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The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in cell degradation, and is involved in many biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, immune response, DNA damage repair, and signal transduction. It also acts a crucial part in spermatogenesis by selectively degrading proteins and regulating such processes as DNA repair and protamine histone replacement. PP2A, as an essential serine/threonine phosphatase, participates in a variety of life activities. Studies have shown the involvement of UPS in the ubiquitination regulation of PP2A and that of PP2A in several stages of meiosis. This review updates the roles of UPS and PP2A in spermatogenesis.
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Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma , Ubiquitina , Masculino , Humanos , Espermatogênese , Reparo do DNA , MeioseRESUMO
Flexible and stretchable heaters are increasingly recognized for their great potential in wearable thermotherapy to treat muscle spasms, joint injuries and arthritis. However, issues like lengthy processing, high fabrication cost, and toxic chemical involvement are obstacles on the way to popularize stretchable heaters for medical use. Herein, using a single-step customizable laser fabrication method, we put forward the design of cost-effective wearable laser-induced graphene (LIG) heaters with kirigami patterns, which offer multimodal stretchability and conformal fit to the skin around the human body. First, we develop the manufacturing process of the LIG heaters with three different kirigami patterns enabling reliable stretchability by out-of-plane buckling. Then, by adjusting the laser parameters, we confirm that the LIG produced by medium laser power could maintain a balance between mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. By optimizing cutting-spacing ratios through experimental measurements of stress, resistance and temperature profiles, as well as finite element analysis (FEA), we determine that a larger cutting-spacing ratio within the machining precision will lead to better mechanical, electrical and heating performance. The optimized stretchable heater in this paper could bear significant unidirectional strain over 100% or multidirectional strain over 20% without major loss in conductivity and heating performance. On-body tests and fatigue tests also proved great robustness in practical scenarios. With the advantage of safe usage, simple and customizable fabrication, easy bonding with skin, and multidirectional stretchability, the on-skin heaters are promising to substitute the traditional heating packs/wraps for thermotherapy.
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Grafite , Hipertermia Induzida , Lasers , Dispositivos Eletrônicos Vestíveis , Humanos , Hipertermia Induzida/métodos , Hipertermia Induzida/instrumentação , Desenho de Equipamento , Análise de Elementos Finitos , Condutividade ElétricaRESUMO
Correction for 'Kirigami-enabled stretchable laser-induced graphene heaters for wearable thermotherapy' by Junyu Chen et al., Mater. Horiz., 2024, 11, 2010-2020, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MH01884A.
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Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of RNAs present in mammals. Among these, circCamsap1 is a well-acknowledged circRNA with significant implications, particularly in the development and progression of diverse tumors. However, the potential consequences of circCamsap1 depletion in vivo on male reproduction are yet to be thoroughly investigated. Methods: The presence of circCamsap1 in the mouse testes was confirmed, and gene expression analysis was performed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CircCamsap1 knockout mice were generated utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Phenotypic analysis of both the testes and epididymis was conducted using histological and immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, fertility and sperm motility were assessed. Results: Here, we successfully established a circCamsap1 knockout mouse model without affecting the expression of parental gene. Surprisingly, male mice lacking circCamsap1 (circCamsap1-/-) exhibited normal fertility, with no discernible differences in testicular and epididymal histology, spermatogenesis, sperm counts or sperm motility compared to circCamsap1+/+ mice. These findings suggest that circCamsap1 may not play an essential role in physiological spermatogenesis. Nonetheless, this result also underscores the complexity of circRNA function in male reproductive biology. Therefore, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise roles of other circRNAs in regulating male fertility.