Increased risk for irritable bowel syndrome after acute diverticulitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Individuals with diverticulosis frequently also have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but there are no longitudinal data to associate acute diverticulitis with subsequent IBS, functional bowel disorders, or related emotional distress. In patients with postinfectious IBS, gastrointestinal disorders cause long-term symptoms, so we investigated whether diverticulitis might lead to IBS. We compared the incidence of IBS and functional bowel and related affective disorders among patients with diverticulitis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients followed up for an average of 6.3 years at a Veteran's Administration medical center. Patients with diverticulitis were identified based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision codes, selected for the analysis based on chart review (cases, n = 1102), and matched with patients without diverticulosis (controls, n = 1102). We excluded patients with prior IBS, functional bowel, or mood disorders. We then identified patients who were diagnosed with IBS or functional bowel disorders after the diverticulitis attack, and controls who developed these disorders during the study period. We also collected information on mood disorders, analyzed survival times, and calculated adjusted hazard ratios. RESULTS: Cases were 4.7-fold more likely to be diagnosed later with IBS (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-14.0; P = .006), 2.4-fold more likely to be diagnosed later with a functional bowel disorder (95% CI, 1.6-3.6; P < .001), and 2.2-fold more likely to develop a mood disorder (CI, 1.4-3.5; P < .001) than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diverticulitis could be at risk for later development of IBS and functional bowel disorders. We propose calling this disorder postdiverticulitis IBS. Diverticulitis appears to predispose patients to long-term gastrointestinal and emotional symptoms after resolution of inflammation; in this way, postdiverticulitis IBS is similar to postinfectious IBS.

Long-term risk of acute diverticulitis among patients with incidental diverticulosis found during colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Colonic diverticulosis is the most common finding during routine colonoscopy, and patients often question the significance of these lesions. Guidelines state that these patients have a 10% to 25% lifetime risk of developing acute diverticulitis. However, this value was determined based on limited data, collected before population-based colonoscopy, so the true number of cases of diverticulosis was not known. We measured the long-term risk of acute diverticulitis among patients with confirmed diverticulosis discovered incidentally on colonoscopy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study using administrative and clinical data from the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, collecting data on patients who underwent colonoscopies from January 1996 through January 2011. We identified patients diagnosed with diverticulosis, determined incidence rates per 1000 patient-years, and analyzed a subgroup of patients with rigorously defined events confirmed by imaging or surgery. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to identify factors associated with the development of diverticulitis. RESULTS: We identified 2222 patients with baseline diverticulosis. Over an 11-year follow-up period, 95 patients developed diverticulitis (4.3%; 6 per 1000 patient-years); of these, 23 met the rigorous definition of diverticulitis (1%; 1.5 per 1000 patient-years). The median time-to-event was 7.1 years. Each additional decade of age at time of diagnosis reduced the risk for diverticulitis by 24% (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Based on a study of the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, only about 4% of patients with diverticulosis develop acute diverticulitis, contradicting the common belief that diverticulosis has a high rate of progression. We also found that younger patients have a higher risk of diverticulitis, with risk increasing per year of life. These results can help inform patients with diverticulosis about their risk of developing acute diverticulitis.

The use of B-type natriuretic peptide to assess volume status in patients with end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Although B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels correlate with volume overload in congestive heart failure, its usefulness in patients with renal dysfunction has been questioned. A simple test to estimate volume overload and assist in the management of dry weight in hemodialysis (HD) patients would be useful. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients--aged 64 +/- 2 years (mean +/- SEM), male-female ratio of 37:2--undergoing HD thrice weekly for at least 30 days were studied. Samples were collected at the start and end of each of 3 consecutive HD sessions. Pre- and postsession weights and blood pressures were recorded. Left ventricular ejection fractions were obtained from echocardiograms performed within 1 year of enrollment. The first session was the dialysis session after a 72-hour interdialytic period, whereas the second and third sessions were after a 48-hour period. Plasma volume changes were measured in a subset of 13 patients. RESULTS: Pre- and postdialysis BNP levels for each of the 3 sessions were 434 and 343 pg/mL, 347 and 231 pg/mL, and 249 and 202 pg/mL, respectively. The values for body weights were 82.6 +/- 3.6 and 78.6 +/- 3.5 kg, 81.5 +/- 3.6 and 78.2 +/- 3.5 kg, and 81.5 +/- 3.46 and 78.3 +/- 3.5 kg, respectively. The values of mean systolic blood pressures were 150 +/- 4 and 134 +/- 3 mm Hg, 142 +/- 4 and 134 +/- 4 mm Hg, and 142 +/- 4 and 131 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively. The values for mean diastolic blood pressures were 81 +/- 2.5 and 70 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, 74 +/- 2.4 and 72.1 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, and 76 +/- 2.9 and 72 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, respectively. There was no correlation between changes in intradialytic BNP values and other measured parameters. Plasma volume changed minimally during dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Values of BNP are elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease and decline after each dialysis session. Over the course of a week, BNP levels gradually declined irrespective of changes in weight or blood pressure. The lack of correlation between changes in BNP and changes in measured clinical parameters is partly explained by a lack of a significant change in plasma volume. The highest BNP values were seen in patients with systolic dysfunction.

Routine Laboratory Blood Tests May Diagnose Significant Fibrosis in Liver Transplant Recipients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A 10 Year Experience.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aims of our study were to determine whether routine blood tests, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Fibrosis 4 (Fib-4) scores, were associated with advanced fibrosis and to create a novel model in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: We performed a cross sectional study of patients at The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center who underwent liver transplantation for HCV. We used linear mixed effects models to analyze association between fibrosis severity and individual biochemical markers and mixed effects logistic regression to construct diagnostic models for advanced fibrosis (METAVIR F3-4). Cross-validation was used to estimate a receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curve for the prediction models and to estimate the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) age of our cohort was 55 (±7.7) years, and almost three quarter were male. The mean (±SD) time from transplant to liver biopsy was 19.9 (±17.1) months. The mean (±SD) APRI and Fib-4 scores were 3 (±12) and 7 (±14), respectively. Increased fibrosis was associated with lower platelet count and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values and higher total bilirubin and Fib-4 scores. We developed a model that takes into account age, gender, platelet count, ALT, and total bilirubin, and this model outperformed APRI and Fib-4 with an AUC of 0.68 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our novel prediction model diagnosed the presence of advanced fibrosis more reliably than APRI and Fib-4 scores. This noninvasive calculation may be used clinically to identify liver transplant recipients with HCV with significant liver damage.

Cancer screening practices of adult survivors of retinoblastoma at risk of second cancers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to investigate the pattern of cancer screening behavior in adult retinoblastoma survivors, who are at high risk of developing second cancers. METHODS: Self-reported cancer screening practices were investigated in a cohort of retinoblastoma survivors to evaluate whether they were receiving adequate screening for specific cancers and compare these rates with those of other adult survivors of childhood cancer and the general population. The prevalence of breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap) test, testicular self-examination, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanning was determined from computer-aided telephone interviews with 836 retinoblastoma survivors aged >18 years. RESULTS: Among female survivors, 87% had a Pap test within the past 2 years, and 76% of females age >40 years reported having a mammogram within the past 2 years; 17.4% of male survivors had performed monthly testicular self-examinations. A significantly higher proportion of hereditary compared with nonhereditary survivors reported having undergone an MRI or CT scan in the past 5 years. Higher education, greater contact with the medical care system, and having a second cancer were found to be associated positively with most screening practices. Cancer screening practices reported by retinoblastoma survivors were similar to national screening rates for breast, cervical, and testicular cancer. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, the current study provides the first report of cancer screening practices of retinoblastoma survivors. Survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma should be encouraged to maintain, if not increase, their current screening practices to ensure early detection of second cancers in this high-risk population.