Diversity-oriented synthesis of polymer membranes with ion solvation cages.

Microporous polymers feature shape-persistent free volume elements (FVEs), which are permeated by small molecules and ions when used as membranes for chemical separations, water purification, fuel cells and batteries1-3. Identifying FVEs that have analyte specificity remains a challenge, owing to difficulties in generating polymers with sufficient diversity to enable screening of their properties. Here we describe a diversity-oriented synthetic strategy for microporous polymer membranes to identify candidates featuring FVEs that serve as solvation cages for lithium ions (Li+). This strategy includes diversification of bis(catechol) monomers by Mannich reactions to introduce Li+-coordinating functionality within FVEs, topology-enforcing polymerizations for networking FVEs into different pore architectures, and several on-polymer reactions for diversifying pore geometries and dielectric properties. The most promising candidate membranes featuring ion solvation cages exhibited both higher ionic conductivity and higher cation transference number than control membranes, in which FVEs were aspecific, indicating that conventional bounds for membrane permeability and selectivity for ion transport can be overcome4. These advantages are associated with enhanced Li+ partitioning from the electrolyte when cages are present, higher diffusion barriers for anions within pores, and network-enforced restrictions on Li+ coordination number compared to the bulk electrolyte, which reduces the effective mass of the working ion. Such membranes show promise as anode-stabilizing interlayers in high-voltage lithium metal batteries.

Novel 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidine derivatives and their antitrypanosomal activities against T.brucei.

Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and is invariably fatal unless treated. Current therapies present limitations in their application, parasite resistance, or require further clinical investigation for wider use. Our work, informed by previous findings, presents novel 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidine derivatives with promising antitrypanosomal activity. In particular, 32 exhibits an in vitro EC50 value of 0.5 µM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and analogues 29, 30 and 33 show antitrypanosomal activities in the <1 µM range. We have demonstrated that substituted 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidines present promising antitrypanosomal hit molecules with potential for further preclinical development.

Dynamic Entwined Topology in Helical Covalent Polymers Dictated by Competing Supramolecular Interactions.

Naturally occurring polymeric structures often consist of 1D polymer chains intricately folded and entwined through non-covalent bonds, adopting precise topologies crucial for their functionality. The exploration of crystalline 1D polymers through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) and supramolecular interactions represents a novel approach for developing crystalline polymers. This study shows that sub-angstrom differences in the counter-ion size can lead to various helical covalent polymer (HCP) topologies, including a novel metal-coordination HCP (m-HCP) motif. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of HCP-Na revealed that double helical pairs are formed by sodium ions coordinating to spiroborate linkages to form rectangular pores. The double helices are interpenetrated by the unreacted diols coordinating sodium ions. The reticulation of the m-HCP structure was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of HCP-K. Finally, ion-exchange studies were conducted to show the interconversion between HCP structures. This research illustrates how seemingly simple modifications, such as changes in counter-ion size, can significantly influence the polymer topology and determine which supramolecular interactions dominate the crystal lattice.

Single-Crystal Cage Framework with High Selectivity and Reversibility in Fullerene Binding.

Host-guest chemistry, a pivotal branch of supramolecular chemistry, plays an essential role in understanding and constructing complex structures through non-covalent interactions. Organic molecular cages, characterized by their intrinsic confined cavities, can selectively bind a variety of guest molecules. Their host-guest chemistry has been well studied in the solution phase, and several attempts have been made to encode well-defined molecular architectures into solid-state polymeric materials. However, only limited studies have explored their potential in the solid state, where their lack of robustness and less ordered networks significantly hinder practical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of a single-crystal cage framework and a systematic study of its host-guest chemistry, spanning from the solution state to the solid state. Our studies reveal that the host-guest interactions inherent to the cage are successfully maintained in the solid-state polymeric material. Furthermore, the framework's robustness allows for the guest molecules (fullerene) to be released triggered by an organic acid (trifluoracetic acid), with subsequent regeneration of the framework through an organic base (triethylamine) treatment. Our findings represent the first synthesis of a robust, single-crystal cage framework exhibiting highly selective and reversible host-guest chemistry, thus showing great potential towards molecular separation application.

Direct Transformation of SiH4 to a Molecular L(H)2Co═Si═Co(H)2L Silicide Complex.

The synthesis of bimetallic molecular silicide complexes is reported, based on the use of multiple Si-H bond activations in SiH4 at the metal centers of 14-electron LCoI fragments (L = Tp″, HB(3,5-diisopropylpyrazolyl)3-; [BP2tBuPz], PhB(CH2PtBu2)2(pyrazolyl)). Upon exposure of (Tp″Co)2(µ-N2) (1) to SiH4, a mixture of (Tp″Co)2(µ-H) (2) and (Tp″Co)2(µ-H)2 (3) was formed and no evidence for Si-H oxidative addition products was observed. In contrast, [BP2tBuPz]-supported Co complexes led to Si-H oxidative additions with the generation of silylene and silicide complexes as products. Notably, the reaction of ([BP2tBuPz]Co)2(µ-N2) (5) with SiH4 gave the dicobalt silicide complex [BP2tBuPz](H)2Co═Si═Co(H)2[BP2tBuPz] (8) in high yield, representing the first direct route to a symmetrical bimetallic silicide. The effect of the [BP2tBuPz] ligand on Co-Si bonding in 7 and 8 was explored by analysis of solid-state molecular structures and density functional theory (DFT) investigations. Upon exposure to CO or DMAP (DMAP = 4-dimethylaminopyridine), 8 converted to the corresponding [BP2tBuPz]Co(L)x adducts (L = CO, x = 2; L = DMAP, x = 1) with concomitant loss of SiH4, despite the lack of significant Si-H interactions in the starting complex. On heating to 60 °C, 8 underwent reaction with MeCl to produce small quantities of MexSiH4-x (x = 1-3), demonstrating functionalization of the µ-silicon atom in a molecular silicide to form organosilanes.

Exceptional Electron-Rich Heteroaromatic Pentacycle for Ultralow Band Gap Conjugated Polymers and Photothermal Therapy.

Stable redox-active conjugated molecules with exceptional electron-donating abilities are key components for the design and synthesis of ultralow band gap conjugated polymers. While hallmark electron-rich examples such as pentacene derivatives have been thoroughly explored, their poor air stability has hampered their broad incorporation into conjugated polymers for practical applications. Herein, we describe the synthesis of the electron-rich, fused pentacyclic pyrazino[2,3-b:5,6-b']diindolizine (PDIz) motif and detail its optical and redox behavior. The PDIz ring system exhibits a lower oxidation potential and a reduced optical band gap than the isoelectronic pentacene while retaining greater air stability in both solution and the solid state. The enhanced stability and electron density, together with readily installed solubilizing groups and polymerization handles, allow for the use of the PDIz motif in the synthesis of a series of conjugated polymers with band gaps as small as 0.71 eV. The tunable absorbance throughout the biologically relevant near-infrared I and II regions enables the use of these PDIz-based polymers as efficient photothermal therapeutic reagents for laser ablation of cancer cells.

Confinement of 1D Chain and 2D Layered CuI Modules in K-INA-R Frameworks via Coordination Assembly: Structure Regulation and Semiconductivity Tuning.

Herein, we present a new series of CuI-based hybrid materials with tunable structures and semiconducting properties. The CuI inorganic modules can be tailored into a one-dimensional (1D) chain and two-dimensional (2D) layer and confined/stabilized in coordination frameworks of potassium isonicotinic acid (HINA) and its derivatives (HINA-R, R = OH, NO2, and COOH). The resulting CuI-based hybrid materials exhibit interesting semiconducting behaviors associated with the dimensionality of the inorganic module; for instance, the structures containing the 2D-CuI module demonstrate significantly enhanced photoconductivity with a maximum increase of five orders of magnitude compared to that of the structures containing the 1D-CuI module. They also represent the first CuI-bearing hybrid chemiresistive gas sensors for NO2 with boosted sensing performance and sensitivity at multiple orders of magnitude over that of the pristine CuI. Particularly, the sensing ability of CuI-K-INA containing both 1D- and 2D-CuI modules is comparable to those of the best NO2 chemiresistors reported thus far.

Phenyl-Substituted Cibalackrot Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure, and Solution Photophysics.

Three symmetrically and three unsymmetrically substituted cibalackrot (7,14-diphenyldiindolo[3,2,1-de:3',2',1'-ij][1,5]naphthyridine-6,13-dione, 1) dyes carrying two derivatized phenyl rings have been synthesized as candidates for molecular electronics and especially for singlet fission, a process of interest for solar energy conversion. Solution measurements provided singlet and triplet excitation energies and fluorescence yields and lifetimes; conformational properties were analyzed computationally. The molecular properties are close to ideal for singlet fission. However, crystal structures, obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), are rather similar to those of the polymorphs of solid 1, in which the formation of a charge-separated state followed by intersystem crossing, complemented with excimer formation, outcompetes singlet fission. Results of calculations by the approximate SIMPLE method suggest which ones among the solid derivatives are the best candidates for singlet fission, but it appears difficult to change the crystal packing in a desirable direction. We also describe the preparation of three specifically deuteriated versions of 1, expected to help sort out the mechanism of fast intersystem crossing in its charge-separated state.

Solution-Processable Copper Halide Based Hybrid Materials Consisting of Cationic Ligands with Different Coordination Modes.

Using cationic ligands containing both aromatic and aliphatic coordination sites, we have synthesized and structurally characterized five new CuX-based hybrid materials consisting of anionic inorganic motifs that also form coordinate bonds with the cationic organic ligands. As a result of the unique bonding nature at the inorganic/organic interfaces, these compounds demonstrate strong resistance toward heat and can be readily processed in solution. They emit light in the visible region ranging from cyan to yellow color, with the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) reaching 71%. The influence of the different coordination modes of the ligands on their emission behavior was investigated employing both experimental and theoretical methods, which have provided insight in understanding structure-property relationships in these materials and guidelines for tuning and enhancing their chemical and physical properties.

Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework for the Selective Detection of Aldehydes.

The detection of toxic, hazardous chemical species is an important task because they pose serious risks to either the environment or human health. Luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) as alternative sensors offer rapid and sensitive detection of chemical species. Interactions between chemical species and LMOFs result in changes in the photoluminescence (PL) profile of the LMOFs which can be readily detected using a simple fluorometer. Herein, we report the use of a robust, Zn-based LMOF, [Zn5(µ3-OH)2(adtb)2(H2O)5·5 DMA] (Zn-adtb, LMOF-341), for the selective detection of benzaldehyde. Upon exposure to benzaldehyde, Zn-adtb experiences significant luminescent quenching, as characterized through PL experiments. Photoluminescent titration experiments reveal that LMOF-341 has a detection limit of 64 ppm and a Ksv value of 179 M-1 for benzaldehyde. Furthermore, we study the guest-host interactions that occur between LMOF-341 and benzaldehyde through in situ Fourier transform infrared and computational modeling employing density functional theory. The results show that benzaldehyde interacts more strongly with LMOF-341 compared to formaldehyde and propionaldehyde. Our combined studies also reveal that the mechanism of luminescence quenching originates from an electron-transfer process.

Dynamic Covalent Self-sorting in Molecular and Polymeric Architectures Enabled by Spiroborate Bond Exchange.

Self-sorting is commonly observed in complex reaction systems, which has been utilized to guide the formation of single major by-design molecules. However, most studies have been focused on non-covalent systems, and using self-sorting to achieve covalently bonded architectures is still relatively less explored. Herein, we first demonstrated the dynamic nature of spiroborate linkage and systematically studied the self-sorting behavior observed in the transformation between spiroborate-linked well-defined polymeric and molecular architectures, which is enabled by spiroborate bond exchange. The scrambling between a macrocycle and a 1D helical covalent polymer led to the formation of a molecular cage, whose structures are all unambiguously elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the molecular cage is the thermodynamically favored product in this multi-component reaction system. This work represents the first example of a 1D polymeric architecture transforming into a shape-persistent molecular cage, driven by dynamic covalent self-sorting. This study will further guide the design of spiroborate-based materials and open the possibilities for the development of novel complex yet responsive dynamic covalent molecular or polymeric systems.

The Synthesis and Structure of a Scandium Nitrate Hydroxy-Bridged Dimeric Complex Supported by Bipyridyl Ligands.

The current discussion on whether scandium, yttrium and lanthanum should represent Group 3 in the Periodic Table or whether lutetium should replace lanthanum in the group has prompted us to further explore the structural chemistry of the Group 3 elements and compare the coordination numbers and coordination geometries adopted. The steric and electronic properties of the coordinated ligands have a major influence on the structures adopted. We report the synthesis and crystal structure determination of an unusual dinuclear scandium complex [(bipy)(NO3)2Sc(µ-OH)2Sc(NO3)2(bipy)] obtained by the reaction of hydrated scandium nitrate with 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) in either ethanol or nitromethane. The crystal structure of the complex shows that the scandium centers are eight coordinate, and the structure obtained contrasts with related complexes found in the lanthanide series [Ln(bipy)2(NO3)3] and [Ln(phen)2(NO3)3] (phen = phenanthroline) and in [M(terpy)(NO3)3] (M = Sc, Er-Lu), where these complexes are all mononuclear.

A {Ni12 }-Wheel-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Coordinative Binding of Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide.

Air pollution by SO2 and NO2 has caused significant risks on the environment and human health. Understanding the mechanism of active sites within capture materials is of fundamental importance to the development of new clean-up technologies. Here we report the crystallographic observation of reversible coordinative binding of SO2 and NO2 on open NiII sites in a metal-organic framework (NKU-100) incorporating unprecedented {Ni12 }-wheels; each wheel exhibits six open NiII sites on desolvation. Immobilised gas molecules are further stabilised by cooperative host-guest interactions comprised of hydrogen bonds, π⋅⋅⋅π interactions and dipole interactions. At 298 K and 1.0 bar, NKU-100 shows adsorption uptakes of 6.21 and 5.80 mmol g-1 for SO2 and NO2 , respectively. Dynamic breakthrough experiments have confirmed the selective retention of SO2 and NO2 at low concentrations under dry conditions. This work will inspire the future design of efficient sorbents for the capture of SO2 and NO2 .

Structure and Reactivity of a High-Spin, Nonheme Iron(III)- Superoxo Complex Supported by Phosphinimide Ligands.

Nonheme iron oxygenases utilize dioxygen to accomplish challenging chemical oxidations. A further understanding of the Fe-O2 intermediates implicated in these processes is challenged by their highly transient nature. To that end, we have developed a ligand platform featuring phosphinimide donors intended to stabilize oxidized, high-spin iron complexes. O2 exposure of single crystals of a three-coordinate Fe(II) complex of this framework allowed for in crystallo trapping of a terminally bound Fe-O2 complex suitable for XRD characterization. Spectroscopic and computational studies of this species support a high-spin Fe(III) center antiferromagnetically coupled to a superoxide ligand, similar to that proposed for numerous nonheme iron oxygenases. In addition to the apparent stability of this synthetic Fe-O2 complex, its ability to engage in a range of stoichiometric and catalytic oxidation processes demonstrates that this iron-phosphinimide system is primed for development in modeling oxidizing bioinorganic intermediates and green oxidation chemistry.

High Ammonia Adsorption in MFM-300 Materials: Dynamics and Charge Transfer in Host-Guest Binding.

Ammonia (NH3) is a promising energy resource owing to its high hydrogen density. However, its widespread application is restricted by the lack of efficient and corrosion-resistant storage materials. Here, we report high NH3 adsorption in a series of robust metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, MFM-300(M) (M = Fe, V, Cr, In). MFM-300(M) (M = Fe, VIII, Cr) show fully reversible capacity for >20 cycles, reaching capacities of 16.1, 15.6, and 14.0 mmol g-1, respectively, at 273 K and 1 bar. Under the same conditions, MFM-300(VIV) exhibits the highest uptake among this series of MOFs of 17.3 mmol g-1. In situ neutron powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirm that the redox-active V center enables host-guest charge transfer, with VIV being reduced to VIII and NH3 being oxidized to hydrazine (N2H4). A combination of in situ inelastic neutron scattering and DFT modeling has revealed the binding dynamics of adsorbed NH3 within these MOFs to afford a comprehensive insight into the application of MOF materials to the adsorption and conversion of NH3.

Accessing Lanthanide-to-Lanthanide Energy Transfer in a Family of Site-Resolved [LnIII LnIII '] Heterodimetallic Complexes.

The ligand H3 L (6-[3-oxo-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid), which exhibits two different coordination pockets, has been exploited to engender and study energy transfer (ET) in two dinuclear [LnIII LnIII '] analogues of interest, [EuYb] and [NdYb]. Their structural and physical properties have been compared with newly synthesised analogues featuring no possible ET ([EuLu], [NdLu], and [GdYb]) and with the corresponding homometallic [EuEu] and [NdNd] analogues, which have been previously reported. Photophysical data suggest that ET between EuIII and YbIII does not occur to a significant extent, whereas emission from YbIII originates from sensitisation of the ligand. In contrast, energy migration seems to be occurring between the two NdIII centres in [NdNd], as well as in [NdYb], in which YbIII luminescence is thus, in part, sensitised by ET from Nd. This study shows the versatility of this molecular platform to further the investigation of lanthanide-to-lanthanide ET phenomena in defined molecular systems.

Purification of Propylene and Ethylene by a Robust Metal-Organic Framework Mediated by Host-Guest Interactions.

Industrial purification of propylene and ethylene requires cryogenic distillation and selective hydrogenation over palladium catalysts to remove propane, ethane and/or trace amounts of acetylene. Here, we report the excellent separation of equimolar mixtures of propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane, and of a 1/100 mixture of acetylene/ethylene by a highly robust microporous material, MFM-520, under dynamic conditions. In situ synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering and analysis of adsorption thermodynamic parameters reveal that a series of synergistic host-guest interactions involving hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions underpin the cooperative binding of alkenes within the pore. Notably, the optimal pore geometry of the material enables selective accommodation of acetylene. The practical potential of this porous material has been demonstrated by fabricating mixed-matrix membranes comprising MFM-520, Matrimid and PIM-1, and these exhibit not only a high permeability for propylene (≈1984 Barrer), but also a separation factor of 7.8 for an equimolar mixture of propylene/propane at 298 K.

Arene Substitution Design for Controlled Conformational Changes of Dibenzocycloocta-1,5-dienes.

We report that an agile eight-membered cycloalkane can be stabilized by fusing a benzene ring on each side, substituted with proper functional groups. The conformational change of dibenzocycloocta-1,5-diene (DBCOD), a rigid-flexible-rigid organic moiety, from its Boat to Chair conformation requires an activation energy of 42 kJ/mol, which is substantially lower than those of existing submolecular shape-changing units. Experimental data corroborated by theoretical calculations demonstrate that intramolecular hydrogen bonding can stabilize Boat, whereas electron repulsive interaction from opposing ester substituents favors Chair. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding formed by 1,10-diamide substitution stabilizes Boat, spiking the temperature at which Boat and Chair can readily interchange from -60 to 60 °C. Concomitantly this intramolecular attraction raises the energy barrier from 42 kJ/mol for unsubstituted DBCOD to 68 kJ/mol for diamide-substituted DBCOD. Remarkably, this value falls within the range of the activation energy of highly efficient enzyme-catalyzed biological reactions. With shape changes once considered only possible with high energy, our work reveals a potential pathway exemplified by a specific submolecular structure to achieve low-energy-driven shape changes for the first time. The intrinsic cycle stability and high-energy output systems that would incur damage under high-energy stimuli could particularly benefit from this new kind of low-energy-driven shape-changing mechanism. This work has laid the basis to construct systems for low-energy-driven stimuli-responsive applications, hitherto a challenge to overcome.

Blending Ionic and Coordinate Bonds in Hybrid Semiconductor Materials: A General Approach toward Robust and Solution-Processable Covalent/Coordinate Network Structures.

Inorganic semiconductor materials are best known for their superior physical properties, as well as their structural rigidity and stability. However, the poor solubility and solution-processability of these covalently bonded network structures has long been a serious drawback that limits their use in many important applications. Here, we present a unique and general approach to synthesize robust, solution-processable, and highly luminescent hybrid materials built on periodic and infinite inorganic modules. Structure analysis confirms that all compounds are composed of one-dimensional anionic chains of copper iodide (CumIm+22-) coordinated to cationic organic ligands via Cu-N bonds. The choice of ligands plays an important role in the coordination mode (µ1-MC or µ2-DC) and Cu-N bond strength. Greatly suppressed nonradiative decay is achieved for the µ2-DC structures. Record high quantum yields of 85% (λex = 360 nm) and 76% (λex = 450 nm) are obtained for an orange-emitting 1D-Cu4I6(L6). Temperature dependent PL measurements suggest that both phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence contribute to the emission of these 1D-AIO compounds, and that the extent of nonradiative decay of the µ2-DC structures is much less than that of the µ1-DC structures. More significantly, all compounds are remarkably soluble in polar aprotic solvents, distinctly different from previously reported CuI based hybrid materials made of charge-neutral CumXm (X = Cl, Br, I), which are totally insoluble in all common solvents. The greatly enhanced solubility is a result of incorporation of ionic bonds into extended covalent/coordinate network structures, making it possible to fabricate large scale thin films by solution processes.

Guest-Controlled Incommensurate Modulation in a Meta-Rigid Metal-Organic Framework Material.

Structural transitions of host systems in response to guest binding dominate many chemical processes. We report an unprecedented type of structural flexibility within a meta-rigid material, MFM-520, which exhibits a reversible periodic-to-aperiodic structural transition resulting from a drastic distortion of a [ZnO4N] node controlled by the specific host-guest interactions. The aperiodic crystal structure of MFM-520 has no three-dimensional (3D) lattice periodicity but shows translational symmetry in higher-dimensional (3 + 2)D space. We have directly visualized the aperiodic state which is induced by incommensurate modulation of the periodic framework of MFM-520·H2O upon dehydration to give MFM-520. Filling MFM-520 with CO2 and SO2 reveals that, while CO2 has a minimal structural influence, SO2 can further modulate the structure incommensurately. MFM-520 shows exceptional selectivity for SO2 under flue-gas desulfurization conditions, and the facile release of captured SO2 from MFM-520 enabled the conversion to valuable sulfonamide products. MFM-520 can thus be used as a highly efficient capture and delivery system for SO2.