcoholic sugary beverages, fast-food restaurants, and salty snacks. Special promotions and the appearance of cartoon characters were much more frequent in ads targeting children. Argentinean children are estimated to be exposed to sixty-one ads for unhealthy PUPF products per week. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that Argentinean children are exposed to a high number of unhealthy PUPF ads on TV. The Argentinean Government should build on this information to design and implement a comprehensive policy to reduce exposure to unhealthy food marketing that includes TV and other communication channels and places.

Analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina: the impact of price changes on consumption and government revenues.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate cigarette demand and to simulate a tax policy targeted to reduce tobacco consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Demand was estimated using a vector error correction model. Simulation exercises present the impact of a tax increase on consumption and revenues. RESULTS:: Changes in real income and the real price of cigarettes affect the demand for cigarettes in Argentina. The long term price elasticity is 0.279 (a 10% increase in real prices reduces cigarette consumption by 2.79% per quarter) and the long term income elasticity is 0.411 (a 10% increase in real income raises consumption by 4.11% per quarter). Even in a conservative scenario, simulations show that increasing the price of cigarettes by 100% using excise taxes would maximize revenues and reduce cigarette consumption. CONCLUSION:: There is sufficient room to increase taxes, reducing cigarette consumption, while still increasing tax revenues.

Effectiveness of an Intervention to Teach Physicians How to Assist Patients to Quit Smoking in Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated an intervention to teach physicians how to help their smoking patients quit compared to usual care in Argentina. METHODS: Physicians were recruited from six clinical systems and randomized to intervention (didactic curriculum in two 3-hour sessions) or usual care. Smoking patients who saw participating physicians within 30 days of the intervention (index clinical visit) were randomly sampled and interviewed by telephone with follow-up surveys at months 6 and 12 after the index clinical visit. Outcomes were tobacco abstinence (main), quit attempt in the past month, use of medications to quit smoking, and cigarettes per day. Repeated measures on the same participants were accommodated via generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four physicians were randomized; average age 44.5 years, 53% women and 12% smoked. Of 1378 smoking patients surveyed, 81% were women and 45% had more than 12 years of education. At 1 month, most patients (77%) reported daily smoking, 20% smoked some days and 3% had quit. Mean cigarettes smoked per day was 12.9 (SD = 8.8) and 49% were ready to quit within the year. Intention-to-treat analyses did not show significant group differences in quit rates at 12 months when assuming outcome response was missing at random (23% vs. 24.1%, P = .435). Using missing=smoking imputation rule, quit rates were not different at 12 months (15.6% vs. 16.4% P = .729). Motivated smokers were more likely to quit at 6 months (17.7% vs. 9.6%, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Training in tobacco cessation for physicians did not improve abstinence among their unselected smoking patients.

Real price and affordability as challenges for effective tobacco control policies: an analysis for Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of cigarettes' real price and affordability during the last decade in Argentina. METHODS: To analyze the real price of cigarettes, the weighted average monthly price of a pack of 20 cigarettes was divided by the consumer price index (CPI) from 2004 to 2014. The relative income price (RIP) was evaluated for the same period, defining RIP as the percentage of the income required to buy 100 packs of 20-per-pack cigarettes. The RIP was calculated for first-quartile, median, and third-quartile income groups. The lower the RIP, the higher the affordability. RESULTS: The nominal price of a pack of 20 cigarettes sold in Argentina increased from AR$ 2.24 in March 2004 to AR$ 14.36 in June 2014 (nominal price increase of about 19.7% per year). The real price fell from AR$ 2.24 in March 2004 to AR$ 2.11 in June 2014 (real price drop of about 0.6% per year). Between June 2004 and June 2014, the RIP decreased about 39% for the 3rd quartile income group (from 31.3% to 19.2%), about 42% for the median (from 55.7% to 32.0%), and about 50% for the 1st quartile (from 104.4% to 51.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In Argentina, inflation and rising income were greater than growth in cigarette prices. Cigarette affordability increased for each income group, with the highest shifts occurring among the poorest and most vulnerable income earners. The increased affordability of cigarettes might reduce the impact of implemented tobacco control policies.

Ending Trans Fat-The First-Ever Global Elimination Program for a Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor: JACC International.

Industrially produced trans fat (iTFA) is a harmful compound created as a substitute for animal and saturated fats. Estimated to cause up to 500,000 deaths per year, it is replaceable. In 2018, Resolve to Save Lives, the World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Advocacy Incubator, and NCD Alliance partnered to achieve global trans fat elimination. The WHO Director-General called for the elimination of trans fat by 2023 through best practice policies outlined in the WHO REPLACE package. Since the accelerated global efforts in 2018, 43 countries have adopted best practice regulations protecting an additional 3.2 billion people and building momentum toward global elimination. Current coverage will prevent 66% of deaths estimated to be caused each year by trans fat in foods. Despite producing and selling iTFA-free products in many countries, companies continue to sell iTFA-containing products in unregulated markets. Global incentives, accountability mechanisms, and regional policies will help achieve the elimination goal.

Smoke-free environments: age, sex, and educational disparity in 25 Argentinean cities.

BACKGROUND: There is scarce evidence of secondhand smoke (SHS) and disparity in developing countries. We evaluated the relationship between socio-demographic variables and secondhand smoke-related factors in Argentina. METHODS: We conducted a randomized telephone survey (2008/2009) in 25 Argentinean cities. We included a sample of 160 respondents per city stratified by sex and age. We used different generalized multivariate regression models with a confidence interval of 95 % for the five outcome variables. RESULTS: We sampled 4,000 respondents, 52.2 % women, 36 % adolescents and young adults (15-29 years), 58 % ≥12 years of education, and 72.6 % nonsmokers. Support to 100 % smoke-free environment legislation was higher in older than in younger respondents, OR = 1.5 (IC: 1.2-2.0), and in people with higher education levels, OR = 1.2 (IC: 1.1-1.4). Exposure to SHS was significantly lower in men than in women at home and in public places, IRR = 0.7 (IC: 0.5-0.9) and IRR  = 0.8 (IC: 0.6-0.9), respectively. Older respondents reported lower exposure at home and in public places than adolescents and young adults, IRR = 0.6 (IC: 0.4-0.8) and IRR = 0.4 (IC: 0.3-0.5), respectively. People with higher education levels had a higher level of exposure in indoor public places than less educated people, IRR = 1.1 (IC: 1.1-1.2). Knowledge of respiratory disease in children caused by SHS exposure was lower in men than in women, RRR = 0.3 (IC: 0.1-0.6). Perceived compliance was higher in men than in women, OR = 1.4 (IC: 1.1-1.8) and in people with higher education levels, OR = 1.2 (IC: 1.1-1.4). Older and more educated respondents were more empowered than. younger and less educated people, OR = 1.5 (IC: 1.2-1.9) and OR = 1.2 (IC: 1.1-1.3), respectively. Reference groups for each variable were age: 15-29; education: ≤7 years; and sex: men. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to explore socio-demographic variables regarding secondhand smoke in our country. Women and younger people are more vulnerable to SHS-related factors in Argentina.

Economic evaluation of a 100% smoke-free law on the hospitality industry in an Argentinean province.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the economic impact of a 100% smoke-free law on bars and restaurants in an Argentinean province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a time series analysis of restaurant and bar revenues in the province of Santa Fe 31 months before and 29 months after the implementation of the 100% smoke-free environment law. The neighboring province of Entre Rios without smoking restrictions at the time of this study, was used as the control province. RESULTS: Average taxable revenues post-legislation in the province of Santa Fe as a whole and in the two most important cities were higher when compared to the total provincial revenue pre-legislation. No significant differences were observed with the total revenue from the province of Entre Rios. CONCLUSIONS: We found no statistically significant evidence that the 100% smoke-free environment legislation in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, had a negative impact on the revenues of local bars and restaurants.

The impact of a 100% smoke-free law on the health of hospitality workers from the city of Neuquén, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of 100% smoke-free environment legislation on respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms and respiratory function among bar and restaurant workers from the city of Neuquén, Argentina. METHODS: Pre-ban and post-ban studies without a comparison group in an Argentinean city were conducted. A baseline survey and spirometric measurements were performed with a total of 80 bar and restaurant workers 1 month before (October 2007) and 3 months after (March 2008) the implementation of the new 100% smoke-free legislation. RESULTS: A significant reduction in secondhand smoke exposure was observed after the enactment and enforcement of the new legislation, and an important reduction in respiratory symptoms (from a pre-ban level of 57.5% to a post-ban level of only 28.8%). The reduction of sensory irritation symptoms was even higher. From 86.3% of workers who reported at least one sensory irritation symptom in October 2007, only 37.5% reported the same symptoms in March 2008. Also, data obtained by spirometry showed a significant forced vital capacity increase. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with other studies, 100% smoke-free legislation improved short-term health outcomes in the sample and should be implemented nationwide. Furthermore, undertaking this study has been highly important in promoting 100% smoke-free environment legislation at the workplace as a legitimate right of hospitality workers, and in reducing social acceptance of designated smoking areas in bars and restaurants.

The role of organized civil society in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Civil society has been the engine that has permitted many of the accomplishments seen in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, the role of civil society is not clearly understood. Civil society plays five main roles: advocate, coalition builder, provider of evidence-based information, watchdog and service provider. Some of these roles are played weakly by civil society in the region and should be encouraged to support beneficial societal change. Civil society working in tobacco control has evolved over the years to now become more professionalized. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use have brought about significant change with positive and negative consequences. Strengthening civil society not only supports the tobacco control movement but it provides competencies that may be used in many ways to promote change in democratic societies.

Informing effective smokefree policies in Argentina: air quality monitoring study in 15 cities (2007-2009).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate indoor air pollution in hospitality venues in Argentina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PM2.5 levels were measured in a convenience sample of venues in 15 cities with different legislative contexts following a protocol developed by Roswell Park Cancer Institute. RESULTS: 554 samples were collected. Across all 5 smoke free cities the mean PM2.5 level was lower during daytime vs. evening hours, 24 vs. 98 PM2.5 respectively (p=.012). In the three cities evaluated before and after legislation, PM2.5 levels decreased dramatically (p<0.001 each). Overall, PM2.5 levels were 5 times higher in cities with no legislation vs. smoke free cities (p<0.001). In cities with designated smoking areas, PM2.5 levels were not statistically different between smoking and non-smoking areas (p=0.272). Non-smoking areas had significantly higher PM2.5 levels compared to 100% smoke free venues in the same city (twofold higher) (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the participating cities in this study had significantly lower PM2.5 levels after the implementation of 100% smoke free legislation. Hence, it represents a useful tool to promote 100% smoke free policies in Argentina.

Benefits and potential risks of intensive goals in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials / Beneficios y riesgos potenciales de las metas intensivas en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos

Introduction and objectives: There is controversy regarding the most appropriate goals for blood pressure control. We assess the benefits and risks of chossing different therapeutic thresholds. Methods: We perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of large clinical trials in order to assess the impact of different therapeutic strategies on the reduction of cardiovascular events and the development of serious adverse effects. Results: Four trials with 29,820 participants were included, with mean age of 65 ± 7.9 years; 42.2% were women and 22% were diabetic. Overall, intensive goals showed a non-significant trend towards reducing cardiovascular mortality (relative risk [RR]: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-1.07; p=0.16) with non-impact in total mortality (p=0.45) and with moderate heterogeneity among the included trials (I index [I]2:44 and 59% respectively). Nevertheless, intensive goals reduce non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70-0.91; p=0.0003), being consistent in all the analyzed trials (I2: 0%). Regarding adverse effects, intensive goals caused more emergency consultations or hospitalization (RR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.59-2.46; p<0.0001; I2: 14%), with no clear increase in renal failure (RR: 1.65; 95% CI: 0.94-2.89) but with increase in falls and syncope (RR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.56-3.67; p<0.0001; I2: 28%). Conclusion: Intensive blood pressure goals reduce non-fatal cardiovascular events, without reduction in mortality, and with an increase of risk of adverse events. These results suggest that individual goals should be set according to the risk of each patient. ­ Clinical trial registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020149134).

Introducción y objetivos: Existe controversia respecto a las metas más adecuadas para el control de la presión arterial. Debido a ello nos propusimos valorar los beneficios y riesgos de adoptar distintos umbrales terapéuticos. Método: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos de grandes dimensiones a fin de valorar el impacto de las distintas estrategias terapéuticas en la reducción de eventos cardiovasculares y desarrollo de efectos adversos serios. Resultados: Se incluyeron cuatro ensayos con 29,820 participantes, con edad media de 65±7.9 años. El 42.2% eran mujeres y el 22% eran diabéticos. Globalmente las metas intensivas mostraron una tendencia no significativa hacia la reducción de la mortalidad cardiovascular (riesgo relativo [RR]: 0.89; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0.68-1.07; p=0.16) sin impacto en la mortalidad total (p=0.45) y con moderada heterogeneidad entre los ensayos (índice I [I]2: 44 y 59% respectivamente). En cambio, sí redujeron eventos cardiovasculares no fatales (RR: 0.82; IC 95%: 0.70-0.91; p = 0.0003), siendo esto consistente en los ensayos analizados (I2: 0%). Respecto a los efectos adversos, las metas intensivas generaron más consultas a guardia o internaciones (RR: 1.98; IC 95%: 1.59-2.46; p<0.0001; I2: 14%), sin claro incremento en la insuficiencia renal (RR: 1.65; IC95%: 0.94-2.89) y con aumento de las caídas y síncope (RR: 2.39; IC 95%: 1.56-3.67; p<0.0001; I2: 28%). Conclusión: Metas intensivas de presión arterial reducen eventos cardiovasculares no fatales, sin impacto en la mortalidad, y con un incremento en el riesgo de eventos adversos. Parecería razonable individualizar los objetivos terapéuticos de acuerdo con el riesgo de cada paciente. Registro: PROSPERO (CRD42020149134).

Smokefree environments in Latin America: on the road to real change?

Latin American countries are experiencing an increasing burden of tobacco-related diseases. Smoke free policies are cost-effective interventions to control both exposure of nonsmokers to the toxic chemicals in secondhand tobacco smoke and to reduce the prevalence of smoking and its consequent morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has created momentum in Latin America to implement meaningful tobacco control policies. As of August 2007, Uruguay, two provinces and three cities in Argentina, and one state in Venezuela, had passed, regulated, and enforced 100% smokefree legislation. The tobacco industry, working through local subsidiaries, has been the strongest obstacle in achieving this goal and has prevented progress elsewhere in the region. During the 1990s, transnational tobacco companies Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco developed voluntary initiatives ("Courtesy of Choice" and "Environmental Tobacco Smoke Consultancy" programs) to prevent effective smokefree policies. Another important barrier in the region has often been a weak and fragmented local civil society. Opportunities in the region that should be taken into account are a high public support for smokefree environments and increasing capacity building available from international collaboration on tobacco control. Policymakers and tobacco control advocates should prioritize the implementation of smokefree policies in Latin America to protect nonsmokers, reduce smoking prevalence with its economic and disease burden in the region.

Analysis of a voluntary initiative to reduce sodium in processed and ultra-processed food products in Argentina: the views of public and private sector representatives.

The Less Salt, More Life program was the first voluntary salt reduction initiative in Argentina. This article analyzes the perspectives of the stakeholders involved in this voluntary agreement between the Ministry of Health and the food industry to gradually reduce sodium content in processed foods. This exploratory case study used a qualitative approach including 29 in-depth interviews with stakeholders from the public and private sectors and identified the role of the different stakeholders and their perceptions regarding the challenges encountered in the policy process that contribute to the debate on public-private partnerships in health policies. The article also discusses the initiative's main challenges and controversies.

Civil society's role in improving hypertension control in Latin America / El papel de la sociedad civil en la mejora del control de la hipertensión en América Latina / O papel da sociedade civil na melhoria do controle da hipertensão arterial na América Latina

ABSTRACT Despite effort in Latin America to implement the HEARTS initiative, hypertension control is still inadequate. There are many advances in the medical and technical arena, but little to promote political and systemic change. The vibrant civil society that has advanced policy change in tobacco control, food policy, and other public health initiatives can make a crucial contribution to prioritize hypertension control in the political agenda, ensure sustainable funding, promote the procurement of affordable and effective medications, and expand community demand for action. The recommended first step for civil society's involvement is to analyze the political landscape to design an advocacy plan. The political landscape includes a legal analysis, policy mapping, stakeholders mapping, identifying obstacles, mapping community strategies, and risk assessment. The second step is to define policy goals and an advocacy strategy. Based on experience, there would be two main policy goals: to increase political will to make hypertension a top priority, securing necessary resources; and strengthen community awareness and social demand for action. The third step is to develop and implement the advocacy plan with the tools familiar to civil society, including building a case for support, advocacy towards decision makers, media advocacy, coalition building, countering the opposition, and civil society monitoring and accountability. To jumpstart this approach, there should be incentives for civil society and a transition for transferring competencies to a new arena. The results would be more sustainable and scalable hypertension control, better health outcomes, and advances toward the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and universal health coverage.

RESUMEN A pesar de los esfuerzos para poner en marcha la iniciativa HEARTS en América Latina, el control de la hipertensión sigue siendo inadecuado. Ha habido muchos avances en el ámbito médico y técnico, pero poco ha logrado hacerse para promover el cambio político y sistémico. La vibrante sociedad civil que ha logrado avances en el cambio de políticas sobre el control del tabaco, las políticas relacionadas con los alimentos y otras iniciativas de salud pública puede realizar una contribución crucial para que se dé prioridad al control de la hipertensión en la agenda política, se garantice la financiación sostenible, se promueva la compra de medicamentos asequibles y efectivos, y se amplíe la demanda de medidas por parte de la comunidad. El primer paso recomendado para lograr la participación de la sociedad civil es analizar el panorama político para diseñar un plan para abogar por la causa. El panorama político incluye el análisis legal, el mapeo de políticas y de las partes interesadas, la definición de los obstáculos y las estrategias comunitarias, y la evaluación de riesgos. El segundo paso es definir los objetivos de las políticas y diseñar una estrategia para abogar por la causa. Con base en la experiencia, las políticas tendrían dos objetivos principales: lograr una mayor voluntad política para convertir la hipertensión en una prioridad absoluta, asegurando los recursos necesarios, y fortalecer la concientización de la comunidad y la demanda de acción por parte de la sociedad. El tercer paso es elaborar y ejecutar un plan para abogar por la causa con herramientas familiares para la sociedad civil, lo que incluye buscar argumentos para lograr el apoyo, abogar ante los responsables de tomar decisiones y los medios de comunicación, crear coaliciones, contrarrestar la oposición, dar seguimiento a la sociedad civil y establecer mecanismos de rendición de cuentas de la sociedad civil. Para impulsar este enfoque, debería haber incentivos para la sociedad civil y una transición para la transferencia de competencias en un nuevo escenario. Los resultados serían un control de la hipertensión más sostenible y ampliable, mejores resultados de salud y avances hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030 y la cobertura universal de salud.

RESUMO Apesar dos esforços feitos na América Latina para implementar a iniciativa HEARTS, o controle da hipertensão arterial continua sendo inadequado. Houve muitos avanços na área médica e técnica, mas pouco no sentido de promover mudanças políticas e sistêmicas. A sociedade civil vibrante que impulsionou mudanças nas políticas de controle do tabaco, na política de alimentação e em outras iniciativas de saúde pública pode fazer uma contribuição fundamental no sentido de priorizar o controle da hipertensão na agenda política, garantir financiamento sustentável, promover a aquisição de medicamentos eficazes a preços acessíveis e aumentar a demanda da comunidade por ações. Recomenda-se que o primeiro passo para envolver a sociedade civil seja uma análise do cenário político para elaborar um plano de promoção da causa. O cenário político inclui análise jurídica, mapeamento de políticas, mapeamento de interessados diretos, identificação de obstáculos, mapeamento de estratégias comunitárias e avaliação de riscos. O segundo passo é definir metas para as políticas e uma estratégia de promoção da causa. Com base em experiências anteriores, as políticas teriam duas metas principais: aumentar o compromisso político de dar prioridade máxima à hipertensão, assegurando os recursos necessários, e fortalecer a conscientização da comunidade e a demanda social por ações. O terceiro passo é desenvolver e implementar o plano de promoção da causa utilizando ferramentas já familiares para a sociedade civil, como a elaboração de argumentos para obter apoio, a defesa da causa junto a tomadores de decisão, a promoção nos meios de comunicação, a formação de coalizões, o combate a oponentes e o monitoramento e responsabilização da sociedade civil. Para alavancar essa abordagem, deve haver incentivos para a sociedade civil, com uma transição para a transferência de competências para uma nova área. Os resultados seriam um controle mais sustentável e expansível da hipertensão, melhores resultados de saúde e avanços em direção aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2030 e à cobertura universal de saúde.

Use of Smoking Cessation Interventions by Physicians in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Physician-implemented interventions for smoking cessation are effective but infrequently used. We evaluated smoking cessation practices among physicians in Argentina. METHODS: A self-administered survey of physicians from six clinical systems asked about smoking cessation counselling practices, barriers to tobacco use counselling and perceived quality of training received in smoking cessation practices. RESULTS: Of 254 physicians, 52.3% were women, 11.8% were current smokers and 52% never smoked. Perceived quality of training in tobacco cessation counselling was rated as very good or good by 41.8% and as poor/very poor by 58.2%. Most physicians (90%) reported asking and recording smoking status, 89% advised patients to quit smoking but only 37% asked them to set a quit date and 44% prescribed medications. Multivariate analyses showed that Physicians' perceived quality of their training in smoking cessation methods was associated with greater use of evidence-based cessation interventions. (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 2.2-19.1); motivating patients to quit (OR: 7.9 CI 3.44-18.5), assisting patients to quit (OR = 9.9; 95% CI = 4.0-24.2) prescribing medications (OR = 9.6; 95% CI = 3.5-26.7), and setting up follow-up (OR = 13.0; 95% CI = 4.4-38.5). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived quality of training in smoking cessation was associated with using evidence-based interventions and among physicians from Argentina. Medical training programs should enhance the quality of this curriculum.

Sodium content in processed foods in Argentina: compliance with the national law.

BACKGROUND: Despite the body of evidence that documents the unfavorable effects of excessive sodium consumption on blood pressure and cardiovascular health, public health efforts to decrease sodium consumption have been limited to a few countries. Argentina is the first country in Latin America to regulate sodium content of processed foods by means of a national law. The objective of this cross-sectional quantitative study is to provide a baseline comparison against the reduction targets set by the national law before its entry into force. METHODS: Data were collected in February 2014 in a leading supermarket chain located in Buenos Aires. Nutrient data from package labels were analysed for 1,320 products within 14 food groups during the study period. To compare sodium concentration levels with the established maximum levels we matched the collected food groups with the food groups included in the law resulting in a total of 292 products. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS: Food groups with the highest median sodium content were sauces and spreads (866.7 mg/100 g), meat and meat products (750 mg/100 g) and snack foods (644 mg/100 g). Categories with the highest sodium content were appetizers (1,415 mg/100 g), sausages (1,050 mg/100 g) and ready-made meals (940.7 mg/100 g). We also found large variability within products from the same food categories. Products included in the national law correspond to 22.1% (n=292) of the surveyed foods. From the 18 food groups, 15 showed median sodium values below the established targets. Products exceeding the established maximum levels correspond to 15.1% (n=44) of the products included in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first analysis of food labels to determine sodium concentrations of processed foods in Argentina and to provide a baseline against the national law standards. Upon the completion of this analysis, maximum levels have been achieved by most of the food groups included in the law. Thus, the introduction of further reductions for the existing maximum levels and the establishment of sodium targets for all relevant product categories not included in the law should be considered as the next steps in the process.

Beneficios y riesgos potenciales de las metas intensivas en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos / Benefits and potential risks of intensive goals in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Existe controversia respecto a las metas más adecuadas para el control de la presión arterial. Debido a ello nos propusimos valorar los beneficios y riesgos de adoptar distintos umbrales terapéuticos. Métodos: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos de grandes dimensiones a fin de valorar el impacto de las distintas estrategias terapéuticas en la reducción de eventos cardiovasculares y desarrollo de efectos adversos serios. Resultados: Se incluyeron cuatro ensayos con 29,820 participantes, con edad media de 65±7.9 años. El 42.2% eran mujeres y el 22% eran diabéticos. Globalmente las metas intensivas mostraron una tendencia no significativa hacia la reducción de la mortalidad cardiovascular (riesgo relativo [RR]: 0.89; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0.68-1.07; p=0.16) sin impacto en la mortalidad total (p=0.45) y con moderada heterogeneidad entre los ensayos (índice I [I]2: 44 y 59% respectivamente). En cambio, sí redujeron eventos cardiovasculares no fatales (RR: 0.82; IC 95%: 0.70-0.91; p = 0.0003), siendo esto consistente en los ensayos analizados (I2: 0%). Respecto a los efectos adversos, las metas intensivas generaron más consultas a guardia o internaciones (RR: 1.98; IC 95%: 1.59-2.46; p<0.0001; I2: 14%), sin claro incremento en la insuficiencia renal (RR: 1.65; IC95%: 0.94-2.89) y con aumento de las caídas y síncope (RR: 2.39; IC 95%: 1.56-3.67; p<0.0001; I2: 28%). Conclusión: Metas intensivas de presión arterial reducen eventos cardiovasculares no fatales, sin impacto en la mortalidad, y con un incremento en el riesgo de eventos adversos. Parecería razonable individualizar los objetivos terapéuticos de acuerdo con el riesgo de cada paciente. Registro: PROSPERO (CRD42020149134).

Abstract Introduction and objectives: There is controversy regarding the most appropriate goals for blood pressure control. We assess the benefits and risks of chossing different therapeutic thresholds. Methods: We perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of large clinical trials in order to assess the impact of different therapeutic strategies on the reduction of cardiovascular events and the development of serious adverse effects. Results: Four trials with 29,820 participants were included, with mean age of 65 ± 7.9 years; 42.2% were women and 22% were diabetic. Overall, intensive goals showed a non-significant trend towards reducing cardiovascular mortality (relative risk [RR]: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-1.07; p=0.16) with non-impact in total mortality (p=0.45) and with moderate heterogeneity among the included trials (I index [I]2:44 and 59% respectively). Nevertheless, intensive goals reduce non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70-0.91; p=0.0003), being consistent in all the analyzed trials (I2: 0%). Regarding adverse effects, intensive goals caused more emergency consultations or hospitalization (RR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.59-2.46; p<0.0001; I2: 14%), with no clear increase in renal failure (RR: 1.65; 95% CI: 0.94-2.89) but with increase in falls and syncope (RR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.56-3.67; p<0.0001; I2: 28%). Conclusion: Intensive blood pressure goals reduce non-fatal cardiovascular events, without reduction in mortality, and with an increase of risk of adverse events. These results suggest that individual goals should be set according to the risk of each patient. Clinical trial registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020149134).

Cuarta Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo. Visión Nefrológica de los Principales Resultados / Fourth National Survey of Risk Factors. Analysis of the Main Results From a Nephrological Point of View

Resumen La vigilancia epidemiológica constituye una herramienta fundamental de la salud pública, dado que proporciona información confiable y en el momento oportuno para planificar, aplicar y evaluar políticas sanitarias, a nivel local, regional y nacional. El Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud está desarrollado tanto para enfermedades transmisibles como para enfermedades no transmisibles, dentro del cual se encuentran los sistemas de vigilancia de enfermedades crónicas. La Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo forma parte del Sistema de Vigilancia de Enfermedades no Transmisibles y del Sistema Integrado de Encuestas a Hogares, proporcionando información válida, confiable y oportuna sobre factores de riesgo (consumo de tabaco, alcohol, alimentación, actividad física, etc.), procesos de atención en el sistema de salud, y principales enfermedades no transmisibles en la población argentina (hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad, entre otras).

Abstract Epidemiologic surveillance constitutes a fundamental tool for public health, given it provides reliable information at the right time to plan, implement and evaluate health policies at a local level as well as at a regional/national one. The National Health Surveillance System was developed both for communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases; the latter fall within the scope of chronic disease surveillance systems. The National Survey of Risk Factors, which is part of the Non-communicable Diseases Surveillance System and the Household Survey Integrated System, provides timely, reliable, valid information about risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, physical activity); attention processes in the health system and main NCD in the argentine population (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, among others).