RESUMO
This study aims to investigate the phytoconstituents of the chloroform fraction of three Cystoseira spp. namely C. myrica, C. trinodis, and C. tamariscifolia using UPLC/ESI/MS technique. The results revealed the identification of 19, 20 and 11 metabolites in C. myrica, C. trinodis, and C. tamariscifolia, respectively mainly terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids and fatty acids. Also, an in vitro antioxidant study using FRAP and DPPH assays was conducted where the chloroform fraction of C. trinodis displayed the highest antioxidant activity in both assays, which would be attributed to its highest total phenolics and total flavonoids. Besides, the investigation of COX-1, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were performed. Regarding C. trinodis, it showed the strongest inhibitory activity towards COX-1. Moreover, it showed potent inhibitory activity towards α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. According to the molecular docking studies, the major compounds characterised showed efficient binding to the active sites of the target enzymes.
Assuntos
Clorofórmio , alfa-Glucosidases , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Flavonoides/química , alfa-AmilasesRESUMO
The emergence of multi-drug-resistant microbial strains spurred the search for antimicrobial agents; as a result, two distinct approaches were combined: four inâ vitro studies and four corresponding molecular docking investigations. Antituberculosis, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA), antifungal, and larvicidal activities of the crude extract, two fractions, and seven isolated compounds from Aspergillus terreus derived from Morus alba roots were explored. The isolated compounds (5 butyrolactones and 2 orsellinic acid derivatives) showed potent to moderate antitubercular activity with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5â µg/mL (compared to isoniazid, 0.24â µg/mL) and promising anti-MRSA potential with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 8 to 25â mm. Additionally, the in silico study proved that the isolated compounds bind to the two corresponding proteins' active sites with high to moderate -(C-Docker interaction energies) and stable interactions. The isolated compounds displayed antifungal activities against different fungal strains at diverse degrees of activity, among them compound (8"S,9")-dihydroxy-dihydrobutyrolactone I eliciting the best antifungal activity. Meanwhile, all isolated compounds, fractions, and the crude extract demonstrated extremely selective potent to moderate activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. The isolated five butyrolactone derivatives could develop potential mosquito larvicidal agents as a result of promising docking outcomes in the larval enzyme carboxylesterase.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Aspergillus , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Morus , Resorcinóis , Animais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Fungos , Misturas Complexas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/químicaRESUMO
Recently, it has been shown that metabolites derived from endosymbiotic fungi attracted high attention, since plenty of them have promising pharmaceutical applications. The variation of metabolic pathways in fungi is considered an optimistic source for lead compounds. Among these classes are terpenoids, alkaloids, polyketides, and steroids, which have proved several pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral actions. This review concludes the major isolated compounds from different strains of Penicillium chrysogenum during the period 2013-2023, together with their reported pharmacological activities. From literature surveys, 277 compounds have been identified from P. chrysogenum, which has been isolated as an endosymbiotic fungus from different host organisms, with specific attention paid to those showing marked biological activities that could be useful in the pharmaceutical industry in the future. This review represents documentation for a valuable reference for promising pharmaceutical applications or further needed studies on P. chrysogenum.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Penicillium chrysogenum , Penicillium , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , Fungos , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , Antivirais/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/metabolismoRESUMO
Culex pipiens mosquitoes are transmitters of many viruses and are associated with the transmission of many diseases, such as filariasis and avian malaria, that have a high rate of mortality. The current study draws attention to the larvicidal efficacy of three methanolic algal extracts, Cystoseira myrica, C. trinodis, and C. tamariscifolia, against the third larval instar of Cx. pipiens. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis of three methanol fractions of algal samples led to the tentative characterization of twelve compounds with different percentages among the three samples belonging to phenolics and terpenoids. Probit analysis was used to calculate the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90). The highest level of toxicity was attained after treatment with C. myrica extract using a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 105.06 ppm, followed by C. trinodis (135.08 ppm), and the lowest level of toxicity was achieved by C. tamariscifolia (138.71 ppm) after 24 h. The elevation of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduction of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzymes confirm the larvicidal activity of the three algal extracts. When compared to untreated larvae, all evaluated extracts revealed a significant reduction in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, verifying their larvicidal effectiveness. To further support the observed activity, an in silico study for the identified compounds was carried out on the two tested enzymes. Results showed that the identified compounds and the tested enzymes had excellent binding affinities for each other. Overall, the current work suggests that the three algal extractions are a prospective source for the development of innovative, environmentally friendly larvicides.
Assuntos
Aedes , Anopheles , Inseticidas , Animais , Estudos Prospectivos , Inseticidas/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Metanol/química , Plantas , Larva , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem. Cholinergic transmission is greatly affected in AD. Phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid rich fraction (AF) of Erythrina corallodendron L leaves resulted in isolation of five known alkaloids: erysodine, erythrinine, 8-oxoerythrinine, erysovine N-oxide and erythrinine N-oxide. In this study, eysovine N-oxide was reported for the second time in nature. AF was assayed for cholinesterase inhibition at the concentration of 100â µg mL-1 . AF showed a higher percent inhibition for butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BuChE) (83.28 %) compared to acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) (64.64 %). The isolated alkaloids were also assayed for their anti-BuChE effect. In-silico docking study was done for the isolated compounds at the binding sites of AChE and BuChE to determine their binding pattern and interactions, also molecular dynamics were estimated for the compound displaying the best fit for AChE and BuChE. In addition, ADME parameters and toxicity were predicted for the isolated alkaloids compared to donepezil.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Doença de Alzheimer , Erythrina , Humanos , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Erythrina/química , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Alcaloides/química , Óxidos , Simulação de Acoplamento MolecularRESUMO
The study presents antioxidant, phytochemical, anti-proliferative, and gene repression activities against Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) alpha and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of Elaeocarpus sphaericus extract. Elaeocarpus sphaericus dried and crushed plant leaves were extracted using water and methanol by ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to measure the extracts' phytochemical activity (TFC). Antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and TRP. Methanolic extract of the leaves of E.â sphaericus has shown a higher amount of TPC (94.666±4.040â mg/gm GAE) and TFC value (172.33±3.21â mg/gm RE). The antioxidant properties of extracts in the yeast model (Drug Rescue assay) showed promising results. Ascorbic acid, gallic acid, hesperidin, and quercetin were found in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of E.â sphaericus at varying amounts, according to a densiometric chromatogram generated by HPTLC analysis. Methanolic extract of E.â sphaericus (10â mg/ml) has shown good antimicrobial potential against all bacterial strains used in the study except E.â coli. The anticancer activity of the extract in HeLa cell lines ranged from 77.94±1.03 % to 66.85±1.95 %, while it ranged from 52.83±2.57 % to 5.44 % in Vero cell lines at varying concentration (1000â µg/ml-31.2â µg/ml). A promising effect of extract was observed on the expression activity of HIF-1 and VEGF gene through RT-PCR assay.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Elaeocarpaceae , Humanos , Antioxidantes/química , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Células HeLa , Escherichia coli , Flavonoides/análise , Metanol , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
The chronic nature of diabetes mellitus motivates the quest for novel agents to improve its management. The scarcity and prior uncontrolled utilization of medicinal plants have encouraged researchers to seek new sources of promising compounds. Recently, endophytes have presented as eco-friendly leading sources for bioactive metabolites. This article reviewed the endophytic fungi associated with Morus species and their isolated compounds, in addition to the biological activities tested on their extracts and chemical constituents. The relevant literature was collected from the years 2008-2022 from PubMed and Web of Science databases. Notably, no antidiabetic activity was reported for any of the Morus-associated endophytic fungal extracts or their twenty-one previously isolated compounds. This encouraged us to perform an in silico study on the previously isolated compounds to explore their possible antidiabetic potential. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic and dynamic stability studies were performed on these compounds. Upon molecular docking, Colletotrichalactone A (14) showed a promising antidiabetic activity due to the inhibition of the α-amylase local target and the human sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (hSGT2) systemic target with safe pharmacokinetic features. These results provide an in silico interpretation of the possible anti-diabetic potential of Morus endophytic metabolites, yet further study is required.
Assuntos
Endófitos , Fungos , Hipoglicemiantes , Morus , Humanos , Endófitos/química , Fungos/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Morus/microbiologiaRESUMO
Culex pipiens mosquitoes are vectors to many viruses and can transmit diseases such as filariasis and avian malaria. The present study evaluated the larvicidal activity of marine-derived endophytic fungi Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus flavus from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi along with two known cyclodepsipeptide compounds, scopularide A (1) and B (2), isolated from A. flavus extract, against third-instar larvae of C. pipiens, using distilled water as a negative control and toosenedanin as a positive control. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated by probit analysis. Scopularide A was the most potent after 96 h treatment, with LC50 and LC90 values of 58.96 and 994.31 ppm, respectively, and with 82.66% mortality at a concentration of 300 ppm. To unravel the biochemical mechanism of the tested extracts and compounds, their effects against protease, chitinase, phenoloxidases and lipase enzymes from the whole-body tissue of C. pipiens were evaluated after 72 h treatment at LC50 dose. Superior activity was observed for A. flavus extract against all tested enzymes. A molecular docking study was conducted for scopularide A and B on the four tested enzymes, to further verify the observed activity. Results revealed good binding affinities for both compounds as compared to the docked ligands, mainly via a number of hydrogen bonds. This was the first study to report the isolation of endophytic fungi A. flavus and A. nomius from the marine soft coral S. ehrenbergi. The endophytic fungal extract of A. flavus was found to be a promising source for a natural larvicidal agent against C. pipiens populations.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Depsipeptídeos , Inseticidas , Animais , Depsipeptídeos/farmacologia , Fungos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mosquitos Vetores , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic is shaking up global scientific structures toward addressing antibiotic resistance threats and indicates an urgent need to develop more cost-effective vaccines. Vaccine adjuvants play a crucial role in boosting immunogenicity and improving vaccine efficacy. The toxicity and adversity of most adjuvant formulations are the major human immunization problems, especially in routine pediatric and immunocompromised patients. The present review focused on preclinical studies of immunoadjuvant plant proteins in use with antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral vaccines. Moreover, this report outlines the current perspective of immunostimulant plant protein candidates that can be used by researchers in developing new generations of vaccine-adjuvants. Future clinical studies are required to substantiate the plant proteins' safety and applicability as a vaccine adjuvant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Adjuvantes de Vacinas , Proteínas de Plantas , Vacinas , Humanos , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologiaRESUMO
Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body. At present, skin diseases are numerous, representing a major health problem affecting all ages from neonates to the elderly worldwide. Many people may develop diseases that affect the skin, including cancer, herpes, and cellulitis. Long-term conventional treatment creates complicated disorders in vital organs of the body. It also imposes socioeconomic burdens on patients. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. The use of plants is as old as mankind. Many medicinal plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases, and they are also suitable raw materials for the production of new synthetic agents. A review of some plant families, viz., Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, etc., used in the treatment of skin diseases is provided with their most common compounds and in silico studies that summarize the recent data that have been collected in this area.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Dermatopatias , Idoso , Etnobotânica , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fitoterapia , Dermatopatias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The development and spread of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is hampering the management of microbial infectious and wound healing processes. Curcumin is the most active and effective constituent of Curcuma longa L., also known as turmeric, and has a very long and strong history of medicinal value for human health and skincare. Curcumin has been proposed as strong antimicrobial potentialities and many attempts have been made to determine its ability to conjointly control bacterial growth and promote wound healing. However, low aqueous solubility, poor tissue absorption and short plasma half-life due its rapid metabolism needs to be solved for made curcumin formulations as suitable treatment for wound healing. New curcumin nanoformulations have been designed to solve the low bioavailability problem of curcumin. Thus, in the present review, the therapeutic applications of curcumin nanoformulations for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes is described.
RESUMO
Gastric ulcer is a very common illness that adversely affects a significant number of people all over the globe. Phytochemical investigation of P. glabra leaf alcohol extract (PGLE) resulted in the isolation and Characterization of a new nature compound, quercetin-3- O-α -L-rhamnosyl-(1'''-6'')-(4''- O -acetyl)-ß -D-galactoside (4), in addition to seven known compounds. They are ferulic acid (1), p- coumaric acid (2), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside-3'-O-ß-D-glucoside (3), quercetin-3- O-α -L-rhamnosyl-(1'''-6'')-(4''- O -acetyl)- ß -Dgalactoside (4), quercetin-3- O-ß -D-galactoside (5), 7-hydroxy maltol-3-O-ß-D-glucoside (6), maltol-3- O-ß -D-glucoside (7), and methyl coumarate (8) that were first to be isolated from the genus Pachira. PGLE demonstrated in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Moreover, the in vivo gastroprotective assessment of PGLE at different dosses, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg against ethanol induced ulceration revealed a dose-dependent gastroprotection comparable to omeprazole. PGLE attenuated gastric lesions and histopathological changes triggered by ethanol. Interestingly, PGLE exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect through down-regulating the expression of nuclear factor-ĸB and pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in the ulcer group. It also hindered apoptosis through decreasing Bax and increasing Bcl-2 expression hence decreasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio with a subsequent reduction in caspase 3 expression. Collectively, P. glabra is a rich reservoir of various phytochemicals reflecting a promising potential for alleviation of gastric ulcer through the mediation of inflammatory and apoptotic cascades.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Bombacaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/administração & dosagem , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanol , Infecções por Helicobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Helicobacter/patologia , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Folhas de Planta , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Gastric ulcer is a major health problem. Current treatment options of gastric ulcer, including antagonists of histamine H2 receptor and inhibitors of the proton pump, do not cure gastric ulcers, but only provide temporary relief of symptoms and can be associated with severe side effects. The lack of effective and safe medications for this global health problem urges for the discovery of novel classes of compounds with potent activity and an acceptable safety profile. Ethanol-induced ulceration in rats was used to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of casuarinin, an ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca leucadendra. Casuarinin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) reduced the ulcer area by 45, 78, and 99%, respectively, compared with the ulcer group. Casuarinin (100 mg/kg) increased mucin content by 1.8-fold and reduced acidity by 42%. At the same dose, it also increased the levels of reduced glutathione by 194%, catalase by 586%, and prostaglandin E2 to its normal level. In contrast, it attenuated the ethanol-increased levels of malondialdehyde by 56%, TNF-α by 58%, and caspase-3 by 87%. Histological findings demonstrated that casuarinin exhibited a protective effect against tissue alterations in response to the ethanol-induced ulcer. Casuarinin suppressed the immunoexpression of nuclear factor-kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase to their normal values. It also induced the expression of heat shock protein-70, reaching up to 4.9-fold in comparison with the ulcer group. The potent gastroprotective effect of casuarinin was thus attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. Our results suggest the potential application of casuarinin as an antiulcer agent from natural sources.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/isolamento & purificação , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/uso terapêutico , Melaleuca/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Gástrica/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Etanol , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/química , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Mucinas/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Substâncias Protetoras/isolamento & purificação , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/patologiaRESUMO
One of the most widely distributed soft coral species, found especially in shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and also the Arctic, is genus Sacrophyton. The total number of species belonging to it was estimated to be 40. Sarcophyton species are considered to be a reservoir of bioactive natural metabolites. Secondary metabolites isolated from members belonging to this genus show great chemical diversity. They are rich in terpenoids, in particular, cembranoids diterpenes, tetratepenoids, triterpenoids, and ceramide, in addition to steroids, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities, such as antitumor, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antifouling, and anti-inflammatory activity. This review presents all isolated secondary metabolites from species of genera Sacrophyton, as well as their reported biological activities covering a period of about two decades (1998-2019). It deals with 481 metabolites, including 323 diterpenes, 39 biscembranoids, 11 sesquiterpenes, 53 polyoxygenated sterols, and 55 miscellaneous and their pharmacological activities.
Assuntos
Antozoários/química , Produtos Biológicos , Descoberta de Drogas/tendências , Animais , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The inâ vitro cytotoxic activity in Vero cells and the antiviral activity of Erythrina speciosa methanol extract, fractions, and isolated vitexin were studied. The results revealed that E. speciosa leaves ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract (ESLE) was the most active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed on ESLE to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for this activity. One sub-fraction from ESLE (ESLE IV) showed the highest activity against HSV-1 and Hepatitis A HAV-H10 viruses. Vitexin isolated from ESLE VI exhibited a significant antiviral activity (EC50 =35±2.7 and 18±3.3â µg/mL against HAV-H10 and HSV-1 virus, respectively), which was notably greater than the activity of the extract and the fractions. Molecular docking studies were carried out to explore the molecular interactions of vitexin with different macromolecular targets. Analysis of the in silico data together with the inâ vitro studies validated the antiviral activity associated with vitexin. These outcomes indicated that vitexin is a potential candidate to be utilized commendably in lead optimization for the development of antiviral agents.
Assuntos
Antivirais/metabolismo , Apigenina/metabolismo , Erythrina/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Apigenina/química , Apigenina/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/química , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , Erythrina/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Vírus da Hepatite A/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite A/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Human infections caused by microbial biofilm formation represent a growing major health threat. A new alkaloid, 3-amino-5-(3-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, was isolated from the corn grit culture of the endophytic isolate Penicillium citrinum-314 associated with Halocnemum strobilaceum, a halophyte growing in the Egyptian marshes. The new alkaloid was identified by 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS-MS and given the trivial name halociline. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were recorded. Furthermore, another known compound, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one, was obtained in smaller amounts and revealed a non-microbicidal 100 % reduction in biofilm formation, with an MBIC value of 62.5â µg/mL (228â µM) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ferm-BAM), a FRAP value of 447.941±37.876â mM/L as well as a marked safety profile against three cancer cell lines. Through in silico molecular docking study, in the binding sites of Pseudomonas enzymes, key ligand enzyme interactions were determined to support the inâ vitro results.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Endófitos/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Chenopodiaceae/química , Recuperação de Fluorescência Após Fotodegradação , Humanos , Conformação Molecular , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Penicillium/química , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Pithecellobium dulce has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments owing to its restorative properties. The biological activities and chemical profiles of the lipophilic fraction of P. dulce bark and leaves were assessed herein. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and unsaponifiable matter (USM) were prepared and analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the bark saponifiable fraction, whereas 9 compounds were annotated in the leaves. Palmitic acid methyl ester was the major compound identified accounting for 41.48 % of the bark and 19.03 % of the leaves composition. Besides, linolenic acid methyl ester (22.40 %) and linoleic acid (12.69 %) were annotated in the leaves saponifiable fraction. A total of 63 compounds were detected in the bark USM and 4 compounds were identified in the leaves. Phytol represented the major component in the leaves (52.57 %) followed by lupeol (20.68 %) and lupenone (8.60 %). Meanwhile, n-dodecane dominated in the bark USM accounting for 24.69 % of the total composition. The leaves and bark lipophilic fractions revealed moderate antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Both extracts showed no antifungal activity. No cytotoxicity was observed for both lipophilic fractions. P. dulce offers a good source of antioxidant compounds that can be introduced to food and pharmaceutical industry.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fabaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Casca de Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Fungal marine microorganisms are a valuable source of bioactive natural products. Fungal secondary metabolites mainly comprise alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketides, steroids, and lactones. Proteins and peptides from marine fungi show minimal human toxicity and less adverse effects comparable to synthetic drugs. This review summarizes the chemistry and the biological activities of peptides that were isolated and structurally elucidated from marine fungi. Relevant fungal genera including Acremonium, Ascotricha, Aspergillus, Asteromyces, Ceratodictyon, Clonostachys, Emericella, Exserohilum, Microsporum, Metarrhizium, Penicillium, Scytalidium, Simplicillium, Stachylidium, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, as well as Zygosporium were extensively reviewed. About 131 peptides were reported from these 17 genera and their structures were unambiguously determined using 1D and 2D NMR (one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques in addition to HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry). Marfey and Mosher reactions were used to confirm the identity of these compounds. About 53% of the isolated peptides exhibited cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity, meanwhile, few of them showed antidiabetic, lipid lowering, and anti-inflammatory activity. However 47% of the isolated peptides showed no activity with respect to the examined biological activity and thus required further in depth biological assessment. In conclusion, when searching for bioactive natural products, it is worth exploring more peptides of fungal origin and assessing their biological activities.
Assuntos
Organismos Aquáticos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Fungos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Antivirais/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipolipemiantes/química , Hipolipemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Dietes bicolor (Iridaceae) is an ornamental plant used by African local healers to treat diarrhea and dysentery. A new dihydroflavonol, (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavanone (1); two known dihydroflavonols, trans-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavanone (2) and trans-3-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (3); the known isoflavone orobol 7,3'-di-O-methyl ether (4); the known biflavones lanaroflavone (5), robustaflavone (6), and amentoflavone (7); and ß-sitosterol (8) were isolated from the CH2Cl2 fraction of D. bicolor leaves. The extract showed potent activity in antiallergic and anti-inflammatory assays. The structures of the isolates were identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Compounds 6 and 7 (400 µM) exhibited antiallergic activity by inhibiting antigen-induced ß-hexosaminidase release at 45.7% and 46.3%, respectively. Moreover, 6 and 7 exerted anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated by the inhibition of superoxide anion generation with an IC50 value of 1.0 µM as well as the inhibition of elastase release with IC50 values of 0.45 and 0.75 µM, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity was further explained by the virtual docking of the isolated compounds to the binding sites in the human neutrophil elastase (HNE) crystal structure using Discovery Studio 2.5. It was concluded that the biflavonoids bind directly to HNE and inhibit its enzymatic activity based on the CDOCKER algorithm. The data provided evidence for the potential use of D. bicolor against certain diseases related to allergy and inflammation.
Assuntos
Antialérgicos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Biflavonoides/química , Iridaceae/química , Antialérgicos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Biflavonoides/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Mastócitos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Sitosteroides/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brachychiton rupestris and Brachychiton discolor (Malvaceae) are ornamental trees native to Australia. Some members of Brachychiton and its highly related genus, Sterculia, are employed in traditional medicine for itching, dermatitis and other skin diseases. However, scientific studies on these two genera are scarce. Aiming to reveal the scientific basis of the folk medicinal use of these plants, the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of Brachychiton rupestris and Brachychiton discolor leaves extracts and fractions were evaluated. Also, phytochemical investigation of B. rupestris was performed to identify the compounds exerting the biological effect. METHODS: Extracts as well as fractions of Brachychiton rupestris and Brachychiton discolor were tested for their cytotoxicity versus hepatoma HepG2, lung A549, and breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Assessment of the anti-allergic activity was done using degranulation assay in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Anti-inflammatory effect was tested by measuring the suppression of superoxide anion production as well as elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils. Phytochemical investigation of the n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of B. rupestris was done using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS: The tested samples showed no cytotoxicity towards the tested cell lines. The nonpolar fractions of both B. rupestris and B. discolor showed potent anti-allergic potency by inhibiting the release of ß-hexosaminidase. The dichloromethane fraction of both species exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release with IC50 values of 2.99 and 1.98 µg/mL, respectively for B. rupestris, and 0.78 and 1.57 µg/mL, respectively for B. discolor. Phytochemical investigation of various fractions of B. rupestris resulted in the isolation of ß-amyrin acetate (1), ß-sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) from the n-hexane fraction. Scopoletin (4) and ß-sitosterol-3-O-ß-D-glucoside (5) were obtained from the dichloromethane fraction. Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-ß-D-glucoside (6) and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-ß-D-glucoside (7) were separated from the ethyl acetate fraction. Scopoletin (4) showed anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the nonpolar fractions of both Brachychiton species exhibited anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities.