[An attempt to assess women's knowledge about caesarean section in the questionnaire survey].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: In last year the proportion of caesarean sections constantly growing. The aim: To evaluate the knowledge in the questionnaire survey of women about the Caesarean section. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 1462 women in age 18-57 were tested by the method of diagnostic survey. The tool of research was own survey composed of 26 question. RESULTS: Results: Among 1462 of women, which was poll, 79,6% described anxiety as the main factor to make a decision to have a caesarean section. The most frequently mentioned disease in 93,6%, which may appear among women after surgery were adhesions, while a delay of lactation in 59,36% has a negative influence on newborn children. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: 1. The percentage increase of elective caesarean sections is related to the extension of procedures related to psychiatric indications. However, most women, still prefer a natural birth because of safety for the mother and the child. 2. The awareness of women with higher education causes a higher percentage of cesarian sections, because of the greater anxiety about their own health, health of the newborn and safety of a natural birth. 3. Women in a reproductive age should have access to literature and antenatal schools, but also to psychoeducational meetings and a detailed discussion on this subject of both forms of delivery. 4. Increasing the number of cesarean sections to avoid criminal, civil and professional liability contributes to the increase of awareness and claims and by the knowledge of the law by the society.

Selected psychological aspects of functioning of a patient after repeated miscarriages − case study

The purpose of our case study was to identify psychological and medical dependencies affecting subsequent pregnancies of women after early pregnancy loss. The patient miscarried three times, gave birth to two children. The case study describes her state of health, emotional reactions and social support in these situations. Based on medical information, psychological interview and questionnaires (STAI, CISS, BHI-R, ISEL) are described factors influencing the patient's coping with such a difficult situation as the loss of pregnancy.

Evaluation of morphology, apoptosis, and cell proliferation of the uterus in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology (atrophy and fibrosis), apopto-sis, and cell proliferation in the uterine wall. The research material came from postmenopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy due to uterine myomas or prolapse of the reproductive organ and were not taking menopausal hormone therapy (MTH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The collected material was divided into three groups. Group I (n=18) con-sisted of uterine sections taken 1 to 5 years after the last menstruation, Group II (n=17) 6 to 10 years after the last menstruation, and Group III (n=15) over 11 years after the last menstruation. To assess morphology and fibrosis, the uterine sections were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and to Mallory's staining. In addition, we performed a histochemical examination to identify apopto-sis in endometrial and myometrial cells using the TUNEL method. An immunohistochemical analysis of endometrial and myometrial cells was also performed to detect the location of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS: Differences in apoptosis were only found in the myometrium between Group I and Group III, and were strongest in Group I myometrial cells, and weakest in Group III. Neither the endome-trium nor the myometrium showed statistically significant differences in the overall percentage of PCNA(+) cells between groups. CONCLUSION: Morphological changes in the endometrial and myometrial layers of postmenopausal uteri increased with time since the last menstruation.

Tissue immunoexpression of IL-6 and IL-18 in aging men with BPH and MetS and their relationship with lipid parameters and gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids.

Recent studies indicate that inflammation is one of the causes of the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inflammation may result from past infections, metabolic disorders, but also from the state of functioning of the intestinal microbiota. The aim of the study was to assess whether the diagnostic lipid parameters for metabolic syndrome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are related to the immunoexpression of interleukins in prostate tissue with benign hyperplasia. The study involved 103 men with BPH, who were divided into two groups depending on the presence of MetS. We analysed tissue immunoexpression of two proinflammatory interleukins: IL-6, which is known to be involved in the development of BPH, and IL-18, which has not been analysed so far. The results of our study indicate that men with BPH + MetS in the stroma of the prostate have a significantly higher overall percentage of IL-6+ cells compared to men without MetS (p = 0.034). The analysis of IL-18 immunoexpression in prostate tissue indicated that in men with BPH + MetS, the glandular part of the prostate had a significantly higher percentage of cells with strong IL-18 expression (p = 0.040). We also noticed a relationship between tissue expression of IL-6 and IL-18 and lipid parameters (TG and HDL). We conclude that lipid disorders occurring in men with BPH increase inflammation in the prostate gland. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated for the first time that, indirectly, through SCFAs, the gut microbiota can act to prevent or create an inflammatory microenvironment in the prostate gland.

The long-term effects of multidrug immunosuppressive protocols based on calcineurin inhibitors and conversion to rapamycin on the morphology, apoptosis, and proliferation of rat salivary glands.

BACKGROUND: The effect of multidrug immunosuppressive protocols on the salivary glands is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the influence of immunosuppressive regimens based on calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and conversion to rapamycin on the morphology, apoptosis, and proliferation of rat salivary glands. METHODS: Male rats received cyclosporin A (CsA), tacrolimus (FK-506), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), rapamycin (Rapa), and prednisone (Pre) according to three-drug protocols: CMP (CsA, MMF, and Pre), CMP/R (CsA, MMF, and Pre with conversion to Rapa), TMP (FK-506, MMF, and Pre), and TMP/R (FK-506, MMF, and Pre with conversion to Rapa). Morphological and immunohistochemical and quantitative analyses of the salivary glands were performed. RESULTS: Structural changes in salivary glands were observed in all experimental groups, especially in the submandibular gland. In the salivary glands, the percentages of collagen fibers and TUNEL-, Ki67- and PCNA-positive cells were higher in the experimental groups vs. the control but were lower in the CMP/R and TMP/R groups vs. the CMP and TMP groups, with the exception of collagen fibers in the parotid gland in the TMP/R group vs. the TMP group. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term administration of CNIs in triple regimens and after conversion to rapamycin monotherapy, causes morphological changes in the salivary glands of rats. Immunosuppressive treatment based on CNIs is associated with an increase in collagen accumulation. The effects of the conversion of treatment with CNIs to rapamycin in immunosuppressive protocols in rat salivary glands lead to decreased fibrosis, apoptosis, and proliferation. These changes may possibly prevent abnormalities resulting from the application of CNIs.

Male Infertility Coexists with Decreased Sperm Genomic Integrity and Oxidative Stress in Semen Irrespective of Leukocytospermia.

Our research was designed to verify the relationship between male infertility, basic semen characteristics (with respect to detailed sperm morphology), sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), oxidation-reduction potential in semen (ORP), and leukocytospermia. The obtained results showed that infertile groups (with or without leukocytospermia) had significantly lower basic semen characteristics and higher SDF, raw ORP, and static ORP (sORP) than fertile controls. The thresholds of 13% SDF (AUC = 0.733) and 1.40 sORP (AUC = 0.857) were predictive values for discriminating infertile from fertile men. In infertile groups, a higher prevalence and risk for >13% SDF and >1.40 sORP were revealed. Unexpectedly, leukocytospermic subjects had lower sORP, prevalence, and risk for >1.40 sORP than leukocytospermic-negative men. These groups did not differ in SDF and raw ORP. Both SDF and sORP negatively correlated with basic semen parameters but positively correlated with sperm head and midpiece defects. sORP positively correlated with sperm tail defects, immature sperm cells with excess residual cytoplasm, and SDF. In turn, raw ORP negatively correlated with sperm count but positively correlated with SDF and sORP. These findings indicate that (1) there is a relationship between male infertility, SDF, and OS in semen; (2) in infertile men, there is a clinically significant risk of SDF and OS irrespective of leukocytospermia; and (3) the assessment of SDF and oxidative stress should be independent of leukocytospermia.

Evaluation of selected semen parameters and biomarkers of male infertility - preliminary study.

Background: Because the etiopathogenesis of male infertility is multifactorial our study was designed to clarify the relationship between standard semen parameters, testicular volume, levels of reproductive hormones and the fragmentation of sperm nuclear DNA (SDF). Methods: Patients (n = 130) were clustered as subjects: 1) with an abnormal volume (utrasonography) of at least one testis (<12 mL) or with a normal volume of testes and 2) with abnormal levels of at least one of the reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, PRL, TSH, total T - electrochemiluminescence method) or with normal hormonal profiles and 3) with high level of SDF (>30%), moderate (>15-30%) or low (≤15%) (sperm chromatin dispersion test). Results: In subjects with a decreased testicular volume and in subjects with abnormal levels of reproductive hormones, decreased basic semen parameters were found. Participants with abnormal testicular volume had a higher percentage of SDF and a higher level of FSH (Mann-Whitney U test). In turn, men with a high level of SDF had lower testicular volume and conventional sperm parameters than men with a low level of SDF (Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusions: We showed that spermatogenesis disorders coexisted with decreased testicular volume and increased FSH levels. The disorders of spermatogenesis were manifested by reduced basic sperm characteristics and a high level of sperm nuclear DNA damage.

Alterations in fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) emerge in the process of fermentation of polysaccharides that resist digestion (dietary fiber, resistant starch). SCFAs have a very high immunomodulatory potential and ensure local homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, which helps maintain the intestinal barrier. We analyzed the association between stool SCFAs levels acetic acid (C 2:0), propionic acid (C 3:0), isobutyric acid (C 4:0i), butyric acid (C 4:0n), isovaleric acid (C 5:0i) valeric acid (C 5:0n), isocaproic acid (C 6:0i), and caproic acid (C 6:0n)) in aging man with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy controls. The study involved 183 men (with BPH, n = 103; healthy controls, n = 80). We assessed the content of SCFAs in the stool samples of the study participants using gas chromatography. The levels of branched SCFAs (branched-chain fatty acids, BCFAs): isobutyric acid (C4:0i) (p = 0.008) and isovaleric acid (C5:0i) (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with BPH than in the control group. In healthy participants isocaproic acid (C6:0i) predominated (p = 0.038). We also analyzed the relationship between stool SCFA levels and serum diagnostic parameters for MetS. We noticed a relationship between C3:0 and serum lipid parameters (mainly triglycerides) in both healthy individuals and patients with BPH with regard to MetS. Moreover we noticed relationship between C4:0i, C5:0i and C6:0i and MetS in both groups. Our research results suggest that metabolites of the intestinal microflora (SCFAs) may indicate the proper function of the intestines in aging men, and increased BCFAs levels are associated with the presence of BPH.

Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

Intestinal microbiota is an element of the bacterial ecosystem in all mammalian organisms. These microorganisms play a very important part in the development, functioning, and modulation of the immune system from the moment of birth. In recent years, owing to the use of modern sequencing techniques, the microbiome composition in healthy people has been identified based on bacterial 16S rRNA analysis. Currently, more and more attention is being given to the influence of microorganisms on the host's cellular metabolism. Analysis of microbial metabolites, among them short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis in terms of their effects on molecular regulatory mechanisms of immune reactions will surely improve the understanding of the etiology of many common diseases. SCFAs, mainly butyrate, propionate, and acetate, occur in specific amounts, and their proportions can change, depending on the diet, age and diseases. The levels of SCFAs are substantially influenced by the ratio of commensal intestinal bacteria, the disturbance of which (dysbiosis) can lead to a disproportion between the SCFAs produced. SCFAs are regarded as mediators in the communication between the intestinal microbiome and the immune system. The signal they produce is transferred, among others, in immune cells via free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It has been also confirmed that SCFAs inhibit the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) - an enzyme involved in post-translational modifications, namely the process of deacetylation and, what is new, the process of histone crotonylation. These properties of SCFAs have an effect on their immunomodulatory potential i.e. maintaining the anti/pro-inflammatory balance. SCFAs act not only locally in the intestines colonized by commensal bacteria, but also influence the intestinal immune cells, and modulate immune response by multi-protein inflammasome complexes. SCFAs have been confirmed to contribute to the maintenance of the immune homeostasis of the urinary system (kidneys), respiratory system (lungs), central nervous system, and the sight organ.

Influence of metabolic syndrome on the relationship between fatty acids and the selected parameters in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The purpose of our investigation was to analyze the relationship between the serum levels of fatty acids and their metabolites and the levels of the selected metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with regard to concomitant metabolic syndrome (MetS). We determined serum concentrations of total (TT) and free testosterone (FT), insulin (I), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), luteinizing hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Gas chromatography was performed. The patients differed in terms of hormone levels, but only the differences in SHBG and IGF-1 levels were statistically significant. Analysis of the levels of polysaturated fatty acids in BPH patients showed that MetS contributed to changes in the levels of these acids. We also analyzed the relationship between the levels of fatty acids and diagnostic parameters for MetS. Particular abnormalities were associated with single changes in the levels of fatty acids. In the diabetic patients, changes in the levels of pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and cis-11-eicosenoic acid were demonstrated. Our findings indicate the necessity for further investigation concerning the levels of fatty acids and their impact on the development of MetS, as well as the course and clinical picture of BPH.

Molecular Analysis of HLA-G in Women with High-Risk Pregnancy and Their Partners with Regard to Possible Complications.

The understanding of the molecular and biochemical characteristics of the human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is important because of the diverse influence of this antigen's polymorphisms on the course of a pregnancy. The aim of our study was to assess how the variation of the HLA-G allele and the HLA-G 14-bp ins/del polymorphism influence predisposition to a complicated pregnancy. The clinical material consisted of parental pairs with complicated pregnancies (210 women; 190 men). The control group included parental pairs without complications during pregnancy (89 women; 86 men). The study involved isolation of genome DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes, sequencing, and analysis of the 14-bp ins/del polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the HLA-G gene based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most common HLA-G allele in the group of women with complicated pregnancies was the HLA-G 10101 allele. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the 14-bp ins/del polymorphism in the 3'UTR of the HLA-G gene between the groups. Our results suggest that the risk of complications in pregnancy is influenced by the HLA-G 10101, HLA-G 10108, and HLA-G 10106 alleles and is not influenced by the 14-bp ins/del polymorphism in the 3'UTR of the HLA-G gene.

The Relationship between Eicosanoid Levels and Serum Levels of Metabolic and Hormonal Parameters Depending on the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Background: The purpose of our investigation was to analyze the relationship between the serum levels of inflammatory mediators (HETE, HODE) and the levels of selected metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with regard to concomitant metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: The study involved 151 men with BPH. Blood samples were taken for laboratory analysis of the serum levels of metabolic and hormonal parameters. Gas chromatography was performed using an Agilent Technologies 7890A GC System. Results: We found that waist circumference was the only parameter related to the levels of fatty acids, namely: 13(S)-HODE, 9(S)-HODE, 15(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, and 5-HETE. In the patients with BPH and MetS, triglycerides correlated with 9(S)-HODE, 15(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, and 5-HETE, which was not observed in the patients without MetS. Similarly, total cholesterol correlated with 9(S)-HODE, and 15(S)-HETE in the patients with BPH and MetS, but not in those without MetS. In the group of BPH patients with MetS, total testosterone positively correlated with 13(S)-HODE, and free testosterone with 9(S)-HODE. Conclusions: Based on this study, it can be concluded that lipid mediators of inflammation can influence the levels of biochemical and hormonal parameters, depending on the presence of MetS in BPH patients.

The Relationship between the HLA-G Polymorphism and sHLA-G Levels in Parental Pairs with High-Risk Pregnancy.

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is observed in immune system cells and other organs. It is a class Ib molecule, which plays a pivotal role in the implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum sHLA-G levels and the HLA-G allele in parental pairs with complicated obstetric histories. The clinical material consisted of 210 women and 190 men with the experience of a complicated or an unsuccessful pregnancy. The control group included parents-89 women and 86 men-lacking complicated obstetric histories. We applied genetic analysis methods: isolation of genomic DNA, sequencing, and determination of serum sHLA-G levels. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the HLA-G -725 C>G polymorphism between particular experimental groups compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The median sHLA-G levels in the women with the HLA-G10101 allele (15.4 U/mL) were significantly higher than in the women with other alleles (p < 0.05). The HLA-G 10101 allele seems to protect against antiphospholipid syndrome, which may be associated with increased serum sHLA-G levels in its carriers. The relationship between serum sHLA-G levels and the HLA-G polymorphisms in the Polish population requires further investigation.

Assessment of morphological changes and steroid receptors in the uteri of postmenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION: The morphology of the endometrium constantly changes in the reproductive period, depending on the levels of ovarian steroid hormones, and undergoes atrophic changes during menopause as a result of their insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze morphological and morphometric changes in the mucous and muscle layers of the uterine wall in postmenopausal women, and to assess localization and number of cells showing the expression of steroid hormone receptors, namely estrogen receptor α (ER-α), progesterone receptor (PR), and androgen receptor (AR) in glandular epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells in particular groups of women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study material consisted of uterine specimens sectioned across the full thickness of the uterine wall, and embedded in 164 paraffin blocks. The specimens came from women without menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) operated due to reproductive organ prolapse or uterine myomas. The material was divided into four groups depending on the time interval from menopause to surgery: group I - from 1 to 5 years after menopause, group II - from 6 to 10 years after menopause, group III - more than 11 years after menopause, and group IV - women over 70 years of age. The sections were stained by standard HE, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical methods (ERα, PR, AR). Quantitative assessment of the results was based on computer image analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of morphological changes in the endometrium and myometrium revealed the presence of increasing regressive changes, such as various types of atrophy, fibrosis, and calcification, augmented over time from the last menstruation. Furthermore, endometrial polyps, foci of endometriosis, and leiomyomas were observed. Based on the results of morphometric measurements, a constant decrease in the endometrial and myometrial thickness was noticed in the studied groups (I-IV). Significant differences between the groups were observed in the number of ER-α positive cells in the myometrium, but not in the endometrial glandular epithelium. Statistically significant differences in the number of AR positive cells were detected in the endometrial epithelium and in the uterine muscle. The analysis the number of PR positive cells demonstrated differences between the groups in the endometrial stroma and the myometrium. CONCLUSION: The uterus of postmenopausal woman undergo major morphological changes (mainly atrophic lesions in the endometrium and myometrium), leading to a decline in their morphometric parameters over time from the last menstruation. Localization and number of cells showing the expression of steroid receptors: ER-α, PR, and AR in the uterus of postmenopausal women, depending on the time interval from the last menstruation.