Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalization After Sotrovimab in Patients With Hematologic Malignancy During the BA.1 Omicron Surge.

BACKGROUND: Sotrovimab is an anti-spike neutralization monoclonal antibody developed to reduce the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression and advancement to hospitalization in high-risk patients. Currently, there is limited research describing the association of sotrovimab treatment in patients with hematologic malignancy and the predictive factors of hospitalization. METHODS: We performed an observational study of 156 consecutive cancer patients who received sotrovimab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City during the BA.1 Omicron surge. We evaluated the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients who had subsequent COVID-19-related hospitalization(s) compared to those who did not. RESULTS: Among the 156 study patients, 17 (11%) were hospitalized, of whom 4 were readmitted for COVID-19-related complications; 3 deaths were attributed to COVID-19. Results from multivariable logistic regression show that significant factors associated with hospitalization include patients on anti-CD20 therapy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.59 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.73-18.12]; P = .004) and with relapse/refractory disease (aOR, 5.69 [95% CI, 1.69-19.16]; P = .005). Additionally, whole genome sequencing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detected high occurrences of mutations in the spike gene associated with treatment-related resistance longitudinal samples from 11 patients treated with sotrovimab. CONCLUSIONS: While sotrovimab is effective at reducing COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity in patients with hematologic malignancy when administered early, patients who received anti-CD20 antibodies showed substantial morbidity. Due to the high potential for resistance mutation to sotrovimab and increased morbidity in patients on anti-CD20 therapy, combination treatment should be explored to determine whether it provides added benefits compared to monotherapy.

Association Between Biliary Pathogens, Surgical Site Infection, and Pancreatic Fistula: Results of a Randomized Trial of Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Pancreatoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the association between bactibilia and postoperative complications when stratified by perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy experience high rates of surgical site infection (SSI) and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF). Contaminated bile is known to be associated with SSI, but the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in mitigation of infectious risks is ill-defined. METHODS: Intraoperative bile cultures (IOBCs) were collected as an adjunct to a randomized phase 3 clinical trial comparing piperacillin-tazobactam with cefoxitin as perioperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy. After compilation of IOBC data, associations between culture results, SSI, and CR-POPF were assessed using logistic regression stratified by the presence of a preoperative biliary stent. RESULTS: Of 778 participants in the clinical trial, IOBC were available for 247 participants. Overall, 68 (27.5%) grew no organisms, 37 (15.0%) grew 1 organism, and 142 (57.5%) were polymicrobial. Organisms resistant to cefoxitin but not piperacillin-tazobactam were present in 95 patients (45.2%). The presence of cefoxitin-resistant organisms, 92.6% of which contained either Enterobacter spp. or Enterococcus spp., was associated with the development of SSI in participants treated with cefoxitin [53.5% vs 25.0%; odds ratio (OR)=3.44, 95% CI: 1.50-7.91; P =0.004] but not those treated with piperacillin-tazobactam (13.5% vs 27.0%; OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.14-1.29; P =0.128). Similarly, cefoxitin-resistant organisms were associated with CR-POPF in participants treated with cefoxitin (24.1% vs 5.8%; OR=3.45, 95% CI: 1.22-9.74; P =0.017) but not those treated with piperacillin-tazobactam (5.4% vs 4.8%; OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.30-2.80; P =0.888). CONCLUSIONS: Previously observed reductions in SSI and CR-POPF in patients that received piperacillin-tazobactam antibiotic prophylaxis are potentially mediated by biliary pathogens that are cefoxitin resistant, specifically Enterobacter spp. and Enterococcus spp.

Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infection after receipt of AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) for pre-exposure prophylaxis among hematologic malignancy patients.

AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) is a combination of two human monoclonal antibodies for pre-exposure prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among high-risk patients who do not mount a reliable vaccine response. Foremost among these are hematologic malignancy patients with limited clinical trial or realworld experience to assess the effectiveness of this combination treatment since the emergence of Omicron and its subvariants. We performed a retrospective study of 892 high-risk hematologic malignancy patients who received AZD7442 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City from January 1, 2022 to July 31, 2022. We evaluated demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and performed regression analyses to evaluate risk factors for breakthrough infection. We also evaluated the impact of updated AZD7442 dosing regimens on the risk of breakthrough infection. Among 892 patients, 98 (10.9%) had a breakthrough infection during the study period. A majority received early outpatient treatment (82%) and eventually eight (8.2%) required hospitalization for management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), with a single instance of severe COVID-19 and death. Patients who received a repeat dose or a higher firsttime dose of AZD7442 had a lower incidence of breakthrough infection. Univariate analyses did not reveal any significant predictors of breakthrough infection. While AZD7442 is effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in patients with hematologic malignancies, no risk factors reliably predicted risk of infection. Patients who received updated dosing regimens as per Food and Drug Administration guidelines had better protection against breakthrough infection.

Piperacillin-Tazobactam Compared With Cefoxitin as Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Despite improvements in perioperative mortality, the incidence of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) remains high after pancreatoduodenectomy. The effect of broad-spectrum antimicrobial surgical prophylaxis in reducing SSI is poorly understood. Objective: To define the effect of broad-spectrum perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis on postoperative SSI incidence compared with standard care antibiotics. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pragmatic, open-label, multicenter, randomized phase 3 clinical trial at 26 hospitals across the US and Canada. Participants were enrolled between November 2017 and August 2021, with follow-up through December 2021. Adults undergoing open pancreatoduodenectomy for any indication were eligible. Individuals were excluded if they had allergies to study medications, active infections, chronic steroid use, significant kidney dysfunction, or were pregnant or breastfeeding. Participants were block randomized in a 1:1 ratio and stratified by the presence of a preoperative biliary stent. Participants, investigators, and statisticians analyzing trial data were unblinded to treatment assignment. Intervention: The intervention group received piperacillin-tazobactam (3.375 or 4 g intravenously) as perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, while the control group received cefoxitin (2 g intravenously; standard care). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was development of postoperative SSI within 30 days. Secondary end points included 30-day mortality, development of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula, and sepsis. All data were collected as part of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Results: The trial was terminated at an interim analysis on the basis of a predefined stopping rule. Of 778 participants (378 in the piperacillin-tazobactam group [median age, 66.8 y; 233 {61.6%} men] and 400 in the cefoxitin group [median age, 68.0 y; 223 {55.8%} men]), the percentage with SSI at 30 days was lower in the perioperative piperacillin-tazobactam vs cefoxitin group (19.8% vs 32.8%; absolute difference, -13.0% [95% CI, -19.1% to -6.9%]; P < .001). Participants treated with piperacillin-tazobactam, vs cefoxitin, had lower rates of postoperative sepsis (4.2% vs 7.5%; difference, -3.3% [95% CI, -6.6% to 0.0%]; P = .02) and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (12.7% vs 19.0%; difference, -6.3% [95% CI, -11.4% to -1.2%]; P = .03). Mortality rates at 30 days were 1.3% (5/378) among participants treated with piperacillin-tazobactam and 2.5% (10/400) among those receiving cefoxitin (difference, -1.2% [95% CI, -3.1% to 0.7%]; P = .32). Conclusions and Relevance: In participants undergoing open pancreatoduodenectomy, use of piperacillin-tazobactam as perioperative prophylaxis reduced postoperative SSI, pancreatic fistula, and multiple downstream sequelae of SSI. The findings support the use of piperacillin-tazobactam as standard care for open pancreatoduodenectomy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03269994.

Impact of a Rapid Molecular Test for Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Ceftazidime-Avibactam Use on Outcomes After Bacteremia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales.

BACKGROUND: Patients with bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) experience delays until appropriate therapy and high mortality rates. Rapid molecular diagnostics for carbapenemases and new ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitors may improve outcomes. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of patients with CRE bacteremia from 2016 to 2018 at 8 New York and New Jersey medical centers and assessed center-specific clinical microbiology practices. We compared time to receipt of active antimicrobial therapy and mortality between patients whose positive blood cultures underwent rapid molecular testing for the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) gene (blaKPC) and patients whose cultures did not undergo this test. CRE isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution and carbapenemase profiling by whole-genome sequencing. We also assessed outcomes when ceftazidime-avibactam and polymyxins were used as targeted therapies. RESULTS: Of 137 patients with CRE bacteremia, 89 (65%) had a KPC-producing organism. Patients whose blood cultures underwent blaKPC PCR testing (n = 51) had shorter time until receipt of active therapy (median: 24 vs 50 hours; P = .009) compared with other patients (n = 86) and decreased 14-day (16% vs 37%; P = .007) and 30-day (24% vs 47%; P = .007) mortality. blaKPC PCR testing was associated with decreased 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio: .37; 95% CI: .16-.84) in an adjusted model. The 30-day mortality rate was 10% with ceftazidime-avibactam monotherapy and 31% with polymyxin monotherapy (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: In a KPC-endemic area, blaKPC PCR testing of positive blood cultures was associated with decreased time until appropriate therapy and decreased mortality for CRE bacteremia, and ceftazidime-avibactam is a reasonable first-line therapy for these infections.

How I prevent infections in patients receiving CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells for B-cell malignancies.

Adoptive immunotherapy using B-cell-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells to treat hematologic malignancies is transforming cancer care for patients with refractory or relapsed diseases. Recent and anticipated regulatory approval for products targeting acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma have led to global implementation of these novel treatments. The rapidity of commercial utilization of CAR-T-cell therapy has created a largely unexplored gap in patient supportive-care approaches. Such approaches are critical in these complex patients given their high net state of immunosuppression prior to CAR-T-cell infusion coupled with unique acute and persistent insults to their immune function after CAR-T-cell infusion. In this "How I Treat" article, we focus on key questions that arise during 3 phases of management for patients receiving CD19-targeted CAR-T cells: pre CAR-T-cell infusion, immediate post CAR-T-cell infusion, and long-term follow-up. A longitudinal patient case is presented for each phase to highlight fundamental issues including infectious diseases screening, antimicrobial prophylaxis, immunoglobulin supplementation, risk factors for infection, and vaccination. We hope this discussion will provide a framework for institutions and health care providers to formulate their own approach to preventing infections in light of the paucity of data specific to this treatment modality.

Efficacy and safety of isavuconazole compared with voriconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

Voriconazole is frequently discontinued prematurely as primary antifungal prophylaxis (AFP) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients due to adverse events. Limited data exists for isavuconazole as AFP. We analyzed adult HCT recipients who received voriconazole or isavuconazole AFP to estimate rate of premature AFP discontinuation, identify risk factors for premature AFP discontinuation, and compare incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) and survival at day + 180 post-HCT between patients who received voriconazole/isavuconazole-AFP. This was a propensity score matched cohort analysis of 210 HCT-recipients who received voriconazole-AFP (9/1/2014-12/31/2016; voriconazole-cohort), and 95 HCT-recipients who received isavuconazole-AFP (5/1/2017-10/31/2018; isavuconazole-cohort). AFP discontinuation for any reason prior to completion was defined as "premature". Median (interquartile range, IQR) duration of AFP was longer in the isavuconazole-cohort (94 days, 87-100) vs. the voriconazole-cohort (76 days, 23-94; P-value < 0.0001). Premature AFP discontinuation was more frequent in the voriconazole-cohort (92/210, 43.8%) vs. the isavuconazole-cohort (14/95, 14.7%; P-value < 0.0001). The most common reason for premature discontinuation was biochemical hepatotoxicity (voriconazole-cohort: 48/210, 22.8% vs. isavuconazole-cohort: 5/95, 5.26%; P-value = 0.0002). Transaminase values between baseline and end-of-treatment (EOT) and up to 14 days post-EOT significantly increased in the voriconazole-cohort, but remained unchanged in the isavuconazole-cohort. The incidence of IFI at day + 180 was 2.9% (6/210) and 3.2% (3/95) in the voriconazole-cohort and isavuconazole-cohort, respectively (P-value = 0.881). All-cause mortality at day + 180 was 2.4% (5/210) and 6.3% (6/95) in the voriconazole-cohort and isavuconazole-cohort, respectively (P-value = 0.089). When compared to voriconazole, isavuconazole was a safer and as effective primary AFP during the first 3 months after HCT. LAY SUMMARY: When compared to voriconazole, isavuconazole is a safer and as effective primary antifungal prophylaxis during the first 3 months after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, with lower rates of hepatotoxicity, and similar rates of fungal infections and all-cause mortality.

Quality improvement initiative to reduce variability and improve stewardship of antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostate needle biopsy.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of implementing the recommendations included in the 2014 American Urological Association (AUA) white paper on complications of transrectal prostate needle biopsy (PNB). METHODS: In the outpatient setting of a single tertiary-care institution, prophylactic antibiotic use and rate of infectious complications were compared before and after implementation by nursing of a standardized algorithm to select antibiotic prophylaxis (derived from the recommendations of the AUA white paper). The 584 patients in cohort A (January 2011-January 2012) received antimicrobial prophylaxis at the discretion of the treating physician; 654 patients in cohort B (January 2014-January 2015) received standardized risk-adapted antibiotic prophylaxis. Data on antibiotics administered and infectious complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Fluoroquinolone was the most common prophylactic regimen in both cohorts. In cohort A, 73% of men received a single-drug regimen, although 19 different regimens were utilized with duration of 72 h. In cohort B, 97% received 1 of 4 standardized single-drug antibiotic regimens for duration of 24 h. Infectious complications occurred in 19 men (3.3%) in cohort A, and in 18 men (2.8%) in cohort B (difference - 0.5%; one-sided 95% CI 1.1%). No clinically relevant increase in infectious complication rates was found after implementing this quality improvement initiative. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a standardized risk-adapted approach to select antibiotic prophylaxis for PNB by nursing staff reduced the duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis and number of antibiotic regimens used, without increasing the rate of infectious complications. Our findings validate the current AUA recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis.

Impact of Empiric Treatment for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in Colonized Patients Early after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

In recent years, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization is being increasingly encountered in transplant recipients, and VRE has become one of the leading causes of bacteremia early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Data are sparse on the effect of empiric VRE therapy for febrile, neutropenic allo-HSCT recipients colonized with VRE. All allo-HSCT recipients aged ≥18years who developed VRE bacteremia (VREB) between 2005 and 2014 were identified and categorized as to whether they received empiric or directed VRE therapy. There were 434 (33%) VRE-colonized and 872 (67%) non-VRE-colonized patients during the study period, and 172 of the 434 (40%) VRE-colonized patients received empiric therapy. There was no significant difference in incidence of VREB among colonized patients who did or did not receive empiric therapy (28 of 172 [16%] vs 55 of 262 [21%]; P = .22). There were 95 patients with VREB, of which the majority (83 of 95; 87%) was known to be VRE-colonized. Of the 95 VREB episodes, 29 (31%) were treated with empiric VRE therapy, whereas 66 (69%) were treated with directed therapy. No significant differences in clinical outcomes, including median duration of bacteremia (2 days vs 2 days; P = .39), recurrent VREB (3 of 29 [10%] vs 5 of 66 [8%]; P = .65), 30-day all-cause mortality (1 of 29 [3%] vs 4 of 66 [6%]; P = .62), or VRE-attributable mortality (1 of 29 [3%] vs 1 of 66 [2%]; P = .55), were observed between the empiric therapy and directed therapy groups. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed no significant difference in survival at 30days in allo-HSCT recipients with VREB who received empiric therapy and those who received directed therapy (97% vs 94%; P = .62). Based on our data, we recommend against empiric use of VRE-active agents for fever and neutropenia in VRE-colonized patients undergoing allo-HSCT.

Impact of Eliminating Postprocedural Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients without Biliary Instrumentation or Bypass Undergoing Hepatic Artery Embolization for Hepatic Malignancies.

PURPOSE: To assess the infection rate after eliminating postprocedural antibiotics in patients undergoing hepatic artery embolization (HAE) for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this historical cohort study, adults ≥18 years of age without prior biliary instrumentation or bypass who underwent HAE and received pre- and postprocedure antibiotic prophylaxis between September 1, 2014, and August 31, 2015, comprised group A, whereas similar patients receiving only preprocedure antibiotic prophylaxis between October 1, 2015, and September 30, 2016, comprised group B. Procedures conducted between September 1, 2015, and September 30, 2015, were excluded. The primary outcome was any infection occurring within 30 days of HAE. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients underwent 204 HAE procedures in group A, and 171 patients underwent 221 procedures in group B. Cefazolin given as a 1-g dose (or 2 grams if obese) was administered in 391 of 425 evaluable procedures (92%). Clindamycin plus gentamicin was prescribed in 34 patients (8%) who had severe penicillin allergy. There was significant improvement in adherence to the postprocedure antibiotic regimen, from 68% (138 of 204 procedures) to 98% (216 of 221 procedures) (P < .001) with elimination of postprocedure prophylaxis. There were no significant differences in 30-day infection rates (5 [3%] vs. 5 [2%]; P = .57), hospital readmissions (13 [6%] vs. 12 [5%]; P = .68), or all-cause mortality (3 [1%] vs. 3 [1%]; P = .62) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elimination of postprocedural antibiotics after HAE did not lead to an increase in infectious complications. This finding supports the 2018 Society of Interventional Radiology recommendation for preprocedural prophylaxis only for HAE in the setting of an intact sphincter of Oddi.

Letermovir for primary and secondary cytomegalovirus prevention in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: Real-world experience.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) patients. We evaluated the efficacy of letermovir as primary and secondary prophylaxis in 53 CMV-seropositive hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. 70% of patients were at high risk for CMV reactivation and disease (primarily ex vivo T-cell-depleted HCT [n = 18; 34%] or haploidentical T-replete HCT [n = 12; 23%]). This was a retrospective, single-center study which identified patients transplanted between January 2018 and June 2018. Patients were followed through September 2018. The primary outcome was the incidence of clinically significant CMV infection (CMV viremia requiring preemptive treatment or CMV disease). Primary letermovir prophylaxis started at a median of 7 days (range, 7-40) after allo-HCT. The median duration of primary letermovir prophylaxis was 116 days (range, 12-221). With primary prophylaxis in 39 patients, the observed CMV reactivation rate was 5.1%. Twenty-nine patients continued primary prophylaxis beyond 14 weeks with a reactivation rate of 3.4%. No recurrent reactivation was seen with secondary prophylaxis of an additional 14 patients. Our experience demonstrates the efficacy of letermovir in a real-world setting for CMV prevention for the first 14 weeks and continued efficacy when given longer than 14 weeks after allogeneic stem cell transplantation or as secondary prophylaxis.

Cytokine Release Syndrome Grade as a Predictive Marker for Infections in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells that target the CD19 antigen present a novel promising therapy for the treatment of relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Although cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity have emerged as predominant noninfectious complications of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy, infections associated with this treatment modality have not been well documented. Methods: We analyzed infectious complications that followed CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in 53 adult patients with relapsed B-ALL enrolled in a phase I clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (NCT01044069). Results: Overall, 22 patients (42%) experienced 26 infections (17 bacterial, 4 fungal, and 5 viral) within the first 30 days of CAR T-cell infusion. In 10 of 32 (31%) patients in whom complete remission was achieved, 15 infections developed between days 31 and 180; the majority of these late infections were due to respiratory viruses. In general, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections were detected at a median of 18, 23, and 48 days, respectively, after CAR T-cell infusion. CRS grade 3 or higher was independently associated with increased risk of subsequent infection (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.67; P = .05) and in particular with bloodstream infection (adjusted HR, 19.97; P < .001). Three of 53 patients (6%) died of an infection-related cause. Conclusions: Infections in adult patients with relapsed B-ALL are common after CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. Understanding the infectious complications that are temporally coincident with CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is critical for developing effective prophylactic and other supportive care measures to improve clinical outcomes. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01044069.

Serious Infections in Patients Receiving Ibrutinib for Treatment of Lymphoid Cancer.

Background: Ibrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of lymphoid cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and mantle cell lymphoma. Several case series have described opportunistic infections among ibrutinib recipients, but the full extent of these infections is unknown. We sought to determine the spectrum of serious infections associated with ibrutinib treatment. Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records of patients with lymphoid cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who received ibrutinib during a 5-year period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016. Serious infections were identified by review of the relevant microbiology, clinical laboratory, and radiology data. Risk factors for infection were determined by means of univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: We analyzed findings in 378 patients with lymphoid cancer who received ibrutinib. The most common underlying cancers were chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. 84% of patients received ibrutinib as monotherapy. Serious infection developed in 43 patients (11.4%), primarily during the first year of ibrutinib treatment. Invasive bacterial infections developed in 23 (53.5%) of these patients, and invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in 16 (37.2%) .The majority of patients with IFIs during ibrutinib therapy (62.5%) lacked classic clinical risk factors for fungal infection (ie, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and receipt of corticosteroids). Infection resulted in death in 6 of the 43 patients (14%). Conclusions: Patients with lymphoid cancer receiving ibrutinib treatment are at risk for serious infections, including IFIs.

Echinocandin prophylaxis in patients undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation and other treatments for haematological malignancies.

Antifungal prophylaxis is the standard of care for patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancy or haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Prophylaxis with azoles reduces invasive fungal infections and may reduce mortality. However, breakthrough infections still occur, and the use of azoles is sometimes complicated by pharmacokinetic variability, drug interactions, adverse events and other issues. Echinocandins are highly active against Candida species, including some organisms resistant to azoles, and have some clinical activity against Aspergillus species as well. Although currently approved echinocandins require daily intravenous administration, the drugs have a favourable safety profile and more predictable pharmacokinetics than mould-active azoles. Clinical data support the efficacy and safety of echinocandins for antifungal prophylaxis in haematology and HCT patients, though data are less robust than for azoles. Notably, sparse evidence exists supporting the use of echinocandins as antifungal prophylaxis for patients with significant graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after HCT. Two drugs that target (1,3)-ß-d-glucan are in development, including an oral glucan synthase inhibitor and an echinocandin with unique pharmacokinetics permitting subcutaneous and weekly administration. Echinocandins are a reasonable alternative to azoles and other agents for antifungal prophylaxis in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancy or those receiving HCT, excluding those with significant GvHD.

Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Healthcare Workers: 10-Year Experience at a Single Center.

BACKGROUND: The risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among healthcare workers (HCWs) is estimated to be higher than the general population. However, HCW acceptance and compliance with available latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment regimens has been problematic. Recently, regimens have become available that might improve HCW acceptance and compliance with LTBI treatment. METHODS: A retrospective single-center review of Employee Health and Wellness Services records of all HCWs diagnosed with LTBI was conducted. HCWs diagnosed with LTBI were offered 9-month isoniazid (INH), 4-month rifampin (RIF), weekly rifapentine/isoniazid (RPT/INH) for 12 weeks, or no treatment. Acceptance, completion rates, and side effects were reported for each regimen. Comparisons of regimens were assessed using Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2014, 363 of 927 (39%) HCWs diagnosed with LTBI accepted treatment. Of 363, 202 chose INH, 106 RIF, and 55 RPT/INH. Completion rates for each regimen were 58%, 80%, and 87%, respectively. HCWs were significantly more likely to have completed treatment with RIF (P < .0001) or RPT/INH (P < .0001) than INH. Rates of discontinuation owing to side effects were 35% for INH, 21% for RIF, and 10% for RPT/INH. Discontinuation of therapy due to side effects was significantly more frequent in the INH than the RPT/INH group (P = .0042). CONCLUSIONS: Completion of RIF and RPT/INH for LTBI in an HCW population is more likely than INH. Rates of discontinuation due to side effects were lower among those taking RPT/INH. Shorter LTBI treatment regimens should be more widely considered for HCWs in the United States.

Multicenter Clinical and Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in the CRE Epicenter of the United States.

Although the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) area is an epicenter for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), there are few multicenter studies of CRE from this region. We characterized patients with CRE bacteremia in 2013 at eight NY/NJ medical centers and determined the prevalence of carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream isolates and CRE resistance mechanisms, genetic backgrounds, capsular types (cps), and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Of 121 patients with CRE bacteremia, 50% had cancer or had undergone transplantation. The prevalences of carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli bacteremias were 9.7%, 2.2%, and 0.1%, respectively. Ninety percent of CRE were K. pneumoniae and 92% produced K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC-3, 48%; KPC-2, 44%). Two CRE produced NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases. Sequence type 258 (ST258) predominated among KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp). The wzi154 allele, corresponding to cps-2, was present in 93% of KPC-3-Kp, whereas KPC-2-Kp had greater cps diversity. Ninety-nine percent of CRE were ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI)-susceptible, although 42% of KPC-3-Kp had an CAZ-AVI MIC of ≥4/4 µg/ml. There was a median of 47 h from bacteremia onset until active antimicrobial therapy, 38% of patients had septic shock, and 49% died within 30 days. KPC-3-Kp bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.58; P = 0.045), cancer (aOR, 3.61, P = 0.01), and bacteremia onset in the intensive care unit (aOR, 3.79; P = 0.03) were independently associated with mortality. Active empirical therapy and combination therapy were not associated with survival. Despite a decade of experience with CRE, patients with CRE bacteremia have protracted delays in appropriate therapies and high mortality rates, highlighting the need for rapid diagnostics and evaluation of new therapeutics.

Feasibility and applicability of antimicrobial stewardship in immunocompromised patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Antimicrobial stewardship is the primary intervention in the battle against antimicrobial resistance, but clinicians do not always apply many key antimicrobial stewardship principles to patients with significant immune defects due to lack of data and fear of bad outcomes. We review evidence regarding the application of stewardship principles to immunocompromised patients, with a focus on solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), targeting immunocompromised patient populations such as oncology and transplant, are gaining traction. Emerging literature suggests that several stewardship interventions can be adapted to immunocompromised hosts and improve antimicrobial utilization, but data supporting improved outcomes is very limited. SUMMARY: The application of antimicrobial stewardship principles to immunocompromised patients is feasible, necessary, and urgent. As antimicrobial stewardship programs gain momentum across a diverse range of healthcare settings more immunocompromised patients will fall under their purview. It is imperative that centers applying antimicrobial stewardship principles share their experience and establish collaborative research efforts to advance our knowledge base in applying antimicrobial stewardship initiatives to immunocompromised host populations, both in terms of programmatic success and patient outcomes.

Multicentre study of posaconazole delayed-release tablet serum level and association with hepatotoxicity and QTc prolongation.

Objectives: The association of posaconazole serum concentrations and toxicity is unclear. An assessment of whether levels obtained with the delayed-release tablet (DRT) formulation are correlated with abnormal liver function test (LFT) results and/or QTc prolongation was undertaken. Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective, observational study of adult patients with cancer between 26 November 2013 and 14 November 2014. Patients were included if they received posaconazole DRT with a posaconazole level obtained between days 5 and 14. Clinical data, including demographics, hepatotoxic medications, posaconazole levels, LFTs and QTc intervals, were obtained. Association of factors with changes in LFTs and QTc prolongation was assessed using linear and logistic regression. Results: One hundred and sixty-six study patients were included. The median posaconazole level was 1250 (range 110-4220) ng/mL and the median time until level was 6 (range 5-14) days. There was a statistically significant increase in AST ( P < 0.001), ALT ( P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALK) ( P < 0.001), total bilirubin (TBILI) ( P < 0.001) and QTc ( P = 0.05) from baseline. Posaconazole levels were not associated with increases in AST [ß (SE) = -0.33 (2.2), P = 0.88], log ALT [ß (SE) = -0.02 (0.03), P = 0.63], ALK [ß (SE) = 2.2 (2.9), P = 0.46] and TBILI [ß (SE) = -0.01 (0.04), P = 0.88]. For each additional hepatotoxic medication, there was a mean change in TBILI of 0.13 mg/dL ( P = 0.02) and ALK of 7.1 U/L ( P = 0.09). No statistically significant association between posaconazole level and QTc interval prolongation was found. Conclusions: We did not identify an association between posaconazole serum concentrations and LFT elevations or QTc prolongation. However, some LFTs were found to increase with more hepatotoxic medications administered.

Executive Summary: Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.

Evidence-based guidelines for implementation and measurement of antibiotic stewardship interventions in inpatient populations including long-term care were prepared by a multidisciplinary expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. The panel included clinicians and investigators representing internal medicine, emergency medicine, microbiology, critical care, surgery, epidemiology, pharmacy, and adult and pediatric infectious diseases specialties. These recommendations address the best approaches for antibiotic stewardship programs to influence the optimal use of antibiotics.

Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.

Evidence-based guidelines for implementation and measurement of antibiotic stewardship interventions in inpatient populations including long-term care were prepared by a multidisciplinary expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. The panel included clinicians and investigators representing internal medicine, emergency medicine, microbiology, critical care, surgery, epidemiology, pharmacy, and adult and pediatric infectious diseases specialties. These recommendations address the best approaches for antibiotic stewardship programs to influence the optimal use of antibiotics.