RESUMO
We propose a new non-parametric conditional independence test for a scalar response and a functional covariate over a continuum of quantile levels. We build a Cramer-von Mises type test statistic based on an empirical process indexed by random projections of the functional covariate, effectively avoiding the "curse of dimensionality" under the projected hypothesis, which is almost surely equivalent to the null hypothesis. The asymptotic null distribution of the proposed test statistic is obtained under some mild assumptions. The asymptotic global and local power properties of our test statistic are then investigated. We specifically demonstrate that the statistic is able to detect a broad class of local alternatives converging to the null at the parametric rate. Additionally, we recommend a simple multiplier bootstrap approach for estimating the critical values. The finite-sample performance of our statistic is examined through several Monte Carlo simulation experiments. Finally, an analysis of an EEG data set is used to show the utility and versatility of our proposed test statistic.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Modelos Estatísticos , Método de Monte Carlo , Humanos , Eletroencefalografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Biometria/métodos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Chinese seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) stands out as one of the most sought-after and economically significant species in aquaculture within China. Diseases of L. maculatus occur frequently due to the degradation of the germplasm, the aggravation of environmental pollution of water, and the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, inflicting considerable economic losses on the Chinese seabass industry. The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene plays pivotal roles in the antiviral immune response ranging from mammals to fish. However, the function of the Mx gene in L. maculatus is still unknown. Firstly, the origin and evolutionary history of Mx proteins was elucidated in this study. Subsequently, an Mx gene from L. maculatus (designed as LmMxA gene) was identified, and its functions in combating antiviral and antibacterial threats were investigated. Remarkably, our findings suggested that while Mx group genes were present in chordates, DYN group genes were present in everything from single-celled animals to humans. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that the LmMxA mRNA level increased in the kidney, spleen and liver subsequent to Vibrio anguillarum and poly(I:C) challenged. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that LmMxA is predominantly localization in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Notably, the expression of MAVS, IFN1 and Mx1 increased when LmMxA was overexpression within the EPC cells. Moreover, through assessment via cytopathic effect (CPE), virus titer, and antibacterial activity, it becomes evident that LmMxA exerts a dual role in bolstering both antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. These compelling findings laid the foundation for further exploring the mechanism of LmMxA in response to innate immunity of L. maculatus.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Proteínas de Peixes , Imunidade Inata , Proteínas de Resistência a Myxovirus , Filogenia , Animais , Proteínas de Resistência a Myxovirus/genética , Proteínas de Resistência a Myxovirus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Resistência a Myxovirus/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Imunidade Inata/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária , Vibrio/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , Poli I-C/farmacologia , Bass/imunologia , Bass/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Evolução MolecularRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC), as a chronic inflammatory disease, presents a global public health threat. However, the mechanism of Poria cocos (PC) in treating UC remains unclear. Here, LC-MS/MS was carried out to identify the components of PC. The protective effect of PC against UC was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI), colon length and histological analysis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. ELISA, qPCR, and Western blot tests were conducted to assess the inflammatory state. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to evaluate the expression of tight junction proteins. The sequencing of 16S rRNA was utilized for the analysis of gut microbiota regulation. The results showed that a total of fifty-two nutrients and active components were identified in PC. After treatment, PC significantly alleviated UC-associated symptoms including body weight loss, shortened colon, an increase in DAI score, histopathologic lesions. PC also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß, as evidenced by the suppressed NF-κB pathway, restored the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-1 in the colon, and promoted the diversity and abundance of beneficial gut microbiota. Collectively, these findings suggest that PC ameliorates colitis symptoms through the reduction in NF-κB signaling activation to mitigate inflammatory damage, thus repairing the intestinal barrier, and regulating the gut microbiota.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Sulfato de Dextrana , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , NF-kappa B , Transdução de Sinais , Wolfiporia , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Colite Ulcerativa/microbiologia , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Wolfiporia/química , Masculino , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Citocinas/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/microbiologia , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Studies have uncovered LCN2 as a marker of inflammation strongly related to obesity, insulin resistance, and abnormal glucose metabolism in humans, and is involved in vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases. In recent years, studies have shown that elevated levels of LCN2 have a strong association with diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we reviewed the relevant literature and compiled the pathogenesis associated with LCN2-induced DR. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases using "lipocalin-2, diabetic retinopathy, retinal degeneration, diabetic microangiopathies, diabetic neuropathy and inflammation" as subject terms. RESULTS: In diabetic retinal neuropathy, LCN2 causes impaired retinal photoreceptor function and retinal neurons; in retinal microangiopathy, LCN2 induces apoptosis of retinal vascular endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis; in retinal inflammation, increased secretion of LCN2 recruits inflammatory cells and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, LCN2 has the potential as a biomarker for DR. Recent studies have shown that retinal damage can be attenuated by silencing LCN2, which may be associated with the inhibition of caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis, and LCN2 may be a new target for the treatment of DR. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, LCN2, involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy, is a key factor in diabetic retinal microangiopathy, neurodegeneration, and retinal inflammation. LCN2 is likely to be a novel molecular target leading to DR, and a more in-depth study of the pathogenesis of DR caused by LCN2 may provide considerable benefits for clinical research and potential drug development.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Humanos , Retinopatia Diabética/complicações , Lipocalina-2/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais , Retina/patologia , Inflamação/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant pathogens that cause huge economic losses worldwide. The biological management of RKNs may be a sustainable alternative to chemical control methods. Here, the biocontrol potential of Methylorubrum rhodesianum M520 against the RKN Meloidogyne incognita was investigated to theoretically support its application as a biocontrol agent in field production. METHODS AND RESULTS: In-vitro assays showed 91.9% mortality of M. incognita second-stage juveniles in the presence of strain M520 and that the hatching rate of M. incognita eggs was 21.7% lower than that of eggs treated with sterile water. In pot experiments, the M520 treatment caused 70.8% reduction in root-knots and increased plant shoot length and stem and root fresh weights, compared to control plant values. In split-root experiments, cucumber roots treated with M520 showed 25.6% decrease in root gall number, compared to that in control roots. CONCLUSION: M520 has multiple mechanisms against RKNs and might be used as a biocontrol agent against M. incognita in cucumber, laying a foundation for further studying M520 biocontrol against RKNs.
Assuntos
Cucumis sativus , Methylobacteriaceae , Tylenchida , Tylenchoidea , Animais , Raízes de PlantasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a significant reason for secondary hypertension. Impaired renal function and subsequent cardiopulmonary dysfunction could also occur. Patients of non-atherosclerotic RAS has a relatively young age and long life expectancy. Revascularization with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is a viable treatment option. However, restenosis is unavoidable which limits its use. Drug-coated balloon (DCB) has been proven to be effective in restenosis prevention in femoropopliteal arterial diseases and in patients with renal artery stenosis. And PTA for Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is safe and clinically successful. Therefore, we could speculate that DCB might have potential efficacy in non-atherosclerotic RAS treatment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This will be a randomized multi-center-controlled trial. Eighty-four eligible participants will be assigned randomly in a 1:1 ratio to the control group (plain old balloon, POB) and the experimental group (DCB). Subjects in the former group will receive balloon dilatation alone, and in the latter group will undergo the DCB angioplasty. The DCB used in this study will be a paclitaxel-coated balloon (Orchid, Acotec Scientific Holdings Limited, Beijing, China). Follow-up visits will be scheduled 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the intervention. Primary outcomes will include controlled blood pressure and primary patency in the 9-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes will include technical success rate, complication rate, and bail-out stenting rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT05858190). Protocol version V.4 (3 May 2023).
Assuntos
Angioplastia com Balão , Doença Arterial Periférica , Obstrução da Artéria Renal , Humanos , Angioplastia com Balão/efeitos adversos , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis , Artéria Femoral , Paclitaxel/efeitos adversos , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Artéria Poplítea , Estudos Prospectivos , Obstrução da Artéria Renal/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução da Artéria Renal/etiologia , Obstrução da Artéria Renal/terapia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Grau de Desobstrução Vascular , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estudos Multicêntricos como AssuntoRESUMO
DNA has received increasing attention in nanotechnology due to its ability to fold into prescribed structures. Different from the commonly adopted base-pairing strategy, an emerging class of amorphous DNA materials are formed by DNA's abiological interactions. Despite the great successes, a lack of nanoscale nucleation/growth control disables more advanced considerations. This work aims at harnessing the heterogeneous nucleation of metal-ion-glued DNA condensates on nanointerfaces. Upon unveiling key orthogonal factors including solution pH, ionic cross-linkers, and surface functionalities, chemically programmable DNA condensation on nanoparticle seeds is achieved, resembling a famous Stöber process for silica coating. The nucleation rules discovered on individual nanoseeds can be passed on to their dimeric assemblies, where broken spherical symmetry and the existence of interparticle gaps help a regiospecific DNA gelation. The steerable DNA condensation, and the multifunctions from DNA, metal ions, and nanocores, hold a great promise in noncanonical DNA nanotechnology toward novel applications.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas , Nanotecnologia , DNA/química , Pareamento de Bases , Nanopartículas/química , ÍonsRESUMO
Conventional fertilization of agricultural soils results in increased N2O emissions. As an alternative, the partial substitution of organic fertilizer may help to regulate N2O emissions. However, studies assessing the effects of partial substitution of organic fertilizer on both N2O emissions and yield stability are currently limited. We conducted a field experiment from 2017 to 2021 with six fertilizer regimes to examine the effects of partial substitution of manure on N2O emissions and yield stability. The tested fertilizer regimes, were CK (no fertilizer), CF (chemical fertilizer alone, N 300 kg ha-1, P2O5 150 kg ha-1, K2O 90 kg ha-1), CF + M (chemical fertilizer + organic manure), CFR (chemical fertilizer reduction, N 225 kg ha-1, P2O5 135 kg ha-1, K2O 75 kg ha-1), CFR + M (chemical fertilizer reduction + organic manure), and organic manure alone (M). Our results indicate that soil N2O emissions are primarily regulated by soil mineral N content in arid and semi-arid regions. Compared with CF, N2O emissions in the CF + M, CFR, CFR + M, and M treatments decreased by 16.8%, 23.9%, 42.0%, and 39.4%, respectively. The highest winter wheat yields were observed in CF, followed by CF + M, CFR, and CFR + M. However, the CFR + M treatment exhibited lower N2O emissions while maintaining high yield, compared with CF. Four consecutive years of yield data from 2017 to 2021 illustrated that a single application of organic fertilizer resulted in poor yield stability and that partial substitution of organic fertilizer resulted in the greatest yield stability. Overall, partial substitution of manure reduced N2O emissions while maintaining yield stability compared with the synthetic fertilizer treatment during the wheat growing season. Therefore, partial substitution of manure can be recommended as an optimal N fertilization regime for alleviating N2O emissions and contributing to food security in arid and semi-arid regions.
Assuntos
Esterco , Óxido Nitroso , Óxido Nitroso/análise , Triticum , Estações do Ano , Fertilizantes , Agricultura/métodos , Solo/química , Nitrogênio , ChinaRESUMO
Nanoparticles (NPs) grafted with highly dense DNA strands are termed as spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), which have important applications benefiting from various unique properties unpossessed by naturally occurring nucleic acids. To overcome existing challenges toward an ideal SNA synthesis, herein, a very simple, while highly effective evaporative drying strategy featuring various long-desired advantages, is reported. This includes record-high DNA loading, generality for more NP materials, fully and quantitatively tunable DNA density, and readiness toward bulk production. The process requires almost zero care and the solid products are especially suitable for a long-time storage without quality degradation. The research reveals a quick and highly efficient packing of thiol-tagged DNA on the NP surface at the critical moment of drying, which refreshes previous knowledge on DNA conjugation chemistry. Based on this advancement, practical applications of SNAs in various fields may become possible.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas , Ácidos Nucleicos , DNA/química , Nanopartículas/química , Ácidos Nucleicos/química , Compostos de SulfidrilaRESUMO
Clinopodii herba is a folk herbal medicine for treatments of hemorrhagic disorders. However, there is not even a quantitative standard for clinopodii herba deposited in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The development of a strategy for rapid and efficient extraction and simultaneous detection of multiple components in clinopodii herba is therefore of great value for its quality evaluation. Here, a variable wavelength strategy was firstly applied to quantity multiple components by segmental monitoring by UHPLC with diode array detector following ultrasound-assisted extraction. The parameters of ultrasound-assisted extraction were optimized using single factor optimization experiments and response surface methodology by a Box-Behnken design combined with overall desirability. Subsequently, a rapid, efficient, and sensitive method was applied for simultaneous determination of eleven compounds, which represented the major and main types of components in clinopodii herba. Moreover, the performance of the validated method was successfully applied for the quality control of various batches of clinopodii herba and provided sufficient supporting data for the optimum harvest time. The Box-Behnken-optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with variable wavelength detection strategy established in this work not only improves the quality control of clinopodii herba, but also serves as a powerful approach that can be extended to quality evaluation of other traditional Chinese medicines.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Plantas Medicinais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which is still a major reason for blindness. Transthyretin (TTR) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) are thought to be related to the pathogenesis both in T2DM and T1DM. We aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of TTR, RBP, RBP/TTR ratio, and DR. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 188 T1DM inpatients divided into two groups: patients with DR (n = 95) and patients without DR (n = 93). Data of serum levels on lipids and inflammation were collected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to research the association between TTR, RBP, RBP/TTR, and diabetic retinopathy in T1DM. RESULTS: Compared with patients without DR, those with DR have a higher level of TTR (207 versus 195 mg/L, p = 0.034) and RBP4 (36.85 versus 25.68 mg/L, p < 0.001). Significant differences were also observed between two groups with respect to body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, apolipoprotein B (APOB), leucocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and uric acid (p < 0.05 for all). TTR, RBP, and RBP/TTR were positively correlated with BP, BMI, TG, LDL, homocysteine, APOB, and uric acid. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed individuals with RBP4 level in the highest quartile had 58.95 times higher risk of developing diabetic retinopathy than those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, TTR, RBP, and RBP/TTR ratio are risk factors of DR in T1DM. They are potential markers and targets for diagnosis and treatment of DR.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Retinopatia Diabética , Apolipoproteínas B/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Retinopatia Diabética/etiologia , Homocisteína , Humanos , Pré-Albumina/análise , Pré-Albumina/metabolismo , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/análise , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Triglicerídeos , Ácido ÚricoRESUMO
Self-assembly of nanomaterials, directed by molecular or supramolecular interactions, is a powerful strategy to build nanoscale devices. Despite many advantages of such solution-based processes, a big challenge is to realize interparticle ohmic contacts toward facilitated charge transport over a long distance. We report a new concept of primed nanowelding to thread solution-borne nanoparticles in prescribed assemblies. The process starts with a gap-specific deposition of Ag2 E (E=S, Se) materials in pre-assembled gold structures, which spontaneously transform into AgAuE semiconductors via directional gold diffusion. Treatment with tributylphosphine generates alloyed Au/Ag welding spots that conductively wire-up nanoparticles into discrete "molecules" and micron-long "polymers". This method is compatible with DNA programming and delivers a possible way to solve the problem of the carrier-transport dilemma in solution-processed nanostructures for better-functioning nanodevices.
Assuntos
Ouro , Nanoestruturas , Coloides/química , DNA/química , Condutividade Elétrica , Ouro/química , Nanoestruturas/químicaRESUMO
To understand the environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their public health significance, we surveyed freshwater samples from rivers in two cities (Jiaxing [JX] and Jiande [JD]) in Zhejiang, China. A total of 26 sampling locations were selected, and river water was sampled 456 times from 2015 to 2016 yielding 200 V. cholerae isolates, all of which were non-O1/non-O139. The average isolation rate was 47.3% and 39.1% in JX and JD, respectively. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the V. cholerae isolates were examined with nonsusceptibility to cefazolin (68.70%, 79/115) being most common, followed by ampicillin (47.83%, 55/115) and imipenem (27.83%, 32/115). Forty-two isolates (36.52%, 42/115) were defined as multidrug resistant (MDR). The presence of virulence genes was also determined, and the majority of the isolates were positive for toxR (198/200, 99%) and hlyA (196/200, 98%) with few other virulence genes observed. The population structure of the V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 sampled was examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with 200 isolates assigned to 128 STs and 6 subpopulations. The non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae population in JX was more varied than in JD. By clonal complexes (CCs), 31 CCs that contained isolates from this study were shared with other parts of China and/or other countries, suggesting widespread presence of some non-O1/non-O139 clones. Drug resistance profiles differed between subpopulations. The findings suggest that non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in the freshwater environment is a potential source of human infections. Routine surveillance of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in freshwater rivers will be of importance to public health.
Assuntos
Rios , Vibrio cholerae não O1 , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Humanos , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Vibrio cholerae não O1/genética , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) play vital roles in lipid metabolism, cell apoptosis and biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. However, the distribution of nsLTPs in Arachis duranensis has not been fully characterized. In this study, we identified 64 nsLTP genes in A. duranensis (designated AdLTPs), which were classified into six subfamilies and randomly distributed along nine chromosomes. Tandem and segmental duplication events were detected in the evolution of AdLTPs. The Ks and ω values differed significantly between Types 1 and D subfamilies, and eight AdLTPs were under positive selection. The expression levels of AdLTPs were changed after salinity, PEG, low-temperature and ABA treatments. Three AdLTPs were associated with resistance to nematode infection, and DOF and WRI1 transcription factors may regulate the AdLTP response to nematode infection. Our results may provide valuable genomic information for the breeding of peanut cultivars that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Assuntos
Arachis/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Animais , Arachis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/classificação , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Duplicação Gênica , Genes de Plantas , Nematoides , Filogenia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
Objective To explore the cause and the treatment strategies of iliac limb occlusion after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair(EVAR). Methods The patients receiving EVAR in PUMC Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Sixteen(2.7%)cases of iliac limb occlusion were identified,among which 6,9,and 1 cases underwent surgical bypass,endovascular or hybrid procedure,and conservative treatment,respectively. Results Fifteen cases were successfully treated.During the 10.6-month follow-up,2 cases receiving hybrid treatment underwent femoral-femoral bypass due to re-occlusion of the iliac limb. Conclusions Iliac limb occlusion mostly occurs in the acute phase after EVAR,and endovascular or hybrid treatment can be the first choice for iliac limb occlusion.It is suggested to focus on the risk factors for prevention.
Assuntos
Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal , Implante de Prótese Vascular , Procedimentos Endovasculares , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/cirurgia , Prótese Vascular , Implante de Prótese Vascular/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Artéria Ilíaca/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Stents , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Probiotics play vital roles in controlling diseases, enhancing specific and non-specific immunity and stimulating growth in the aquaculture industry. However, the effect of fermentation of feed by probiotics on the immune ability of sea cucumber has not been reported to date. Here, three candidate probiotic strains (Bacillus species) were isolated from the culture seawater and sediment of sea cucumber, and fishmeal and scallop mantle fermented by the candidate probiotic strains were used to feed sea cucumber. The results showed that the free amino acid and small peptide contents of the fishmeal and scallop mantle were significantly increased after fermentation for 72 h. However, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber showed no significant differences among the fermented fishmeal, fermented scallop mantle and control groups. Scallop mantle fermented by the three candidate probiotics could increase the coelomocyte number and respiratory burst activity. The immune-related enzymatic activity was increased after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes was reduced. The expression levels of immune- and antioxidant-related genes were changed after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle. Taken together, our results suggest that probiotics could increase the immunocompetence of sea cucumber, and fermented scallop mantle might be a potential substitute for fishmeal during feed preparation. Our results lay a foundation for further understanding the relationship between probiotics and the non-specific immunity of sea cucumber.
Assuntos
Bacillus , Probióticos/farmacologia , Stichopus , Ração Animal , Animais , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Catalase/genética , Dieta/veterinária , Fermentação , Produtos Pesqueiros , Hemólise , Muramidase/genética , Pectinidae , Probióticos/isolamento & purificação , Pseudoalteromonas , Stichopus/genética , Stichopus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Stichopus/imunologia , Superóxido Dismutase/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has an increasing pediatric prevalence worldwide. However, molecular characteristics of C. difficile in Chinese children with acute gastroenteritis have not been reported. METHODS: A five-year cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary children's hospital in Zhejiang. Consecutive stool specimens from outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis were cultured for C. difficile, and isolates then were analyzed for toxin genes, multi-locus sequence type and antimicrobial resistance. Diarrhea-related viruses were detected, and demographic data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 115 CDI cases (14.3%), and 69 co-infected cases with both viruses and toxigenic C. difficile, were found in the 804 stool samples. The 186 C. difficile isolates included 6 of toxin A-positive/toxin B-positive/binary toxin-positive (A+B+CDT+), 139 of A+B+CDT-, 3 of A-B+CDT+, 36 of A-B+CDT- and 2 of A-B-CDT-. Sequence types 26 (17.7%), 35 (11.3%), 39 (12.4%), 54 (16.7%), and 152 (11.3%) were major genotypes with significant differences among different antimicrobial resistances (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001). The A-B+ isolates had significantly higher resistance, compared to erythromycin, rifampin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin, than that of the A+B+ (χ2 = 7.78 to 29.26, P < 0.01). The positive CDI rate in infants (16.2%) was significantly higher than that of children over 1 year old (10.8%) (χ2 = 4.39, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: CDI has been revealed as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children with various genotypes. The role of toxigenic C. difficile and risk factors of CDI should be emphatically considered in subsequent diarrhea surveillance in children from China.
Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile/genética , Infecções por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/epidemiologia , Vírus de RNA/genética , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Coinfecção , Estudos Transversais , Diarreia/virologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/virologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Fatores de Risco , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
This study aimed at achieving the molecular characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1ß (PGC-1ß) and exploring its modulatory roles in mitochondria biogenesis in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). A full-length cDNA of PGC-1ß was cloned from liver which covered 3110 bp encoding 859 amino acids. The conserved motifs of PGC-1ß family proteins were gained by MEME software, and the phylogenetic analyses showed motif loss and rearrangement of PGC-1ß in fish. The function of PGC-1ß was evaluated through overexpression and knockdown of PGC-1ß in primary hepatocytes of blunt snout bream. We observed overexpression of PGC-1ß along with enhanced mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression and mtDNA copies in hepatocytes, and its knockdown led to slightly reduced NRF1 expression. However, knockdown of PGC-1ß did not significantly influence TFAM expression or mtDNA copies. The alterations in mitochondria biogenesis were assessed following high-fat intake, and the results showed that it induces downregulation of PGC-1ß. Furthermore, significant decreases in mitochondrial respiratory chain activities and mitochondria biogenesis were observed by high-fat intake. Our findings demonstrated that overexpression of PGC-1ß induces the enhancement of TFAM expression and mtDNA amount but not NRF-1. Therefore, it could be concluded that PGC-1ß is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in blunt snout bream but not through PGC-1ß/NRF-1 pathway.
Assuntos
Cyprinidae/genética , Cyprinidae/fisiologia , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Aminoácidos , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Hepatócitos/fisiologia , Fígado , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Biogênese de Organelas , Filogenia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) plays important roles in antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic activities in mammals, birds and aquatic animals. However, the relationship between non-specific immune responses and intestinal microbiota in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) after dietary APS supplementation has not been reported to date. Here, the effect of dietary APS supplementation on the non-specific immune response and intestinal microbial composition and species distribution of sea cucumber was explored. We found that although there was no significant effect on sea cucumber growth, the enzymatic activity and expression level of immune- and antioxidant-related genes changed after dietary APS supplementation. Furthermore, the intestinal microbial composition and species distribution of sea cucumber were different at the phylum and genus levels after dietary APS supplementation. The phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were significantly different between the APS2 group and CK group. The results of PCA and PCoA analysis also showed that the APS2 group was significantly different compared to the other groups. Finally, analysis of the relationship between non-specific immune responses and the intestinal microbiota showed that the expression level of NF-κB was significantly correlated with intestinal microbiota at the genus level. This finding suggests that dietary APS supplementation might affect the non-specific immune response and intestinal microbiota of sea cucumber through the NF-κB signalling pathway; the appropriate added level was 800â¯mg/kg. Taken together, our results lay a foundation for further understanding the relationship between non-specific immune responses and intestinal microbial of sea cucumber.
Assuntos
Astrágalo/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Stichopus/efeitos dos fármacos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Stichopus/imunologia , Stichopus/microbiologiaRESUMO
Transforming growth factor-ß activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is an important member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, which plays an important role in animal innate immune response. However, the TAK1 gene has yet not been reported in amphioxus to date. Here, we have identified and characterized a TAK1 gene from amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) (named as AmphiTAK1) with the full-length cDNA of 3479 bp, including an ORF sequence of 1905 bp, a 5' UTR of 394 bp and a 3' UTR of 1180 bp. Moreover, the predicted AmphiTAK1 protein contains STKc_TAK1 domain, TAB1 and TAB2/3 binding domain which are conserved among chordate, and phylogenetic analysis also shows that the AmphiTAK1 is located at the bottom of the chordate, revealing AmphiTAK1 as a new member of the TAK1 gene family. The further qRT-PCR analysis has shown that AmphiTAK1 is widely expressed in six investigated tissues (gonad, gill, hepatic cecum, intestine, muscle and notochord) of Branchiostoma belcheri, with high expression in notochord and gonad, moderate in gill and hepatic cecum. Notably, the expression level of AmphiTAK1 is significantly up-regulated after LPS stimulation. Specially, we also find that AmphiTAK1 protein can interact with AmphiTAB1 by immunoprecipitation assay. These findings reveal that AmphiTAK1 might interact with AmphiTAB1 to involve in innate immune response of Branchiostoma belcheri. Taken together, our present works provide a new insight into evolution and innate immune response mechanism of AmphiTAK1 gene in Branchiostoma belcheri.