A worldwide survey on incidence, management, and prognosis of oesophageal fistula formation following atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the POTTER-AF study.

AIMS: Oesophageal fistula represents a rare but dreadful complication of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation. Data on its incidence, management, and outcome are sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS: This international multicentre registry investigates the characteristics of oesophageal fistulae after treatment of atrial fibrillation by catheter ablation. A total of 553 729 catheter ablation procedures (radiofrequency: 62.9%, cryoballoon: 36.2%, other modalities: 0.9%) were performed, at 214 centres in 35 countries. In 78 centres 138 patients [0.025%, radiofrequency: 0.038%, cryoballoon: 0.0015% (P < 0.0001)] were diagnosed with an oesophageal fistula. Peri-procedural data were available for 118 patients (85.5%). Following catheter ablation, the median time to symptoms and the median time to diagnosis were 18 (7.75, 25; range: 0-60) days and 21 (15, 29.5; range: 2-63) days, respectively. The median time from symptom onset to oesophageal fistula diagnosis was 3 (1, 9; range: 0-42) days. The most common initial symptom was fever (59.3%). The diagnosis was established by chest computed tomography in 80.2% of patients. Oesophageal surgery was performed in 47.4% and direct endoscopic treatment in 19.8% and conservative treatment in 32.8% of patients. The overall mortality was 65.8%. Mortality following surgical (51.9%) or endoscopic treatment (56.5%) was significantly lower as compared to conservative management (89.5%) [odds ratio 7.463 (2.414, 23.072) P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Oesophageal fistula after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is rare and occurs mostly with the use of radiofrequency energy rather than cryoenergy. Mortality without surgical or endoscopic intervention is exceedingly high.

Age differences of patients treated with wearable cardioverter defibrillator: Data from a multicentre registry.

BACKGROUND: Wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCD) are used as a 'bridging' technology in patients, who are temporarily at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Several factors should be taken into consideration, for example patient selection, compliance and optimal drug treatment, when WCD is prescribed. We aimed to present real-world data from seven centres from Germany and Switzerland according to age differences regarding the outcome, prognosis, WCD data and compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 04/2012 and 03/2021, 1105 patients were included in this registry. Outcome data according to age differences (old ≥45 years compared to young <45 years) were analysed. At young age, WCDs were more often prescribed due to congenital heart disease and myocarditis. On the other hand, ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) was more present in older patients. Wear days of WCD were similar between both groups (p = .115). In addition, during the WCD use, documented arrhythmic life-threatening events were comparable [sustained ventricular tachycardia: 5.8% vs. 7.7%, ventricular fibrillation (VF) .5% vs. .6%] and consequently the rate of appropriate shocks was similar between both groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction improvement was documented over follow-up with a better improvement in younger patients as compared to older patients (77% vs. 63%, p = .002). In addition, at baseline, the rate of atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in the older age group (23% vs. 8%; p = .001). The rate of permanent cardiac implantable electronic device implantation (CiED) was lower in the younger group (25% vs. 36%, p = .05). The compliance rate defined as wearing WCD at least 20 h per day was significantly lower in young patients compared to old patients (68.9% vs. 80.9%, p < .001). During the follow-up, no significant difference regarding all-cause mortality or arrhythmic death was documented in both groups. A low compliance rate of wearing WCD is predicted by young patients and patients suffering from non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. CONCLUSION: Although the compliance rate in different age groups is high, the average wear hours tended to be lower in young patients compared to older patients. The clinical events were similar in younger patients compared to older patients.

EASY-WPW: a novel ECG-algorithm for easy and reliable localization of manifest accessory pathways in children and adults.

AIMS: Accessory pathway (AP) ablation is a standard procedure for the treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW). Twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG)-based delta wave analysis is essential for predicting ablation sites. Previous algorithms have shown to be complex, time-consuming, and unprecise. We aimed to retrospectively develop and prospectively validate a new, simple ECG-based algorithm considering the patients' heart axis allowing for exact localization of APs in patients undergoing ablation for WPW. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our multicentre study included 211 patients undergoing ablation of a single manifest AP due to WPW between 2013 and 2021. The algorithm was developed retrospectively and validated prospectively by comparing its efficacy to two established ones (Pambrun and Arruda). All patients (32 ± 19 years old, 47% female) underwent successful pathway ablation. Prediction of AP-localization was correct in 197 patients (93%) (sensitivity 92%, specificity 99%, PPV 96%, and NPV 99%). Our algorithm was particularly useful in correctly localizing antero-septal/-lateral (sensitivity and specificity 100%) and posteroseptal (sensitivity 98%, specificity 92%) AP in proximity to the tricuspid valve. The accuracy of EASY-WPW was superior compared to the Pambrun (93% vs. 84%, P = 0.003*) and the Arruda algorithm (94% vs. 75%, P < 0.001*). A subgroup analysis of children (n = 58, 12 ± 4 years old, 55% female) revealed superiority to the Arruda algorithm (P < 0.001*). The reproducibility of our algorithm was excellent (Ï°>0.8; P < 0.001*). CONCLUSION: The novel EASY-WPW algorithm provides reliable and accurate pre-interventional ablation site determination in WPW patients. Only two steps are necessary to locate left-sided AP, and three steps to determine right-sided AP.

Influence of excess weight and obesity on performance and outcome of pulmonary vein isolation with the cryoballoon.

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has become a cornerstone therapy in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with overweight or obesity suffer more often from AF, and studies investigating the safety and feasibility of PVI in these patients have shown varying results. In this study we analyzed PVI performed with the 2nd generation cryoballoon (CB) with regard to safety, procedure and fluoroscopy time in patients with normal weight, overweight and obesity. We analyzed 228 consecutive patients treated with CB PVI in our hospital in 2018 and 2019. Fifty nine (25.88%) patients presented with normal weight (body mass index (BMI) of <25), 115 (50.44%) patients with overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9) and 54 (23.68%) were obese patients (BMI >30). All pulmonary veins (PV) were isolated successfully. Concerning procedural parameters, neither complications, procedural time, nor fluoroscopy time differed significantly. There was a significant increase of dose area product (DAP) in obese patients compared to normal weight and overweight patients (2035.5 ± 1930.1 µGym2 vs. 975.3 ± 814.9 vs. 1325.1 ± 2081.3, p = 0.001) but no significant difference between overweight and normal weight patients (p = 0.611). Our follow-up data of 168 patients (73.68%) observed for 12 months showed no differences in the recurrence of AF in the three BMI groups [80.9% vs. 83.3% (p = 0.733) vs. 86.55% (p = 0.460)]. In conclusion, CB PVI in overweight and obese patients is safe with similar levels of complications and recurrence of AF as patients of normal weight. However, obese patients and operators are exposed to higher radiation doses.

Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias and in-hospital mortality: insights from the German-wide Helios hospital network of 5052 cases.

AIMS: Catheter ablation (CA) of ventricular arrhythmias is one of the most challenging electrophysiological interventions with an increasing use over the last years. Several benefits must be weighed against the risk of potentially life-threatening complications which necessitates a steady reevaluation of safety endpoints. Therefore, the aims of this study were (i) to investigate overall in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing such procedures and (ii) to identify variables associated with in-hospital mortality in a German-wide hospital network. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2010 and September 2018, administrative data provided by 85 Helios hospitals were screened for patients with main or secondary discharge diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in combination with an arrhythmia-related CA using ICD- and OPS codes. In 5052 cases (mean age 60.9 ± 14.3 years, 30.1% female) of 30 different hospitals, in-hospital mortality was 1.27% with a higher mortality in patients ablated for VT (1.99%, n = 2, 955) compared to PVC (0.24%, n = 2, 097, P < 0.01). Mortality rates were 2.06% in patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD, n = 2, 137), 1.47% in patients with non-ischaemic structural heart disease (NIHD, n = 1, 224), and 0.12% in patients without structural heart disease (NSHD, n = 1, 691). Considering different types of hospital admission, mortality rates were 0.35% after elective (n = 2, 825), 1.60% after emergency admission/hospital transfer <24 h (n = 1, 314) and 3.72% following delayed hospital transfer >24 h after initial admission (n = 861, P < 0.01 vs. elective admission and emergency admission/hospital transfer <24 h). In multivariable analysis, a delayed hospital transfer >24 h [odds ratio (OR) 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59-3.28, P < 0.01], the occurrence of procedure-related major adverse events (OR 6.81, 95% CI 2.90-16.0, P < 0.01), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI, OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.56-3.66, P < 0.01) and its components congestive heart failure (OR 8.04, 95% CI 1.71-37.8, P < 0.01), and diabetes mellitus (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.13-2.22, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with in-hospital death. CONCLUSIONS: We reported in-hospital mortality rates after CA of ventricular arrhythmias in the largest multicentre, administrative dataset in Germany which can be implemented in quality management programs. Aside from comorbidities, a delayed hospital transfer to a CA performing centre is associated with an increased in-hospital mortality. This deserves further studies to determine the optimal management strategy.

In-hospital mortality of patients with atrial arrhythmias: insights from the German-wide Helios hospital network of 161 502 patients and 34 025 arrhythmia-related procedures.

Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AFib) and atrial flutter (AFlut) are common arrhythmias with increased use of invasive procedures. A steady re-evaluation of relevant safety endpoints is recommended and both quality management and pay-for-performance programs are evolving. Therefore, the aims of this study were (i) to investigate and report overall in-hospital mortality and mortality of invasive arrhythmia-related procedures and (ii) to identify mortality predictors in a German-wide hospital network. Methods and results: Administrative data provided by 78 Helios hospitals between 2010 and 2017 were examined using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems- and Operations and Procedures-codes to identify patients with AFib or AFlut as main discharge diagnosis or secondary diagnosis combined with invasive arrhythmia-related interventions. In 161 502 patients, in-hospital mortality was 0.6% with a significant decrease from 0.75% to 0.5% (P < 0.01) during the observational period. In multivariable analysis, age [odds ratio (OR) 2.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-3.05; P < 0.01], high centre volume (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50-0.65; P < 0.01), emergency hospital admission (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.38-1.79; P < 0.01), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI, OR 4.95, 95% CI 4.50-5.44; P < 0.01) were found as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Mortality rates were 0.05% for left atrial catheter ablation (CA, n = 21 744), 0.3% for right atrial CA (n = 9972), and 0.56% for implantation of a left atrial appendage occluder (n = 2309), respectively. Conclusion: We analysed for the first time in-hospital mortality rates of patients with atrial arrhythmias in a German-wide, multi-centre administrative dataset. This allows feasible, comparable, and up-to-date performance measurement of clinically important endpoints in a real-world setting which may contribute to quality management programs and towards value-based healthcare.

Cardiac tamponade in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: German-wide analysis of 21 141 procedures in the Helios atrial fibrillation ablation registry (SAFER).

Aims: Catheter ablation is an established therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) with increasing popularity. Pericardial effusion requiring intervention (PE) is one of the most threatening adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine rates of PE after catheter ablation in a large 'real-world' data set in a German-wide hospital network. Methods and results: Using ICD and OPS codes, administrative data of 85 Helios hospitals from 2010 to 2017 was used to identify AF catheter ablation cases [Helios atrial fibrillation ablation registry (SAFER)]. PE occurred in 0.9% of 21 141 catheter ablation procedures. Patients with PE were significantly older, to a higher percentage female, had more frequently hypertension, mild liver disease, diabetes with chronic complications, and renal disease. Low hospital volume (<50 procedures per year) and radiofrequency ablation (vs. cryoablation) were significantly associated with PE. Using two logistic regression models, age, female gender, hypertension, mild liver disease, diabetes with chronic complications, renal disease, low hospital volume, and radiofrequency ablation remained independent predictors for PE. Conclusion: Overall PE rate was 0.9%. Predictors for PE occurrence involved factors ascribed to the patient (age, gender, comorbidities), the type of catheter ablation (radiofrequency), and the institution (low-volume centres).

Intermuscular technique for implantation of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator: long-term performance and complications.

AIMS: The subcutaneous cardioverter defibrillator was designed to overcome electrode complications of transvenous defibrillation systems. While largely achieved, pocket complications have increased. Subcutaneous implantation of the pulse generator leaves it prone to erosion, extrusion, discomfort, and poor cosmesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We use a demonstration electrode and pulse generator with fluoroscopy, prior to prepping and draping, to maximize the left ventricular mass between them. We adapted a submuscular abdominal ICD technique to implant the S-ICD intermuscularly between the anterior surface of serratus anterior and the posterior surface of latissimus dorsi. Surgery in our patients beyond the subcutaneous tissue was bloodless, as muscle layers were carefully separated but not incised, which also protected the long thoracic nerve. Two layers of muscle protect the pulse generator. We have implanted 82 consecutive patients with this technique, taking ∼65 min. All patients were converted with 65 J standard polarity shock during induced arrhythmia conversion testing, with six (7.3%) patients requiring a repositioning of the pulse generator prior to successful conversion. Seven spontaneous episodes of ventricular fibrillation were detected in three (3.6%) patients, all successfully converted back to sinus rhythm. Long-term patient outcomes have been good with low complication rates over the mean ± standard deviation 3.6 ± 1.2 years. CONCLUSION: Our intermuscular technique and implant methodology is successful for placement of the subcutaneous defibrillator pulse generator. Our technique leads to an excellent cosmetic result and high levels of patient satisfaction. Rates of first shock conversion during defibrillation testing, inappropriate shocks, and complications during follow-up compare favourably with previous published case series. There were no left arm movement limitations post-operatively.

One-Year Success Rate of Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using a Novel Irrigated Multipolar Mapping and Ablation Catheter With Reduced Power Settings.

The use of a novel irrigated multipolar ablation and mapping catheter for pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has demonstrated reasonable acute success rates and short procedure times, however, long-term outcome data are limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term efficacy of this novel ablation system utilizing a reduced power setting for safety purposes.A total of 89 patients with paroxysmal (63 of 89 patients; 71%) or persistent AF underwent PVI with a reduced power setting of maximum 20 Watts (W) unipolar radiofrequency energy and 30 seconds in duration. In cases of persistent AF, atrial substrate ablation was performed additionally. Follow-up was based on outpatient clinic visits at 3, 6, and 12 months and included 5-day Holter ECGs. All of the 347 identified pulmonary veins were successfully isolated. Mean procedure times in PVI and PVI plus substrate ablation were 102 ± 25 minutes and 126 ± 32 minutes, respectively, applying a mean total radiofrequency time of 14 ± 6 minutes and 19 ± 9 minutes. Mean fluoroscopy time was 17 ± 8 minutes and 18 ± 6 minutes, respectively. Follow-up was available for all 89 patients. At one-year follow-up, 44 (70%) patients with paroxysmal AF and 11 (42%) patients with persistent AF remained in stable sinus rhythm after a singleprocedure and off antiarrhythmic drugs.The use of a novel irrigated multipolar ablation catheter with a reduced power setting is safe and feasible, and demonstrates a one-year success rate of 70% in paroxysmal AF and 42% in persistent AF.

Low Incidence of Esophageal Lesions After Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Contact-Force Sensing Catheter Without Esophageal Temperature Probe.

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a cornerstone therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Although severe complications are rather rare, the development of an atrio-esophageal fistula (AEF) is a fatal complication with a very high mortality even after surgical treatment. The use of esophageal temperature probes (ETP) during PVI may protect the esophagus but it is still under debate since the ETP may also lead to esophageal lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety of PVI using contact-force (CF) sensing catheter without esophageal temperature monitoring.We investigated 70 consecutive patients who underwent point-by-point PVI without usage of ETP and who underwent esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) with detailed evaluation of the esophagus after the index PVI procedure. The operator attempted to keep CF within the 10-40 g range. The incidences of esophageal lesions (EDEL) detected by endoscopy were then analyzed.Two of 70 patients (2.9%) showed EDEL consisting of one longitudinal ulcer-like erythematous lesion with fibrin and a different one consisting of a round-shaped lesion surrounded by erythema and petechial hemorrhage. All EDEL healed within two weeks under high proton-pump inhibitor therapy without developing AEF as proven by a second EGD of the esophagus.Point-by-point PVI without usage of ETP showed a low incidence of EDEL (2.9%); atrio-esophageal fistula was absent. Further studies on the necessity of ETP under CF control are necessary.

Dual atrioventricular nodal non-re-entrant tachycardia.

Dual atrioventricular nodal non-re-entrant tachycardia (DAVNNT), also known as 'double fire', has recently received more attention since it was demonstrated to mimic more common arrhythmias such as atrial premature beats, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. This is important, since mistaken differential diagnoses and the resulting therapeutic decisions have severe consequences for affected patients. DAVNNT is characterized by conduction characteristics of the atrioventricular (AV) node that leads to a double antegrade conduction of one sinoatrial nodal activity via the slow and fast AV nodal pathways. As a result, the most significant hint from an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a P wave followed by two narrow QRS complexes. Although DAVNNT is rather a rare arrhythmia, it now appears to be more common than previously thought. To date, 68 cases including 3 small single-centre observational studies accumulated over the last 5 years have demonstrated the feasibility and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation for DAVNNT. Catheter ablation treats this arrhythmia effectively by modifying or eliminating slow pathway function. Here, we review the current state of DAVNNT knowledge systematically and address current challenges presented by this 'ECG chameleon from the AV node'.

Reduction of Fluoroscopic Exposure Using a New Fluoroscopy Integrating Technology in a 3D-Mapping System During Pulmonary Vein Isolation With a Circular Multipolar Irrigated Catheter.

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a cornerstone therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). With increasing numbers of PVI procedures, demand arises to reduce the cumulative fluoroscopic radiation exposure for both the physician and the patient. New technologies are emerging to address this issue. Here, we report our first experiences with a new fluoroscopy integrating technology in addition to a current 3D-mapping system. The new fluoroscopy integrating system (FIS) with 3D-mapping was used prospectively in 15 patients with AF. Control PVI cases (n = 37) were collected retrospectively as a complete series. Total procedure time (skin to skin), fluoroscopic time, and dose-area-product (DAP) data were analyzed. All PVI procedures were performed by one experienced physician using a commercially available circular multipolar irrigated ablation catheter. All PVI procedures were successfully undertaken without major complications. Baseline characteristics of the two groups showed no significant differences. In the group using the FIS, the fluoroscopic time and DAP were significantly reduced from 571 ± 187 seconds versus 1011 ± 527 seconds (P = 0.0029) and 4342 ± 2073 cGycm(2) versus 6208 ± 3314 cGycm(2) (P = 0.049), respectively. Mean procedure time was not significantly affected and was 114 ± 31 minutes versus 104 ± 24 minutes (P = 0.23) by the FIS.The use of the new FIS with the current 3D-mapping system enables a significant reduction of the total fluoroscopy time and DAP compared to the previous combination of 3D-mapping system plus normal fluoroscopy during PVI utilizing a circular multipolar irrigated ablation catheter. However, the concomitant total procedure time is not affected. Thus, the new system reduces the radiation exposure for both the physicians and patients.

Reverse Remodelling of the Atria After Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Evidence from Electro-mechanical and Endocrine Markers.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested a strong association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on reverse atrial remodelling in patients with OSA is poorly understood. We aimed to determine the impact of CPAP therapy on total atrial conduction time measured by PA tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) interval in patients without history of AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with first diagnosed OSA (group 1) and 20 reference patients without OSA (group 2) were prospectively enrolled. Group 1 was divided into 25 patients with starting CPAP therapy (intervention group) and 10 patients without CPAP therapy (control group). PA-TDI interval, measured by tissue Doppler imaging, and B-type natriuretic-peptide (BNP) were determined at baseline and repeated after 30 days in group 1. Patients with OSA had a significantly longer PA-TDI interval (131.4±16.0 ms vs. 120.1±6.4 ms, p<0.001) compared to reference patients. PA-TDI interval shortened significantly after 30 days of CPAP therapy (131±17.1 ms vs. 124.6±15.7 ms, p<0.001), whereas no significant change was found in the control group (132.6±13.6 ms vs. 133.2±13.1 ms, p=0.31) and BNP-levels decreased significantly (39.1±50.7 pg/ml vs. 28.2±42.4 pg/ml, p<0.01), while BNP-levels remained unaffected after 30 days in control group (31.5±20 pg/ml vs. 34.4±20.5 pg/ml, p=0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Change in PA-TDI interval, as an indirect surrogate marker of atrial remodelling, suggests reverse atrial remodelling in patients with OSA and treated by CPAP. This effect may ensue from decreased atrial pressure or volume overload, as indicated by significantly reduced BNP levels. These observations suggest that the substrate pre-disposing to AF may be reversible and moreover can be measured by PA-TDI interval and BNP.

nMARQ Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Results from a Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: nMARQ is a multipolar catheter designed to simultaneously ablate at multiple sites around the pulmonary vein (PV) circumference with a single radiofrequency application. We sought to define the safety and efficacy of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation with the nMARQ catheter. METHODS: In a multicenter study, patients with drug-refractory AF were included. Procedural outcomes were documented at 1 year. RESULTS: 374 patients underwent PV isolation using nMARQ (age 60 ± 10 years, 264 male), of whom 263 patients had paroxysmal AF (PAF), while 111 patients had persistent AF. A total of 1,468 of 1,474 veins (99.6%) were isolated with the nMARQ catheter alone. Thirty-five (13%) PAF patients and 30 (27%) persistent AF patients underwent additional ablation at non-PV sites (2.4 ± 1.4 non-PV sites). Procedure time for PV isolation only was 1.9 ± 0.7 hours (fluoroscopy 24 ± 14 minutes). Procedure time for PV isolation and non-PV ablation was 2.4 ± 1.0 hours (fluoroscopy 30 ± 23 minutes). Major adverse events occurred in two patients (0.5%); one esophago-pericardial fistula and a second, mortality due to sepsis of unknown cause. One-year follow-up data were available in 65 (25%) PAF and 20 (18%) persistent AF patients. Forty-two (65%) PAF and 13 (65%) persistent AF patients were free of arrhythmia at 1 year. In patients undergoing repeat procedures (n = 17) the most frequent points of PV reconnection were: anterior RSPV, inferior RIPV, and superior LSPV. CONCLUSIONS: AF ablation with nMARQ is associated with short procedure times and high acute success rates. Further research is necessary to more clearly define long-term outcome.

Left atrial appendage morphology is closely associated with specific echocardiographic flow pattern in patients with atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: To assess the relation between left atrial appendage (LAA) morphology and echocardiographic flow pattern of the LAA by means of two- and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a total of 131 patients with atrial fibrillation, LAA morphology was analyzed by 3D-TEE and classified into four types (Chicken Wing, Windsock, Cactus, Cauliflower). Left atrial appendage flow pattern as maximal LAA emptying flow velocity and spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) were retrieved from 2D-TEE imaging in all patients. In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), Chicken Wing morphology was associated with a higher LAA emptying flow velocity (difference of means = -11.7, 95% CI 4.6-19.3, P = 0.003) and a reduced prevalence of SEC (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.3, P = 0.025) compared with all other LAA types (so-called 'Non-Chicken Wing' LAA). These alterations were irrespective of the underlying type of AF. CONCLUSION: Non-Chicken Wing LAA morphologies are associated with a specific echocardiographic flow pattern in patients with AF. Since evidence exists that LAA flow pattern are indicative of an enhanced risk of thrombus formation, 3D-TEE might be a valuable tool warranting future studies to test whether these morphological and functional characteristics permit risk stratification in AF.

Baseline HV-interval predicts complete AV-block secondary to transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

PURPOSE: Development of AV-block is a frequent complication associated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). To date little is known about the predictive value of the HV-interval prior to TAVI with respect to the risk of AV-block development. METHODS AND RESULTS: HV-interval was determined in 25 consecutive elderly patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) before and immediately after TAVI. All patients subsequently underwent TAVI and 8 of these 25 patients (32%) developed complete AV-block during the TAVI procedure requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. Six of these 8 patients (75%) had marked HV prolongation (>54 ms). Pre-procedural HV-interval was significantly prolonged in the subgroup developing complete AV-block (62.1 ms±13.0 vs 49.2 ms±12.9; P=0.029). Prolongation of the HV-interval above 54 ms was associated with a higher rate of complete AV-block (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 77.8%, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: HV-interval was prolonged in approximately one third of our elderly patients with aortic valve stenosis and associated with a high rate of complete AV-block following TAVI. HV-interval is easily obtained during TAVI screening procedures, thus facilitating identification of patients at risk for complete AV-block due to TAVI and consequently enabling bespoke risk management.

Exchanging Catheters Over a Single Transseptal Sheath During Left Atrial Ablation is Associated with a Higher Risk for Silent Cerebral Events.

BACKGROUND: Silent cerebral events (SCE) have been identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in asymptomatic patients after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Procedural determinants influencing the risk for SCE still remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: Comparing the risk for SCE depending on exchanges of catheters (ExCath) over a single transseptal sheath. METHODS: 88 Patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) only ablation using either single-tip or balloon-based technique underwent pre- and post-ablation cerebral MRI. Ablations were either performed with double transseptal access and without exchanging catheters over the transseptal sheaths (group 1: no ExCath) or after a single transseptal access and exchanges of therapeutic and diagnostic catheters (group 2: ExCath). Differences in regard to SCE rates were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors related to the risk for SCE. RESULTS: Included patients underwent PVI using single tip irrigated radiofrequency in 41, endoscopic laser balloon in 27 and cryoballoon in 20 cases. Overall SCE were identified in 23 (26%) patients. In group 1 (no ExCath; N=46) 6 patients (13%) and in group 2 (N=42) 17 patients (40%) had documented SCE (p=0.007). The applied ablation technology did not affect SCE rate. In multivariate analysis age (OR 1.1, p=0.03) and catheter exchanges over a single transseptal sheath (OR 12.1, p=0.007) were the only independent predictors of a higher risk for SCE. CONCLUSIONS: Exchanging catheters over a single transseptal access to perform left atrial ablation is associated with a significantly higher incidence of SCE compared to an ablation technique using different transseptal accesses for therapeutic and diagnostic catheters.

Proximal High-Index Metamaterials based on a Superlattice of Gold Nanohexagons Targeting the Near-Infrared Band.

Plasmonic nanoparticles can be assembled into a superlattice, to form optical metamaterials, particularly targeting precise control of optical properties such as refractive index (RI). The superlattices exhibit enhanced near-field, given the sufficiently narrow gap between nanoparticles supporting multiple plasmonic resonance modes only realized in proximal environments. Herein, the planar superlattice of plasmonic Au nanohexagons (AuNHs) with precisely controlled geometries such as size, shape, and edge-gaps is reported. The proximal AuNHs superlattice realized over a large area with selective edge-to-edge assembly exhibited the highest-ever-recorded RI values in the near-infrared (NIR) band, surpassing the upper limit of the RI of the natural intrinsic materials (up to 10.04 at λ = 1.5 µm). The exceptionally enhanced RI is derived from intensified in-plane surface plasmon coupling across the superlattices. Precise control of the edge-gap of neighboring AuNHs systematically tuned the RI as confirmed by numerical analysis based on the plasmonic percolation model. Furthermore, a 1D photonic crystal, composed of alternating layers of AuNHs superlattices and low-index polymers, is constructed to enhance the selectivity of the reflectivity operating in the NIR band. It is expected that the proximal AuNHs superlattices can be used as new optical metamaterials that can be extended to the NIR range.

Association of BMI with adherence and outcome in heart failure patients treated with wearable cardioverter defibrillator.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet an 'obesity paradox' has been observed in various CVD contexts. The impact of obesity on heart failure (HF) patients treated with a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) remains underexplored. METHODS: In a multicentre international registry, we retrospectively collected data from a consecutive series of 1003 patients. These patients were divided into three body mass index (BMI) groups: <25 kg/m2 (n = 348), 25-30 kg/m2 (n = 383), and >30 kg/m2 (n = 272), with BMI > 30 kg/m2 defined as the reference category. Demographics, indications, adherence, WCD shocks, arrhythmic events, rehospitalization due to cardiovascular causes, and mortality were analysed. RESULTS: At 3 month follow-up, patients with a BMI > 30 showed the greatest improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at 51.4%, significantly higher than the 41.4% in those with a BMI < 25 (P = 0.017) and comparable with the 49.4% in the BMI 25-30 group (P = 0.635). WCD wearing time and adherence were similar across all BMI groups. The incidence of WCD shock was similar across BMI groups. Rates of ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation and non-sustained VT (ns-VT) were comparable across BMI groups. The rate of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation was 40.3% across all patients, with a slightly lower rate in the BMI > 30 group (36.8%) compared with others, although not significantly. Rehospitalization due to cardiovascular causes was significantly lower in the BMI > 30 group (55.4%) compared with the BMI 25-30 group (70.9%; P = 0.048), but similar to the BMI < 25 group (54.9%; P = 0.957). At 2 year follow-up, mortality was lower in the BMI > 30 group (5.9%) compared with the BMI < 25 (7.5%; P = 0.029) and BMI 25-30 groups (7%; P = 0.681). In multivariable analysis, LVEF at long term was significantly associated with a reduction in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Obese patients exhibited significantly greater improvement in LVEF, which was associated with reduced mortality. Adherence to WCD therapy was excellent across all BMI groups. ICD implantation occurred in 40.3% of patients, with similar WCD shock rates and arrhythmic events across BMI groups. An obesity paradox was observed, with obese patients demonstrating significantly lower rehospitalization rates due to cardiovascular causes and reduced mortality at follow-up.