Advancing accuracy in breath testing for lung cancer: strategies for improving diagnostic precision in imbalanced data.

BACKGROUND: Breath testing using an electronic nose has been recognized as a promising new technique for the early detection of lung cancer. Imbalanced data are commonly observed in electronic nose studies, but methods to address them are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of electronic nose screening for lung cancer with imbalanced learning and to select the best mechanical learning algorithm. METHODS: We conducted a case‒control study that included patients with lung cancer and healthy controls and analyzed metabolites in exhaled breath using a carbon nanotube sensor array. The study used five machine learning algorithms to build predictive models and a synthetic minority oversampling technique to address imbalanced data. The diagnostic accuracy of lung cancer was assessed using pathology reports as the gold standard. RESULTS: We enrolled 190 subjects between 2020 and 2023. A total of 155 subjects were used in the final analysis, which included 111 lung cancer patients and 44 healthy controls. We randomly divided samples into one training set, one internal validation set, and one external validation set. In the external validation set, the summary sensitivity was 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91), the summary specificity was 1.00 (95% CI 0.85-1.00), the AUC was 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98), the pAUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.96), and the DOR was 207.62 (95% CI 24.62-924.64). CONCLUSION: Electronic nose screening for lung cancer is highly accurate. The support vector machine algorithm is more suitable for analyzing chemical sensor data from electronic noses.

A nationwide case-referent study on elevated risks of adenocarcinoma lung cancer by long-term PM2.5 exposure in Taiwan since 1997.

BACKGROUND: The effects of long-term PM2.5 exposures since 1968 on adenocarcinoma lung cancer (AdLC) were not studied before. METHODS: This case-referent study used nationwide cancer registry data since 1997 and air pollution data since 1968 in Taiwan to estimate risks of 30-year PM2.5 exposures on AdLC. Cases were all AdLC, while references were all non-AdLC. Individuals' 30-year PM2.5 exposures were estimated by PM2.5 levels at their residence for 30 years prior their diagnosis dates. We applied multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate PM2.5 exposures on incidence rate ratios (IRRs) between cases and references, adjusting for sex, age, smoking, cancer stage, and EGFR mutation. RESULTS: Elevation in annual ambient PM2.5 concentrations since 1968 were associated with increase in annual age-adjusted AdLC incidence since 1997. AdLC incidences were higher among females, nonsmokers, the elderly aged above 65, cases of stages IIIB to IV, and EGFR mutation. Study subjects' PM2.5 exposures averaged at 33.7 ± 7.4 µg/m3 with 162 ± 130 high PM2.5 pollution days over 30 years. Multiple logistic models showed an increase in 10 µg/m3 of PM2.5 exposures were significantly associated with 1.044 of IRR between all AdLC and all non-AdLC cases during 2011-2020. Our models also showed that females and nonsmokers and adults less than 65 years had higher IRRs than their respective counterparts. Restricted analyses showed similar effects of PM2.5 exposures on IRRs between stage 0-IIIA and IIIB-IV cases and between EGFR+ and EGFR- cases. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposures to PM2.5 over 30 years were associated with elevated risks of AdLC against non-AdLC, regardless of gender, age, smoking status, cancer stage, or EGFR mutation.

Development of breath test for pneumoconiosis: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Lipid peroxidation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated from lipid peroxidation might be used to detect pneumoconiosis. The objective of this study was to develop a breath test for pneumoconiosis. METHODS: A case-control study was designed. Breath and ambient air were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After blank correction to prevent contamination from ambient air, we used canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) to assess the discrimination accuracy and principal component analysis (PCA) to generate a prediction score. The prediction accuracy was calculated and validated using the International Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconiosis criteria combined with an abnormal pulmonary function test as a reference standard. We generated a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to estimate the screening accuracy of the breath test. RESULTS: We enrolled 200 stone workers. After excluding 5 subjects with asthma and 16 subjects who took steroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a total of 179 subjects were used in the final analyses, which included 25 cases and 154 controls. By CDA, 88.8% of subjects were correctly discriminated by their exposure status and the presence of pneumoconiosis. After excluding the VOCs of automobile exhaust and cigarette smoking, pentane and C5-C7 methylated alkanes constituted the major VOCs in the breath of persons with pneumoconiosis. Using the prediction score generated from PCA, the ROC-AUC was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.80-0.95), and the mean ROC-AUC of 5-fold cross-validation was 0.90. The breath test had good accuracy for pneumoconiosis diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The analysis of breath VOCs has potential in the screening of pneumoconiosis for its non-invasiveness and high accuracy. We suggest that a multi-centre study is warranted and that all procedures must be standardized before clinical application.

Burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: There is compelling epidemiological evidence that links air pollution to increased risk of mortality from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. We quantified the burden of mortality attributable to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) among the Taiwanese population in 2014 at the national and subnational levels. METHODS: Subnational PM2.5 exposure levels were obtained from Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network. Relative risks were derived from a previously developed exposure-response model. Population attributable fraction for cause-specific mortality was estimated at the county level using the estimated ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the relative risk functions. RESULTS: In 2014, PM2.5 accounted for 6282 deaths [95% confidence interval (CI), 5716-6847], from ischemic heart disease (2244 deaths; 95% CI, 2015-2473), stroke (2140 deaths; 95% CI, 1760-2520), lung cancer (1252 deaths; 95% CI, 995-1509), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (645 deaths; 95% CI, 418-872). Nationally, the population attributable mortality fraction of PM2.5 for the four disease causes was 18.6% (95% CI, 16.9-20.3%). Substantial geographic variation in PM2.5 attributable mortality fraction was found; the percentage of deaths attributable to PM2.5 ranged from 8.7% in Hualian County to 21.8% in Yunlin County. In terms of absolute number of deaths, New Taipei and Kaohsiung cities had the largest number of deaths associated with PM2.5 (874 and 829 deaths, respectively) among all cities and counties. CONCLUSION: Ambient PM2.5 pollution is a major mortality risk factor in Taiwan. Aggressive and multisectorial intervention strategies are urgently needed to bring down the impact of air pollution on environment and health.

Cancer mortality in a population exposed to nephrite processing.

OBJECTIVES: Although asbestos has been recognised as a strong carcinogen, many asbestos minerals exist in concrete masses, and the health risks of these materials remain inconclusive. Nephrite jade is a concrete mass of amphibole that consists of asbestiform and non-asbestiform particles. The objective of the study was to explore the carcinogenetic effect of nephrite. METHODS: We examined cancer mortality between 1979 and 2011 in Fengtian, where nephrite was mass produced from 1970 to 1980, and calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs). RESULTS: We observed significantly elevated mortality risks for cancer of the hypopharynx (SMR 2.31; 95% CI 1.37 to 3.65), larynx (SMR 2.51; 95% CI 1.55 to 3.83), oesophagus (SMR 2.04; 95% CI 1.62 to 2.54) and stomach (SMR 1.38; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.63). This study analysed the lengths, widths, structures, chemical compositions, aerodynamic diameters and distributions of elongated mineral particles (EMPs) in airways. The majority of the EMPs (68%) were short (<5 µm) and thin (<0.5 µm), and possessed asbestiform structures. The median aerodynamic diameter of the EMPs was 1.2 µm. The total deposition proportion in airways was 51.3%. The major deposition sites were the head airway (37.5%), followed by the alveolar region (10.6%) and the tracheobronchial region (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The results have shown an association between EMPs and increased risk of respiratory and digestive cancers. Further research is needed that includes information on smoking habits and exposure to asbestos.

Assessment of urinary thiodiglycolic acid exposure in school-aged children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: School-aged children living in the vicinity of vinyl chloride (VCM)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) factories may have an increased risk of exposure to hazardous air pollutants. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the urinary thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) level, as TDGA is a major metabolite of VCM, for students at elementary schools near a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. METHODS: We recruited 343 students from 5 elementary schools based on distance to the VCM/PVC factory. First-morning urine and blood samples were obtained from our subjects from October 2013 to September 2014. Urine samples were analyzed for urinary creatinine and TDGA using LC/MS-MS. Hepatitis virus infection were assessed using blood samples. We determined their vitamin consumption, resident location, parent's employment, and other demographic or lifestyle characteristics using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Median urinary TDGA levels for 316 students at 5 elementary schools from the closest (<.9km) to the farthest (∼8.6km) with respect to the petrochemical complex were 147.6, 95.5, 115.5, 86.8, and 17.3µg/g creatinine, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, hepatitis virus infection, vitamin B consumption, passive smoking, and home to source distance, we found that urinary TDGA levels for the closest students was significantly higher than those at other schools. Further, median urinary TDGA levels for students during school time were 4.1-fold higher than those during summer vacation. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for confounders, urinary TDGA levels for the school-aged children decreased with increasing distances between the elementary schools and the petrochemical complex.

Assessment of the levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in PM2.5 for adult exposure to the petrochemical complex emissions.

The relationship between external exposure and internal doses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has not been established for people living in industrial areas. This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between particle-phase PAH exposure and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels among the adults living near a large petrochemical complex in Mailiao, Taiwan. We measured urinary 1-OHP in 781 residents above 35 years old and PM2.5 PAHs within a 20-km radius downwind from the petrochemical complex. Urinary 1-OHP was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, while 16 ambient particle-phase PAHs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. External exposures to individual PAHs at each study subject's address were estimated by kriging interpolation from air sampling results and regressed against the subjects' urinary 1-OHP levels, adjusting for confounding factors. The study population's urinary 1-OHP levels ranged from 0.001 to 3.005 µmol/mol-creatinine with significantly higher levels for females, grilled food consumers, and residents living close to roads. All 16 particle-phase PAHs were present in the study area with total PAH concentrations ranging from 0.111 to 1.982 ng/m(3). The spatial distribution of 4- and 5-ring PAHs identified high-concentration hotspots close to the complex in Mailiao. The multiple regression models showed that the adults' urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly correlated with 5 out of the 16 PAHs, including benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; a 0.01 ng/m(3) increase in the concentration of these 5 PAHs at the study subjects' addresses was associated with a 20% elevation in urinary 1-OHP levels (µg/g-creatinine). Emissions from a petrochemical complex can elevate particle-phase PAH concentrations in surrounding areas and increase the urinary 1-OHP levels of adults living nearby.

Quantifying source contributions to ambient NH3 using Geo-AI with time lag and parcel tracking functions.

Ambient ammonia (NH3) plays an important compound in forming particulate matters (PMs), and therefore, it is crucial to comprehend NH3's properties in order to better reduce PMs. However, it is not easy to achieve this goal due to the limited range/real-time NH3 data monitored by the air quality stations. While there were other studies to predict NH3 and its source apportionment, this manuscript provides a novel method (i.e., GEO-AI)) to look into NH3 predictions and their contribution sources. This study represents a pioneering effort in the application of a novel geospatial-artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) base model with parcel tracking functions. This innovative approach seamlessly integrates various machine learning algorithms and geographic predictor variables to estimate NH3 concentrations, marking the first instance of such a comprehensive methodology. The Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) was used to further analyze source contribution of NH3 with domain knowledge. From 2016 to 2018, Taichung's hourly average NH3 values were predicted with total variance up to 96%. SHAP values revealed that waterbody, traffic and agriculture emissions were the most significant factors to affect NH3 concentrations in Taichung among all the characteristics. Our methodology is a vital first step for shaping future policies and regulations and is adaptable to regions with limited monitoring sites.

Pulmonary fibrosis in workers exposed to non-asbestiform tremolite asbestos minerals.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the health effects of non-asbestiform asbestos minerals remain inconclusive. Nephrite is a type of non-asbestiform tremolite mineral. We assessed the risk for pulmonary fibrosis in workers who process nephrite. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included 344 stone workers and their families was undertaken in Taiwan in 2010. The diagnostic criteria for pulmonary fibrosis included (1) radiographic fibrosis profusion of 1/1 or greater and (2) audible lung crackles confirmed by physician. The nephrite samples were analyzed using polarized light and transmission electron microscopy combined with selected-area electron diffraction and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS: After excluding 16 subjects with histories of tuberculosis or previous employment in metal casting and welding, as well as 23 family members who had not worked in the stone industry, we analyzed 305 subjects. Processing nephrite increased the risk for pulmonary fibrosis (odds ratio = 2.8 [95% confidence interval = 1.0-9.9] and unchanged after adjustment for age and smoking). Bulk sample analyses showed that the nephrite is a tremolite mineral composed of both asbestiform and non-asbestiform components. The cat's-eye nephrite had the highest asbestiform fibrous content, and the average length and aspect ratio of elongated mineral particles were the highest of all the nephrite types. Compared with workers processing other types of nephrite, workers processing cat's-eye nephrite had the highest risk for pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Processing non-asbestiform tremolite mineral may increase the risk for pulmonary fibrosis. Medical monitoring is warranted for workers with such exposure.

Carving of non-asbestiform tremolite and the risk of lung cancer: a follow-up mortality study in a historical nephrite processing cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The health risks associated with exposure to non-asbestiform asbestos minerals, including nephrite, are unclear. In 1965 nephrite processing began in the town of Fengtian in Taiwan, and the majority of inhabitants were involved in the industry from 1970 until 1980. The objectives of this study were to examine lung cancer deaths and assess the carcinogenic effects of nephrite carving. METHODS: We studied mortality due to lung cancer (ICD-9 code 162 for cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung) from 1979 to 2011. We calculated the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for lung cancer using the age- and sex-specific cancer mortality rates in eastern Taiwan as the standard rates. Air samples, bulk samples and a surface sample were analysed. RESULTS: Nephrite is a non-asbestiform asbestos mineral composed of microcrystalline tremolite. During nephrite processing, in personal air samples the average concentration of elongated mineral particles with the morphological characteristics of asbestos fibres was 1.4 f/cm(3), with rough grinding generating the highest concentrations (4.7 f/cm(3)). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the air samples contained intact asbestiform tremolite fibres. The ambient air samples and the wipe sample indicated paraoccupational contamination. The crude mortality rates for lung cancer were higher in Fengtian than in Taiwan for all age groups and both genders. The SMR for lung cancer was 1.28 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.45). CONCLUSIONS: Nephrite carving may increase the risk of lung cancer. Appropriate medical monitoring is warranted for workers who are exposed to similar materials.

Using pollution roses to assess sulfur dioxide impacts in a township downwind of a petrochemical complex.

This study used pollution roses to assess sulfur dioxide (SO) pollution in a township downwind of a large petrochemical complex based on data collected from a single air quality monitoring station. The pollution roses summarized hourly SO2 concentrations at the Taishi air quality monitoring station, located approximately 7.8-13.0 km south of the No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Complex in Taiwan, according to 36 sectors of wind direction during the preoperational period (1995-1999) and two postoperational periods (2000-2004 and 2005-2009). The 99th percentile of hourly SO2 concentrations 350 degrees downwind from the complex increased from 28.9 ppb in the preoperational period to 86.2-324.2 ppb in the two postoperational periods. Downwind SO2 concentrations were particularly high during 2005-2009 at wind speeds of 6-8 m/sec. Hourly SO2 levels exceeded the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) health-based standard of 75 ppb only in the postoperational periods, with 65 exceedances from 0-10 degrees and 330-350 degrees downwind directions during 2001-2009. This study concluded that pollution roses based on a single monitoring station can be used to investigate source contributions to air pollution surrounding industrial complexes, and that it is useful to combine such directional methods with analyses of how pollution varies between different wind speeds, times of day, and periods of industrial development.

A hybrid methodology to quantitatively identify inorganic aerosol of PM2.5 source contribution.

It is difficult to identify inorganic aerosol (IA) (primary and secondary), the main component of PM2.5, without the significant tracers for sources. We are not aware of any studies specifically related to the IA's local contribution to PM2.5. To effectively reduce the IA load, however, the contribution of local IA sources needs to be identified. In this work, we developed a hybrid methodology and applied online measurement of PM2.5 and the associated compounds to (1) classify local and long-range transport PM2.5, (2) identify sources of local PM2.5 using PMF model, and (3) quantify local source contribution to IA in PM2.5 using regression analysis. Coal combustion and iron ore and steel industry contributed the most amount of IA (~42.7%) in the study area (City of Taichung), followed by 32.9% contribution from oil combustion, 8.9% from traffic-related emission, 4.6% from the interactions between agrochemical applications and combustion sources (traffic-related emissions and biomass burning), and 2.3% from biomass burning. The methodology developed in this study is an important preliminary step for setting up future control policies and regulations, which can also be applied to any other places with serious local air pollution.

Association between ambient air pollution exposure and insomnia among adults in Taipei City.

Ambient air pollution was known to cause central nervous system diseases and depressive symptoms. In this study, we examined the associations between air pollution exposure and the prevalence of insomnia in Taipei City of Taiwan. We applied the health information system of electrical medical records of Taipei City Hospital to collect a total of 5108 study subjects (insomniacs N = 912 and non-insomniacs N = 4196) over 18 years old from the family medicine and internal medicine outpatients of six branches of Taipei City Hospital. These patients were grouped into insomniacs and non-insomniacs following the primary insomnia diagnosis (ICD9:780.52, 780.54, 307.41, 307.42, ICD10: G47.00, G47.01, G47.09, F51.01, F51.09) and the prescription times of anxiolytics and hypnotics. We estimated one-year average concentrations of PM2.5, ozone, and NOx before the first date of insomnia diagnosis and the last date of outpatient visit for insomniacs and non-insomniacs, respectively, by using the data of nearest air quality monitoring stations relative to study subjects' residential addresses. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the independent effects of air pollution concentrations on the risk of insomnia. One-year average PM2.5, ozone, and NOx levels for insomniacs was significantly higher than those of non-insomniacs. After adjusting for confounding factors, increase each 1(µg/m3) in one-year average PM2.5 showed a statistically significant association with insomnia (the odds ratio 1.610, 95% CI [1.562,1.660]). As to multi pollutants, one-year average PM2.5 (1.624, [1.570, 1.681] and ozone (1.198, [1.094, 1.311]) exposure showed a significant association with insomnia. Subgroup analysis revealed that the influence of PM2.5 and ozone on insomnia have significant risks in people with major chronic disease. This study demonstrated a positive association between PM2.5 and ozone exposure and the prevalence of hypnotic-treated insomnia. Especially, the people with major chronic diseases were with obvious effect of PM2.5 and ozone on risk of insomnia.

Indoor Air Pollution Increases the Risk of Lung Cancer.

(1) Background: Cooking and burning incense are important sources of indoor air pollutants. No studies have provided biological evidence of air pollutants in the lungs to support this association. Analysis of pleural fluid may be used to measure the internal exposure dose of air pollutants in the lung. The objective of this study was to provide biological evidence of indoor air pollutants and estimate their risk of lung cancer. (2) Methods: We analyzed 14 common air pollutants in the pleural fluid of 39 cases of lung adenocarcinoma and 40 nonmalignant controls by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (3) Results: When we excluded the current smokers and adjusted for age, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 2.22 (95% confidence interval CI = 0.77-6.44) for habitual cooking at home and 3.05 (95% CI = 1.06-8.84) for indoor incense burning. In females, the adjusted ORs were 5.39 (95% CI = 1.11-26.20) for habitual cooking at home and 6.01 (95% CI = 1.14-31.66) for indoor incense burning. In pleural fluid, the most important exposure biomarkers for lung cancer were naphthalene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene. (4) Conclusions: Habitual cooking and indoor incense burning increased the risk of lung adenocarcinoma.

Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in children residing near a coal-fired power plant.

BACKGROUND: The effects of emissions from coal-fired power plants on children's exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not well understood. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the sources and the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to PAHs, among children living in proximity to a coal-fired power plant. METHODS: Study areas consisted of two high exposure and two low exposure communities, at different distances and directions from a large coal-fired power plant in central Taiwan. Study subjects included 369 children aged 1-13 years and randomly selected from each community. Each child's urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector method. Samples of ambient air were analyzed for PAHs using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Information on important factors was collected by an interview using a structured questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess factors significantly associated with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels. RESULTS: Levels of PAHs in ambient air in the high exposure communities were higher than those in the low exposure communities. Children living in high exposure communities had higher mean urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations than those in low exposure communities (0.186 and 0.194 vs. 0.113 and 0.122 µmol/mol-creatinine, respectively). The difference in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels between the high exposure communities and one low exposure community remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, environmental tobacco smoke, dietary exposure, and traffic. CONCLUSIONS: Children living in communities downwind of and in proximity to the coal-fired power plant had significantly increased urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels.

Predicting carbonaceous aerosols and identifying their source contribution with advanced approaches.

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) play important roles in various atmospheric processes and health effects. Predicting carbonaceous aerosols and identifying source contributions are important steps for further epidemiological study and formulating effective emission control policies. However, we are not aware of any study that examined predictions of OC and EC, and this work is also the first study that attempted to use machine learning and hyperparameter optimization method to predict concentrations of specific aerosol contaminants. This paper describes an investigation of the characteristics and sources of OC and EC in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from 2005 to 2010 in the City of Taipei. Respective hourly average concentrations of OC and EC were 5.2 µg/m3 and 1.6 µg/m3. We observed obvious seasonal variation in OC but not in EC. Hourly and daily OC and EC concentrations were predicted using generalized additive model and grey wolf optimized multilayer perceptron model, which could explain up to about 80% of the total variation. Subsequent clustering suggests that traffic emission was the major contribution to OC, accounting for about 80% in the spring, 65% in the summer, and 90% in the fall and winter. In the Taipei area, local emissions were the dominant sources of OC and EC in all seasons, and long-range transport had a significant contribution to OC and in PM2.5 in spring.

Characterization of volatile organic compounds in the vicinity of an optoelectronics industrial park in Taiwan.

This study aimed to determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and investigate the impacts of traffic and industrial activities on the concentration of VOCs near the Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP) in Taiwan during 2005. Twelve-hour canister sampling was performed at 10 sites near CTSP every season. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector. The traffic flow rate, industrial production rates, and meteorological information were also collected to assess their impacts on VOC concentrations using multiple linear regression models. The major components determined in the atmosphere were toluene (29.4-218.8 microg m(-3)), acetone (30-71.3 microg m(-3)), m/p-xylene (7.8-51.7 microg m(-3)), and ethanol (16.4-47.8 microg m(-3)); only ethanol revealed a pattern of increasing concentration from spring to winter. The log-transformed mean concentrations of toluene, acetone, and ethanol were significantly associated with the production rates of the optoelectronic companies after adjustment for traffic flow and meteorological factors (P < 0.05). There was no significant association between the total traffic flow rate and any log-transformed mean concentrations of VOCs. Each $1 million (U.S.) increase in optoelectronic sales was significantly associated with increasing mean concentrations of 1.29 +/- 1.08 microg m(-3) for toluene, 1.13 +/- 1.05 microg m(-3) for acetone, and 1.25 +/- 1.09 microg m(-3) for ethanol. The authors' findings suggest that optoelectronic industrial activities are still the predominant source for VOC emissions surrounding this industrial park.

Liver fibrosis associated with potential vinyl chloride and ethylene dichloride exposure from the petrochemical industry.

BACKGROUND: The understanding of the relationship between exposure to carcinogenic vinyl chloride (VCM) and ethylene dichloride (EDC) and liver fibrosis is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations between the urinary metabolite levels of VCM and EDC and the risk of liver fibrosis in residents living near a petrochemical complex. METHODS: Our study comprised 447 adult residents of two townships with questionnaire survey and health examination near the largest petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. The urinary levels of thiodiglycolic acid (TdGA), the metabolite of VCM and EDC, were detected in study subjects. We utilized fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) as the noninvasive liver fibrosis index. Adjusted linear model was applied to evaluate the associations between the distance from the complex and the urinary TdGA levels. Adjusted logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the associations between the urinary TdGA levels and the risk of liver fibrosis. RESULTS: The study subjects living in the closer township had significant higher urinary TdGA levels than those living in the more distant township (269.6 ± 200.7 vs. 199.2 ± 164.7 µg/g creatinine) (p < 0.001). It showed that urinary TdGA levels were decreased 0.53-fold when the distances from the complex were increased 1-fold after adjusting for confounding factors. It demonstrated that the study subjects with the highest TdGA levels (>343.3 µg/g creatinine) had a higher risk of FIB-4>1.29 (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.78), and those with higher TdGA levels (232.7 to 343.3 µg/g creatinine) had a marginally higher risk of FIB-4>1.29 (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 0.94, 2.90). CONCLUSION: The residents living closer to the VCM/PVC plant in the petrochemical complex had higher urinary TdGA levels, which were associated with an increased risk of fibrosis. This confirmed that the EDC and VCM potentially emitted from the petrochemical industry may have an impact on the liver health of nearby residents.

Associations of soluble metals and lung and liver toxicity in mice induced by fine particulate matter originating from a petrochemical complex.

Adverse health effects have been observed in nearby residents due to exposure to petrochemical-derived chemicals. The objective of this study was to examine associations of soluble metals with lung and liver toxicity in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex. PM2.5 was collected in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex of Mailiao Township (Yunlin County, Taiwan) to investigate lung and liver toxicity in BALB/c mice. The PM2.5 concentration was 30.2 ± 11.2 µg/m3, and the PM2.5 was clustered in major local emissions (19.1 µg/m3) and minor local emissions (14.1 µg/m3) using a k-means clustering model. The PM2.5 (50 and 150 µg/kg) and PM2.5-equivalent soluble nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and lead (Pb) concentrations were intratracheally instilled into BALB/c mice. PM2.5 and V significantly decreased the tidal volume after exposure (p < 0.05). The peak expiratory flow (PEF) and peak inspiratory flow (PIF)/PEF ratio were significantly altered by 150 µg/kg V (p < 0.05). V and Pb significantly increased total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (p < 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-6 in BALF significantly increased after exposure to Pb (p < 0.05) accompanied by lung inflammatory infiltration. PM2.5 and Pb significantly increased levels of 8-isoprostane (p < 0.05). The level of caspase-3 activity significantly increased after exposure to Pb (p < 0.05). LDH in the liver was significantly increased by PM2.5 (p < 0.05). 8-Isoprostane in the liver was significantly increased by PM2.5 and Pb (p < 0.05). IL-6 in the liver was significantly increased by PM2.5, Ni, V, and Pb after exposure (p < 0.05), accompanied by liver inflammatory infiltration. Our results demonstrated that V in PM2.5 was associated with an increase in 8-isoprostane for all emissions and major local petrochemical emissions. In conclusion, V contributes to in vivo liver toxicity induced by PM2.5 in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex.

A novel lung alveolar cell model for exploring volatile biomarkers of particle-induced lung injury.

Quartz can increase oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation. The objective of this study was to explore the volatile biomarkers of quartz-induced lung injury using a lung alveolar cell model. We exposed the human alveolar A549 cell line to 0, 200, and 500 µg/mL quartz particles for 24 h and used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the volatile metabolites in the headspace air of cells. We identified ten volatile metabolites that had concentration-response relationships with particles exposure, including 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl- (CAS: 28825-12-9), 2,6-dimethyl-6-trifluoroacetoxyoctane (CAS: 61986-67-2), 3-buten-1-amine, N,N-dimethyl- (CAS: 55831-89-5), 2-propanol, 2-methyl- (CAS: 75-65-0), glycolaldehyde dimethyl acetal (CAS: 30934-97-5), propanoic acid, 2-oxo-, ethyl ester (CAS: 617-35-6), octane (CAS: 111-65-9), octane, 3,3-dimethyl- (CAS: 4110-44-5), heptane, 2,3-dimethyl- (CAS: 3074-71-3) and ethanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester (CAS: 18294-04-7). The volatile biomarkers are generated through the pathways of propanoate and nitrogen metabolism. The volatile biomarkers of the alkanes and methylated alkanes are related to oxidative and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane. The lung alveolar cell model has the potential to explore the volatile biomarkers of particulate-induced lung injury.