Publisher Correction: Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the fifth sentence of the first paragraph of the 'Application on H2' section of the Results, which incorrectly read 'The role of electron correlation is quite apparent in this presentation: Fig. 1a is empty for the uncorrelated Hartree-Fock wave function, since projection of the latter wave function onto the 2pσu orbital is exactly zero, while this is not the case for the fully correlated wave function (Fig. 1d); also, Fig. 1b, c for the uncorrelated description are identical, while Fig. 1e, f for the correlated case are significantly different.' The correct version replaces 'Fig. 1e, f' with 'Fig. 2e and f'.

[Suppression of immune response associated with functions of B-cells, Th1- and Th2-lymphocytes and interleukins produced by these cells, and pharmacological correction of these disturbances upon acute intoxication with methanol].

Experiments on Wistar rats showed that acute poisoning with methanol (0.75 LD50) leads to the suppression of cellular and humoral immune responses and decreases the blood concentration of interleukins (IL-2, IL-4) with an increase in the IL-2/IL-4 ratio. These facts indicate that a decrease in Th2 lymphocyte activity is more pronounced in comparison to that of Th1 cells. The immunomodulators mielopide and polyoxidon administered in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 4 days upon acute poisoning with methanol virtually completely restore the cellular and humoral immune responses, the activity of natural killers, and the synthesis of interleukins.

Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule.

The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H2 two-electron wave function in which electron-electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources.

[HCV infection and mixed cryoglubulinemia].

The authors present literature data and the results of their own studies of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) caused by chronic HCV infection, discuss issues concerning pathogenesis of MC as well as MC-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and malignant lymphoproliferation, consider questions of MC influence on the course and prognosis of chronic HCV infection and anti-viral therapy effectiveness. MC was found in 43% of 207 patients with chronic hepatitis type C (CH-C), examined by the researchers. 30% of patients with CH-C and MC displayed clinical signs of vasculitis. The study established the direct correlation between MC severity and the frequency and degree of main clinical manifestations. The results show that more severe clinical variants of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis are associated with MC type II. B-cell lymphoma, monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy and a range of autoimmune syndromes were observed in MC patients. The liver involvement in patients with MC was characterized by a significantly higher sclerosis index compared to the group of patients not having MC while medium liver process activity index was equal in both groups, which suggests possible existence of special mechanisms and faster progress of phibrosis in patients with MC.

Artificial intelligence systems for molecular spectral analysis.

A brief survey is given of the most recent publications on development of artificial-intelligence systems for molecular spectral analysis. A new approach to solution of the problems of qualitative molecular spectral analysis is based on an applied logical calculus developed by the authors for fuzzy predicates. It is suggested that spectral-structural knowledge should be specified in the language of fuzzy predicates, and mechanical theorem-proving procedures used for solving qualitative problems of spectral analysis, the initial information being considered as a set of axioms. System-oriented matters are given consideration. The formalism suggested is a basis for the development of an artificial-intelligence dialogue system capable of solving various problems in molecular spectral analysis while maintaining a dialogue with a research worker using a professionally-restricted natural language.

[New data on clinico-morphological heterogeneity of chronic glomerulonephritis]. / Novye dannye o kliniko-morfologicheskoi geterogennosti khronicheskogo glomerulonefrita.

Many years' experience in studying chronic glomerulonephritis allows the author to consider it to be a group entity including mesangioproliferative, mesangiocapillary and sclerosing (fibroplastic) types of glomerulonephritis. Minimal changes, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis/hyalinosis, membranous nephropathy which have been previously included to a group of chronic glomerulonephritis should be excluded since they comprise another group of non-inflammatory glomerulopathies with primary podocytic damage. A group of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is heterogeneous both in terms of pathogenetic parameters, on the one hand, and clinical and predictive parameters, on the other. Their clinical and morphological variants which differ with the nature of immunoglobulins in the glomerular immune complexes are presented as IgA-, IgM-, and IgG-MPGN, each of them pretends to an individual nosological entity. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) as a nosological entity showing specific features of morphological, pathogenetic, and clinical manifestations and prognosis may be left only if dense deposit diseases are deducted, which owing to clinical, morphological and some pathogenetic features pretends to its independence. The morphological types of MCGN are either types (I and III) or form phases (I and IV) which reflect the progression of the disease. Sclerosing (fibroplastic) glomerulonephritis is an evolutive form which completes both MPGN and MCGN. There is strong evidence for the fact that the current nephrology concepts of nosological entities require reconsideration on the basis of new research findings.

[Teaching on pathomorphism: past and present]. / Uchenie o patomorfoze: proshloe i nastoiashchee.

The history of the pathomorphosis teaching is outlined. The study of this problem should rest on the knowledge of general and partial causes underlying pathomorphosis, peculiar features and contribution of each of these causes and their interaction.

[M.N. Nikiforov and the Moscow school of pathologists (on the 125th anniversary of his birth)]. / M.N. Nikiforov i Moskovskaia shkola patologoanatomov (k 125-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia).

The paper is devoted to the well-known Russian pathologist M. N. Nikiforov (1858-1915), the chief of the chair of pathology in the Moscow University (1857-1915). M. N. Nikiforov was a scientist who created a school of pathologists; he was the author of the first fundamental textbook of pathology in Russian, the founder of the Moscow scientific society of pathologists.

[Problem of disease variability (pathomorphosis)]. / Problema izmenchivosti boleznei (patomorfoz).

The problem of pathomorphosis is analysed in case of infectious, infectious-allergic (rheumatism, glomerulonephritis) and neoplastic diseases. Pathomorphosis is considered as nosomorphosis in a broad (panorama of diseases) and narrow (particular disease) sense. Therefore the concepts of "general nosomorphosis" and "particular nosomorphosis" are introduced. The "specifics" of pathomorphosis of one or another disease (or a group of diseases) have been shown to be determined by epidemiologic and therapeutic factors. Pathomorphosis induced by a physician may become a process directed by him which is possible with the proper knowledge of not only epidemiological factors but also the mechanism of the drug effects, i. e. patho- and morphogenesis of pathomorphosis itself.

[Methodical possibilities and tasks of current clinical morphology]. / Metodicheskie vozmozhnosti i zadachi sovremennoi klinicheskoi morfologii.

The analysis of methodic potentials of the current clinical morphology leads to a conclusion that this new discipline may serve for the solution of the problems of both clinical diagnosis and scientific research. The pathoanatomist (clinical pathologist) is the central figure in the solutin of these tasks. A trend of the current medicine to comperehend pathological phenomena in the unity of structure and function suggests that in particular pathology the clinical medicine will seek regularities of the general pathological nature and that this search will be conducted in cooperation with specialist of "interested" fields.

[The tasks of pathological anatomy (pathology) in the medical college and the possible means for their resolution]. / Zadachi patologicheskoi anatomii (patologii) v vysshei meditsinskoi shkole i vozmozhnye puti ikh resheniia.

The course of pathologic anatomy in medical students' training is unsatisfactory as it doesn't cover many aspects of present-day human pathology. The graduates lack necessary knowledge in general and special pathology. The existing system of pathologist training is deficient, it should last for at least 4 years (subinternship, internship, clinical internship). Coordinated plans of advanced training of both the teachers and the pathologists are necessary. The relationships between chairs and bureaus of pathology should be systematized and creation of educational-scientific-practical complexes validated.

[Prospective trends in pathologo-anatomic research]. / Perspektivnye napravleniia patologoanatomicheskikh issledovanii.

New approaches and possibilities of studying such categories in general pathology as morphogenesis, pathogenesis and nozology are considered. The study of morphogenesis is shown to be the most perspective in the analysis of functioning of the systems responsible for the specialized function of a given structure; cell regulatory systems (cell cooperations); antagonistic functions at different structural levels. Pathogenesis, as a category of general pathology, can be studied most efficiently by the pathologist when investigating the responsiveness (cell defence systems, neuro-endocrine and local cell regulation, heredity). A role of the pathologist determining nozology is most efficient in the search of etiological, pathogenetic and organospecific (for tumours) markers. The prospects and methodological significance of such investigations are pointed out.

[Nature of cloudy swelling and granular degeneration of parenchymatous organs]. / O sushchnosti mutnogo nabukhaniia i zernistoi distrofii parenkhimatoznykh organov.

There is a basis to consider a cloudy swelling of parenchymatous organs as one of manifestations of albuminous or, more correctly, albuminous-hydropic degeneration. It has characteristic macroscopic (cloudy swelling) and microscopic ("hydropic oedema", granular degeneration) signs and various patho--and morphogenetic mechanisms. Granular degeneration may be not only an expression and synonym of albuminous-hydropic degeneration but a manifestation of functional tension, i.e. adaptation, as well. Heterogeneity of the concept "cloudy swelling" is due to the peculiarities of its pathogenesis while the heterogeneity of the concept "granular degeneration" is due to double pathologic interpretation of this phenomenon, adaptation and degeneration which are divided by the time factor only which determines the break of adaptation.

[Amyloidosis: new facts, disputable and unresolved problems]. / Amiloidoz: novye fakty, spornye i nereshennye voprosy.

The proofs of the heterogeneity of both the amyloid fiber protein and its precursor (serum and local) are, in the author's opinion, the most important among new advances in the amyloidosis problem. These proofs should become a basis for the study of disputable and unsolved problems in the pathogenesis of various types and forms of amyloidosis and development of its classification. The author suggests the schemes of the pathogenesis of AA- and AL-amyloidosis, indicated main and secondary features of a tentative amyloidosis classification.

[About the perspective of pathologic anatomy development]. / O perspektivakh razvitiia patologicheskoi anatomii.

The author analyses current status of modern pathologic anatomy. The perspectives of its development are largely determined by recognition of two specialties within the pathologist profession--clinical pathologist and prosector.

[Evaluation of the new international classification of chronic hepatitis]. / Otsenka novoi mezhdunarodnoi klassifikatsii khronicheskogo gepatita.

Evaluation of the new international classification of chronic hepatitis recommended by International congress of gastroenterologists in 1994 is given. Positive aspects of the classification cover the necessity of indicating etiological trend, process activity, the disease staging. Some negative points are also mentioned.

[From Virchow's cellular pathology to modern molecular pathology]. / Ot tselliuliarnoi patologii Virkhova do molekuliarnoi patologii segodniashnego dnia.

Evolution of Virchow's cellular pathology into molecular biology and molecular pathology due to achievements of cytology, biochemistry (histochemistry), immunology (immunomorphology) and genetics as well as new opportunities opened by integration of these disciplines (electron histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunogenetics, etc.).

[Local forms of amyloidosis as a manifestation of age-related pathology: a new look at the problem]. / Lokal'nye formy amiloidoza kak proiavlenie vozrastnoi patologii: novyi vzgliad na problemu.

Endocrine (isolated atrium amyloidosis and insular amyloidosis of the pancreas) and non-endocrine (aorta, eye, prostate and/or seminal vesicles, cerebral amyloidosis) forms should be distinguished among senile local amyloidosis. Senile polyorgan amyloidosis is also possible: combination of endocrine forms with aorta amyloidosis or that of insular amyloidosis with cerebral and eye amyloidosis. These data reject Schwartz tetrad as an obligatory manifestation of an old age. Peptide hormones, serum and specialized proteins are precursors of amyloid fibrillary protein; each of them is able to beta-cross-conformation and formation of the fibrillar amyloid protein. This implies that conformational protein disturbances in increasing senile tissue bradytrophia and extinction of the diffuse endocrine system function are a basis of amyloidogenesis in senile local amyloidosis. Clinical manifestations of senile amyloidosis are very variable, but local senile amyloidosis is not recognized clinically. Its diagnosis will probably become possible with clinical use of molecular biology achievements and, first of all, those of molecular genetics.

[Disease assessment by the pathologist]. / Otsenka bolezni patologom.

Pathogenesis of the disease is discussed from the view-point of cell pathology and general pathology as a material basis of syndromes and nosology. When analyzing morphogenesis, the author focuses on alterations of intercellular interactions and antagonistic functions at various levels. The evaluation of such categories as nosology and nosological unity, pathomorphosis, iatrogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis is given.

[Senile amyloidosis: from the Schwartz tetrad to the present]. / Starcheskii amiloidoz: ot tetrady Shvarttsa do nashikh dnei.

Senile amyloidosis can be systemic (generalized) or local, this being determined by the protein precursor of the amyloid fibrils. Systemic cardiovascular amyloidosis should be distinguished from AL-amyloidosis. Senile amyloidosis is represented by both endocrine and nonendocrine forms. Endocrine forms include isolated auricular amyloidosis and amyloidosis of the Langerhans islands, while non-endocrine forms include aortic amyloidosis, cerebral amyloidosis, eye amyloidosis and amyloidosis of the prostate and/or seminal vesicles. Most frequent are combinations of the endocrine with aortic amyloidosis or Langerhand island amyloidosis with cerebral amyloidosis and eye amyloidosis. These data reject the Schwarts tetrad as necessary manifestation of senility.